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- All specifications include controls for unemployment rates before and after HS graduation, gender, migrant status, mother’s and father’s education, number of books at home at age 15, as well as country and birth-year fixed effects. Robust standard errors, clustered at the country × year-of-birth level, in parentheses. Significance levels: ∗ p<0.10, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗∗∗ p<0.01. Data source: PIAAC 2012/2015.
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- Data source: PIAAC 2012/2015. Figure 4: Business Cycle Effects on Cognitive Skills Panel A: Literacy Skills Panel B: Numeracy Skills Notes: The plot shows coefficients from OLS regressions of indicated outcome on unemployment rate in year indicated on the horizontal axis (where t denotes the hypothetical year of college decision-making; see Figure 2). Dependent variable: literacy skills (Panel A) and numeracy skills (Panel B). Skills are standardized to have mean 0 and standard deviation 1 within each country. Sample: PIAAC respondents 25–39 years old, excluding individuals who achieved their highest educational level abroad.
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- Figure A2: Variation in Unemployment Rates Across Countries and Over Time Notes: Figure denotes development of annual national unemployment rate between 1990 until 2009 for each of the 28 countries in our sample. Partly missing information on unemployment rates in the Slovak Republic (before 1994) and Slovenia (1996). Countries are displayed in ascending order of the mean unemployment rate across the observational period (lowest quartile of countries in upper left panel, highest quartile in lower right panel). Data source: OECD.
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- Figure A4: Robustness Check: Excluding Individual Countries Notes: Histogram plots the estimated coefficients from Table A12, using 5 bins. The dependent variable is indicated in each panel header. Vertical dashed lines represent the baseline coefficient when no country is excluded. Data source: PIAAC 2012/2015.
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- Figure A5: Robustness Check: Excluding Age Cohorts Notes: Histogram plots the estimated coefficients from Table A13, using 5 bins. The dependent variable is indicated in each panel header. Vertical dashed lines represent the baseline coefficient when no age cohort is excluded. Data source: PIAAC 2012/2015.
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- In regressions using college dropouts, currently enrolled students as well as individuals in the United States are excluded due to missing information. Robust standard errors, clustered at the country × year-of birth-level, in parentheses. Significance levels: ∗ p<0.10, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗∗∗ p<0.01. Data source: PIAAC 2012/2015.
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- Robust standard errors, clustered at the country × year-of-birth level, in parentheses. Significance levels: ∗ p<0.10, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗∗∗ p<0.01. Data source: PIAAC 2012/2015.
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- Significance levels: ∗ p<0.10, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗∗∗ p<0.01. Data source: PIAAC 2012/2015.
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- Significance levels: ∗ p<0.10, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗∗∗ p<0.01. Data source: PIAAC 2012/2015.
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Wiswall, M., and B. Zafar. 2015. “Determinants of College Major Choice: Identification using an Information Experiment.†Review of Economic Studies, 82(2): 791–824. Figure 1: High-School Enrollment Rates by Distance from Hypothetical Graduation Age Panel A: Pooled Sample Panel B: By Country Notes: Figure reports actual enrollment rates in upper secondary education (high school), by annual distance from hypothetical graduation age. Enrollment rate one year prior to the hypothetical graduation age (−1) is set to 100 in each country. Panel A reports average enrollment rates across all countries in our sample. Panel B reports enrollment rates for each country separately.