- 39The database involves the ECRs of patients of a group of 900 GPs, representative of the Italian population, covering 1.8 million patients between 2004-2018. As Italian residents receive primary care services for free and are assigned to GPs on the basis of geographical proximity, the data are free of selection issues in the choice of GPs. Moreover, any healthcare service utilisation in Italy is subject to prescription or referral by a GP.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Aizer, A., L. Stroud, and S. Buka (2016). Maternal stress and child outcomes: Evidence from siblings. Journal of Human Resources 51(3), 523â555.
Akresh, R., S. Bhalotra, M. Leone, and U. O. Osili (2012, May). War and stature: Growing up during the nigerian civil war. American Economic Review 102(3), 273â77.
Almond, D. and B. Mazumder (2013). Fetal origins and parental responses. Annual Review of Economics 5(1), 37â56.
- Almond, D. and J. Currie (2012). Killing me softly: The fetal origins hypothesis. Journal of Economic Perspectives 25(3), 153â72.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Almond, D., J. Currie, and V. Duque (2018). Childhood circumstances and adult outcomes: Act ii.
- ANPI (Roma). Storia XXI Secolo http://www.storiaxxisecolo.it/secondaguerra/ sgmcampagnaitalia.htm, accessed: 2020-09-10.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Antonow-Schlorke, I., M. Schwab, C. Li, and P. W. Nathanielsz (2003, 02). Glucocorticoid exposure at the dose used clinically alters cytoskeletal proteins and presynaptic terminals in the fetal baboon brain. The Journal of physiology 547(Pt 1), 117â123.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Baldoli, C, A. and R. Knapp (2012). Forgotten Blitzes: France and Italy under Allied Air Attack, 1940-1945. Bloomsbury Academic.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Baldoli, C, A., R. Knapp, and R. Overy (2011). Bombing, States and Peoples: in western Europe 1940-1945. London Continuum.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Berg, G., D. van Deeg, M. Lindeboom, and P. F (2010). The role of earlyâÄÅlife conditions in the cognitive decline due to adverse events later in life. Economic Journal 120, F411âÄÅF428.
Black, S., P. Devereux, and K. G. Salvanes (2016). Does grief transfer across generations? bereavements during pregnancy and child outcomes. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8(1), 193â223.
- Boersma, G. J. and K. L. Tamashiro (2014, 11). Individual differences in the effects of prenatal stress exposure in rodents. Neurobiology of stress 1, 100â108.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Breslau, N., R. Kessler, H. Chilcoat, L. Schultz, G. Davis, and P. Andreski (1998, 08). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 detroit area survey of trauma. Archives of general psychiatry 55, 626â32.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Browning, M. and E. Heinesen (2012). Effect of job loss due to plant closure on mortality and hospitalization. Journal of Health Economics 31(4), 599 â 616.
Browning, M., A. Moller Dano, and E. Heinesen (2006). Job displacement and stress-related health outcomes. Health Economics 15(10), 1061â1075.
- Brunner, E. (1997). Socioeconomic determinants of health: Stress and the biology of inequality.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Bundervoet, T. and S. Fransen (2018). The educational impact of shocks in utero: Evidence from rwanda. Economics and Human Biology 29, 88â101.
Camacho, A. (2008, May). Stress and birth weight: Evidence from terrorist attacks. American Economic Review 98(2), 511â15.
Chan, S. and A. Stevens (2001). Job loss and employment patterns of older workers. Journal of Labor Economics 19(2), 484â521.
- Checkley, S. (1996, 07). The neuroendocrinology of depression and chronic stress. British Medical Bulletin 52(3), 597â617.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Cotter, D. and C. M. Pariante (2002). Stress and the progression of the developmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 181(5), 363âÄÅ365.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Couch, K. A. and D. W. Placzek (2010). Earnings losses of displaced workers revisited. The American Economic Review 100(1), 572â589.
Cunha, F. and J. Heckman (2007, May). The technology of skill formation. American Economic Review 97(2), 31â47.
Currie, J. and H. Schwandt (2016). The 9/11 dust cloud and pregnancy outcomes: A reconsideration. The Journal of human resources 51(4), 805â831.
- de Kloet, E. R., M. Joëls, and F. Holsboer (2005). Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6(6), 463â475.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- den Bergh, B. R. V., E. J. Mulder, M. Mennes, and V. Glover (2005a). Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. a review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 29(2), 237 â 258. Prenatal Programming of Behavior, Physiology and Cognition.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- den Bergh, B. R. V., E. J. Mulder, M. Mennes, and V. Glover (2005b). Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. a review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 29(2), 237 â 258. Prenatal Programming of Behavior, Physiology and Cognition. Gagliarducci, S., M. Onorato, S. F., and G. Tabellini (forthcoming). War of the waves: Radio and resistance during world war ii. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 23996â24005.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- From the database we select all individuals born in the nine month time window surrounding September 8, 1943 (see Section 4) and compute annual patient level disease specific expenditures. These disease specific expenditures are then regressed on an indicator for in-utero exposure to Nazi raid, controlling for age, WWII casualties at the province level, GP fixed effects, Municipality fixed effects and regional trends.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Gitau, R., N. M. Fisk, and V. Glover (2001). Maternal stress in pregnancy and its effect on the human foetus: An overview of research findings. Stress 4(3), 195â203.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Green, B., L. Goodman, J. Krupnick, C. Corcoran, R. Petty, P. Stockton, and N. Stern (2000, 04). Outcomes of single versus multiple trauma exposure in a screening sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13, 271â286.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Hansen, D., H. C. Lou, and J. Olsen (2000). Serious life events and congenital malformations: a national study with complete follow-up. The Lancet 356(9233), 875 â 880.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Heffelfinger, A. K. and J. W. Newcomer (2001). Glucocorticoid effects on memory function over the human life span. Development and Psychopathology 13(3), 491â513.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Heissel, J., S. P., T.-E. G., and A. E. Grant K. (2018). Violence and vigilance: The acute effects of community violent crime on sleep and cortisol. Child. Dev. 89(4), e323âÄÅe331.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Huang, W., C. Harper, S. Evans, J. Newnham, and S. Dunlop (2001). Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays astrocyte and capillary tight junction maturation in fetal sheep. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 19(5), 487 â 493.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Huang, W., L. Beazley, J. Quinlivan, S. Evans, J. Newnham, and S. Dunlop (1999). Effect of corticosteroids on brain growth in fetal sheep. Obstetrics & Gynecology 94(2), 213 â 218.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Jacobson, L. S., R. J. LaLonde, and D. G. Sullivan (1993). Earnings losses of displaced workers. The American Economic Review 83(4), 685â709.
- King, S., K. Dancause, A.-M. Turcotte-Tremblay, F. Veru, and D. P. Laplante (2012). Using natural disasters to study the effects of prenatal maternal stress on child health and development. Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews 96(4), 273â288.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Krupnick, J., B. Green, P. Stockton, L. Goodman, C. Corcoran, and R. Petty (2004, 02). Mental health effects of adolescent trauma exposure in a female college sample: Exploring differential outcomes based on experiences of unique trauma types and dimensions. Psychiatry 67, 264â79.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Kuzawa, C. W. and E. A. Quinn (2009). Developmental origins of adult function and health: Evolutionary hypotheses. Annual Review of Anthropology 38(1), 131â147.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Lederman, S. A., V. Rauh, L. Weiss, J. L. Stein, L. A. Hoepner, M. Becker, and F. P. Perera (2004, 12). The effects of the world trade center event on birth outcomes among term deliveries at three lower manhattan hospitals. Environmental health perspectives 112(17), 1772â1778.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Leeners, B., P. Neumaier-Wagner, S. Kuse, R. Stiller, and W. Rath (2007). Emotional stress and the risk to develop hypertensive diseases in pregnancy. Hypertension in Pregnancy 26(2), 211â226.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Lilliecreutz, C., J. Larén, G. Sydsjö, and A. Josefsson (2016). Effect of maternal stress during pregnancy on the risk for preterm birth. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 16(1), 5.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Majzoub, J. A. and K. P. Karalis (1999, 2020/01/20). Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone: Function and regulation. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 180(1), S242âS246.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Malamud, O., C. Pop-Eleches, and M. Urquiola (2016, March). Interactions Between Family and School Environments: Evidence on Dynamic Complementarities? NBER Working Papers 22112, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Marmot, M., S. Stansfeld, C. Patel, F. North, J. Head, I. White, E. Brunner, A. Feeney, M. Marmot, and G. Smith (1991). Health inequalities among british civil servants: the whitehall ii study. The Lancet 337(8754), 1387 â 1393. Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 8754.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Matthews, S. G. (2000). Antenatal glucocorticoids and programming of the developing cns. Pediatric Research 47(3), 291â300.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Mulder, E., P. R. de Medina, A. Huizink, B. V. den Bergh, J. Buitelaar, and G. Visser (2002). Prenatal maternal stress: effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Human Development 70(1), 3 â 14.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Persson, P. and M. Rossin-Slater (2018). Family ruptures, stress, and the mental health of the next generation. American Economic Review 108(4-5), 1214â52.
Quintana-Domeque, C. and P. Rodenas-Serrano (2017). The hidden costs of terrorism: The effects on health at birth. Journal of Health Economics 56, 47â60.
Ruhm, C. J. (1991). Are workers permanently scarred by job displacements? The American Economic Review 81(1), 319â324.
- Sapolsky, R. M., L. C. Krey, and B. S. McEwen (2002). The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ. 2002(38), cp21.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Schulz, L. (2010, 09). The dutch hunger winter and the developmental origins of health and disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 16757â8.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Selten, J.-P., Y. van der Graaf, R. van Duursen, C. C. G. de Wied, and R. S. Kahn (1999). Psychotic illness after prenatal exposure to the 1953 dutch flood disaster. Schizophrenia Research 35(3), 243â245.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Shalev, A. and S. Freedman (2005, 07). Ptsd following terrorist attacks: A prospective evaluation.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Strazza, M. (2010). Senza via di scampo: gli stupri nelle guerre mondiali. Archivio della memoria. Consiglio regionale della Basilicata.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Sullivan, D. and T. von Wachter (2009, 08). Job Displacement and Mortality: An Analysis Using Administrative Data*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 124(3), 1265â1306.
- The results of this regression are displayed in table A1. The table shows that the Nazi raids have a sizeable and significant effect on health expenditure for diseases of the nervous system and mental disorders (column 1). The coefficient of 14.7 amounts to a 12.8 percentage increase of annual individual expenditures on drugs for diseases of the nervous system and mental disorders (mean expenditures are 115 euro). This finding is in line with the medical literature that documents strong associations between stress exposure and various psycho-pathologies later in life such as memory problems, decreased learning function, depression and dementia (Checkley, 1996; Heffelfinger and Newcomer, 2001; Selten et al., 1999). Important for our study, the findings give credit to our interpretation of the effect of the Nazi raids as being primarily a stress effect.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Torche, F. (2011, Nov). The effect of maternal stress on birth outcomes: Exploiting a natural experiment. Demography 48(4), 1473â1491.
- Uno, H., S. Eisele, A. Sakai, S. Shelton, E. Baker, O. DeJesus, and J. Holden (1994). Neurotoxicity of glucocorticoids in the primate brain. Hormones and behavior 28, 336â348.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Weinstock, M. (2001). Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring. Progress in Neurobiology 65(5), 427â451.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Weinstock, M. (2005). The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 19(4), 296 â 308.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now