SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
Advanced spanish step by-step
Advanced spanish step by-step
&RSULJKW ‹  E 7KH 0F*UDZ+LOO RPSDQLHV ,QF $OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG ([FHSW DV SHUPLWWHG XQGHU WKH
8QLWHG 6WDWHV RSULJKW $FW RI  QR SDUW RI WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ PD EH UHSURGXFHG RU GLVWULEXWHG LQ DQ IRUP RU
E DQ PHDQV RU VWRUHG LQ D GDWDEDVH RU UHWULHYDO VVWHP ZLWKRXW WKH SULRU ZULWWHQ SHUPLVVLRQ RI WKH SXEOLVKHU
,6%1 
0+,' 
7KH PDWHULDO LQ WKLV H%RRN DOVR DSSHDUV LQ WKH SULQW YHUVLRQ RI WKLV WLWOH ,6%1  0+,' 

$OO WUDGHPDUNV DUH WUDGHPDUNV RI WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH RZQHUV 5DWKHU WKDQ SXW D WUDGHPDUN VPERO DIWHU HYHU
RFFXUUHQFH RI D WUDGHPDUNHG QDPH ZH XVH QDPHV LQ DQ HGLWRULDO IDVKLRQ RQO DQG WR WKH EHQHILW RI WKH WUDGHPDUN
RZQHU ZLWK QR LQWHQWLRQ RI LQIULQJHPHQW RI WKH WUDGHPDUN :KHUH VXFK GHVLJQDWLRQV DSSHDU LQ WKLV ERRN WKH
KDYH EHHQ SULQWHG ZLWK LQLWLDO FDSV
0F*UDZ+LOO H%RRNV DUH DYDLODEOH DW VSHFLDO TXDQWLW GLVFRXQWV WR XVH DV SUHPLXPV DQG VDOHV SURPRWLRQV RU
IRU XVH LQ FRUSRUDWH WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPV 7R FRQWDFW D UHSUHVHQWDWLYH SOHDVH HPDLO XV DW EXONVDOHV#PFJUDZ
KLOOFRP
7(506 2) 86(
7KLV LV D FRSULJKWHG ZRUN DQG 7KH 0F*UDZ+LOO RPSDQLHV ,QF ³0F*UDZ+LOO´
DQG LWV OLFHQVRUV UHVHUYH
DOO ULJKWV LQ DQG WR WKH ZRUN 8VH RI WKLV ZRUN LV VXEMHFW WR WKHVH WHUPV ([FHSW DV SHUPLWWHG XQGHU WKH RSULJKW
$FW RI  DQG WKH ULJKW WR VWRUH DQG UHWULHYH RQH FRS RI WKH ZRUN RX PD QRW GHFRPSLOH GLVDVVHPEOH
UHYHUVH HQJLQHHU UHSURGXFH PRGLI FUHDWH GHULYDWLYH ZRUNV EDVHG XSRQ WUDQVPLW GLVWULEXWH GLVVHPLQDWH VHOO
SXEOLVK RU VXEOLFHQVH WKH ZRUN RU DQ SDUW RI LW ZLWKRXW 0F*UDZ+LOO¶V SULRU FRQVHQW RX PD XVH WKH ZRUN IRU
RXU RZQ QRQFRPPHUFLDO DQG SHUVRQDO XVH DQ RWKHU XVH RI WKH ZRUN LV VWULFWO SURKLELWHG RXU ULJKW WR XVH WKH
ZRUN PD EH WHUPLQDWHG LI RX IDLO WR FRPSO ZLWK WKHVH WHUPV
7+( :25. ,6 3529,'(' ³$6 ,6´ 0F*5$:+,// $1' ,76 /,(16256 0$.( 12 *8$5$17((6
25 :$55$17,(6 $6 72 7+( $85$ $'(48$ 25 203/(7(1(66 2) 25 5(68/76 72
%( 2%7$,1(' )520 86,1* 7+( :25. ,1/8',1* $1 ,1)250$7,21 7+$7 $1 %(
$(66(' 7+528*+ 7+( :25. 9,$ +3(5/,1. 25 27+(5:,6( $1' (;35(66/ ',6/$,0
$1 :$55$17 (;35(66 25 ,03/,(' ,1/8',1* %87 127 /,0,7(' 72 ,03/,('
:$55$17,(6 2) 0(5+$17$%,/,7 25 ),71(66 )25 $ 3$57,8/$5 385326( 0F*UDZ+LOO
DQG LWV OLFHQVRUV GR QRW ZDUUDQW RU JXDUDQWHH WKDW WKH IXQFWLRQV FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH ZRUN ZLOO PHHW RXU
UHTXLUHPHQWV RU WKDW LWV RSHUDWLRQ ZLOO EH XQLQWHUUXSWHG RU HUURU IUHH 1HLWKHU 0F*UDZ+LOO QRU LWV OLFHQVRUV
VKDOO EH OLDEOH WR RX RU DQRQH HOVH IRU DQ LQDFFXUDF HUURU RU RPLVVLRQ UHJDUGOHVV RI FDXVH LQ WKH ZRUN RU
IRU DQ GDPDJHV UHVXOWLQJ WKHUHIURP 0F*UDZ+LOO KDV QR UHVSRQVLELOLW IRU WKH FRQWHQW RI DQ LQIRUPDWLRQ
DFFHVVHG WKURXJK WKH ZRUN 8QGHU QR FLUFXPVWDQFHV VKDOO 0F*UDZ+LOO DQGRU LWV OLFHQVRUV EH OLDEOH IRU DQ
LQGLUHFW LQFLGHQWDO VSHFLDO SXQLWLYH FRQVHTXHQWLDO RU VLPLODU GDPDJHV WKDW UHVXOW IURP WKH XVH RI RU LQDELOLW WR
XVH WKH ZRUN HYHQ LI DQ RI WKHP KDV EHHQ DGYLVHG RI WKH SRVVLELOLW RI VXFK GDPDJHV 7KLV OLPLWDWLRQ RI OLDELOLW
VKDOO DSSO WR DQ FODLP RU FDXVH ZKDWVRHYHU ZKHWKHU VXFK FODLP RU FDXVH DULVHV LQ FRQWUDFW WRUW RU RWKHUZLVH
RQWHQWV
3UHIDFH
, 6HU DQG (VWDU 3UHVHQW 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
RPPDQGV
 6HU DQG (VWDU DQG WKH 3UHVHQW 7HQVH
(VWDU WR EH
6HU WR EH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 0DFKX 3LFFKX
 6HU DQG (VWDU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV
3UHWHULW 7HQVH
,PSHUIHFW 7HQVH
5HJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW
,UUHJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW
5HJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW
,UUHJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW
RPSDULVRQ RI 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 0DULDQHOD
 7KH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
*HUXQG )RUPDWLRQ
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
8VH RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
3ODFHPHQW RI 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV
8VHV RI WKH *HUXQG ZLWK 9HUEV 2WKHU 7KDQ HVWDU
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D SDUDGD GHO EXV
 7KH 3DVW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV
7KH ,PSHUIHFW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
7KH 3UHWHULW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O KRVSLWDO
 7KH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
2WKHU 7HQVHV 7KDW DXVH WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O MXLFLR
 RPPDQGV
$IILUPDWLYH W~ RPPDQGV
1HJDWLYH W~ RPPDQGV
8G DQG 8GV RPPDQGV
2WKHU :DV RI $VNLQJ 3HRSOH WR 'R 7KLQJV
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 3HUGLGD HQ 1LFDUDJXD
7KH QRVRWURV RPPDQG ³/HW XV «´
$IILUPDWLYH YRVRWURV RPPDQGV
1HJDWLYH YRVRWURV RPPDQGV
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D 1RFKH GH %UXMDV
,, 1RXQV $UWLFOHV $GMHFWLYHV 3URQRXQV 3UHVHQW DQG 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVHV
 1RXQV $UWLFOHV $GMHFWLYHV DQG 3URQRXQV
1RXQV DQG $UWLFOHV
3RVVHVVLYH $GMHFWLYHV
3RVVHVVLYH 3URQRXQV
5HODWLYH 3URQRXQV
'HPRQVWUDWLYH $GMHFWLYHV DQG 3URQRXQV
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 0L YLDMH
7KH 1HXWHU OR  $GMHFWLYH 8VHG DV D 1RXQ
$GMHFWLYHV 8VHG DV 1RXQV
3URQRXQV 8VHG DV 1RXQV
3URQXQFLDWLRQ 3UDFWLFH /RV PDGHURV GH 6DQ -XDQ
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /R IDWDO
 7KH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
3ODFHPHQW RI 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV ZLWK WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
8VH RI WKH ,QILQLWLYH KDEHU DQG WKH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O DSDUWDPHQWR
 7KH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
8VHV RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O VXHxR
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 5HFRUGDQGR 1LFDUDJXD
7KH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH DV DQ $GMHFWLYH
7KH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH ZLWK VHU DQG WKH 3DVVLYH 9RLFH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O FRQGH /XFDQRU
,,, )XWXUH DQG RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVHV 3DVW 6XEMXQFWLYH ,GLRPV
 7KH )XWXUH 7HQVH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH )XWXUH 7HQVH
8VHV RI WKH )XWXUH 7HQVH
7KH )XWXUH 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
7KH )XWXUH 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O SRUYHQLU
 7KH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH
8VHV RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH
7KH RQGLWLRQDO 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
7KH RQGLWLRQDO 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ ¢4Xp KDUtD 8G HQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV VLWXDFLRQHV
7KH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D LVOD HQ HO DULEH
 7KH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
8VHV RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O EDUFR HFRQyPLFR
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ ;RFKLFDOFR
 7KH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
8VHV RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 6X SXQWR GH YLVWD
 ,GLRPV
,GLRPV ZLWK 3UHSRVLWLRQV
,GLRPV ZLWK 9HUEV
7LPH ([SUHVVLRQV
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D GHIHQVD GH 6yFUDWHV
$SSHQGL[ /LVW RI 9HUEV
$QVZHU .H
,QGH[
3UHIDFH
$GYDQFHG 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS LV D SURJUHVVLYH SURJUDP IRU PDVWHULQJ WKH 6SDQLVK ODQJXDJH ZULWWHQ IRU
LQWHUPHGLDWH DQG DGYDQFHG OHDUQHUV ,W WHDFKHV JUDPPDU DQG FRQYHUVDWLRQ LQ D ORJLFDO RUGHU VR WKDW RX FDQ
FRQWLQXH WR GHYHORS RXU ODQJXDJH VNLOOV QDWXUDOO 7KLV ERRN LV WKH QH[W VWHS DIWHU (DV 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS ,I
RX¶UH MXVW EHJLQQLQJ ZLWK WKH ODQJXDJH RU QHHG D UHYLHZ (DV 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS LV WKH SODFH WR VWDUW
7R WDNH IXOO DGYDQWDJH RI WKH XQLTXH JUDPPDWLFDO SURJUHVVLRQ RI WKH ERRN RX VKRXOG VWXG HDFK FKDSWHU RU
VWHS RQH DIWHU DQRWKHU (DFK VWHS RX WDNH ZLOO OHDG RX WR WKH QH[W (DFK FKDSWHU FRQWDLQV FOHDU JUDPPDU
H[SODQDWLRQV EH VXUH RX XQGHUVWDQG HYHU FRQFHSW EHIRUH PRYLQJ RQ WR WKH QH[W %HFDXVH WKHUH DUH IHZ
H[FHSWLRQV WR UXOHV RQFH RX KDYH OHDUQHG D FRQFHSW LW LV RXUV
:ULWWHQ DQG RUDO H[HUFLVHV DUH LQFOXGHG WR FKHFN RXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG SURJUHVV 3RHPV DQG VWRULHV E
DFFODLPHG DXWKRUV DV ZHOO DV RULJLQDO VWRULHV DQG SRHPV E WKH DXWKRU RI WKLV ERRN DUH LQFOXGHG LQ HYHU
FKDSWHU 7KHVH UHDGLQJV EHFRPH SURJUHVVLYHO PRUH FKDOOHQJLQJ LQ IRUP DQG FRQWHQW 7KH 5HDGLQJ
RPSUHKHQVLRQ VHFWLRQV ZLOO KHOS RX OHDUQ QHZ YRFDEXODU JLYH RX SUDFWLFH LQ UHDGLQJ DORXG DQG VHUYH DV D
VRXUFH IRU GLVFXVVLRQV ZLWK RXU FODVVPDWHV
$GYDQFHG 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS LV GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH SDUWV 7KH ILUVW SDUW UHYLHZV WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH DQG XVHV
R I VHU DQG HVWDU WKH SUHWHULW DQG LPSHUIHFW WHQVHV WKH SURJUHVVLYH WHQVHV WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH DQG
FRPPDQGV 7KH VHFRQG SDUW LV DQ LQGHSWK H[SODQDWLRQ RI QRXQV DUWLFOHV DGMHFWLYHV SURQRXQV DQG WKH SUHVHQW
DQG SDVW SHUIHFW WHQVHV 7KH WKLUG SDUW FRYHUV WKH IXWXUH DQG FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVHV WKH SDVW VXEMXQFWLYH DQG LGLRPV
,I RX VWXGLHG (DV 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS RX¶OO QRWLFH D EULHI UHYLHZ RI VHU DQG HVWDU DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH
ILUVW FKDSWHU *R RYHU LW VR WKDW RX UHIUHVK WKH EDVLFV RI WKHVH WZR YHUEV ,Q WKH VHFRQG FKDSWHU GHYRWHG PRVWO
WR WKH SDVW WHQVHV RI VHU DQG HVWDU WKHUH LV LQFOXGHG D UHYLHZ RI WKH SUHWHULW DQG LPSHUIHFW WHQVHV RI DOO YHUEV
7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LV LQFOXGHG LQ $GYDQFHG 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS VR WKDW RX FDQ UHYLHZ LW EHIRUH
FRQWLQXLQJ WR WKH FRPPDQG IRUP ZKLFK KDV PDQ RI WKH VDPH FRQMXJDWLRQV $OO RI WKH UHVW LV FRPSOHWHO QHZ DQG
ZLOO FRPSOHWH RXU NQRZOHGJH RI 6SDQLVK JUDPPDU
7KLV ERRN LV ZULWWHQ ZLWK D ORJLFDO DSSURDFK WKDW PDNHV 6SDQLVK JUDPPDU DFFHVVLEOH HYHQ ZKHQ VRPH
LQGLYLGXDO FRQFHSWV DUH GLIILFXOW :LWK $GYDQFHG 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS RX FDQ OHDUQ WR VSHDN IOXHQWO XVLQJ
DOO HOHPHQWV RI 6SDQLVK +DYH IXQ DQG HQMR VSHDNLQJ DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ 6SDQLVK HYHUZKHUH RX QHHG LW 6HH
RX LQ ;RFKLFDOFR
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
, ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN -RKQ 3LD]]D IRU KLV LQVLJKWV FRQWULEXWLRQV DQG HGLWLQJ RI $GYDQFHG 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS
DQG WR 1pVWRU 5RGULJXH] WHDFKHU RI (QJOLVK DQG 6SDQLVK DW LW ROOHJH RI 1HZ RUN IRU KLV H[SHUWLVH DQG
HGLWLQJ RI ERWK (DV 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS DQG $GYDQFHG 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS , ZRXOG DOVR OLNH WR WKDQN
:LOOLDP %URQQHU IRU KLV LQYDOXDEOH JXLGDQFH
,
6HU DQG (VWDU 3UHVHQW 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV
3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH RPPDQGV
6HU DQG (VWDU DQG WKH 3UHVHQW 7HQVH
(VWDU WR EH
6SDQLVK KDV WZR YHUEV WKDW DUH HTXLYDOHQW WR (QJOLVK WR EH %HJLQ ZLWK WKH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI HVWDU LQ WKH SUHVHQW
WHQVH
7KHUH LV QR VXEMHFW SURQRXQ LW LQ 6SDQLVK eO DQG HOOD UHIHU WR SHRSOH DQG VRPHWLPHV WR DQLPDOV EXW QRW WR
WKLQJV
3UDFWLFH WKH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE DORXG 1RWLFH WKDW pO HOOD 8G WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU
KDYH WKH VDPH
IRUP RI WKH YHUE 1RWLFH DOVR WKDW HOORV HOODV 8GV WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ SOXUDO
KDYH WKH VDPH IRUP RI WKH YHUE
(VWDU LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV IRXU EDVLF FRQFHSWV ORFDWLRQ KHDOWK FKDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ DQG SHUVRQDO
RSLQLRQ LQ WHUPV RI WDVWH RU DSSHDUDQFH
‡ /RFDWLRQ ZKHUH VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ LV SKVLFDOO ORFDWHG
5HPHPEHU
7KH YHUE ZKLFK FDUULHV WKH DFWLRQ RI WKH SKUDVH LV WKH HVVHQWLDO HOHPHQW RI WKH 6SDQLVK VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ
EHFDXVH RI WKH DPRXQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LW FDUULHV
‡ +HDOWK
‡ KDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ
‡ 3HUVRQDO RSLQLRQ LQ WHUPV RI WDVWH RU DSSHDUDQFH
(QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQWV WDVWHWDVWHV ZLWK IRRG DQG ORRNORRNV ZLWK DSSHDUDQFH
5HPHPEHU
2IWHQ WKH SURQRXQV R QRVRWURV DQG W~ DUH RPLWWHG 7KLV LV SRVVLEOH EHFDXVH WKH YHUE IRUP HVWDPRV FDUULHV
WKH PHDQLQJ ZH DUH HVWR FDQ RQO PHDQ , DP 7KH VDPH LV WUXH RI W~ HVWiV ZKLFK PHDQV RX DUH ZKHWKHU W~ LV
RPLWWHG RU QRW
.H 9RFDEXODU
7KHVH ZRUGV ZLOO KHOS HQKDQFH RXU DELOLW WR FRPPXQLFDWH $V RX OHDUQ WKHP UHPHPEHU WR SUDFWLFH WKHP
DORXG
,QWHUURJDWLYH :RUGV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
$GYHUEV RI /RFDWLRQ
$GYHUEV RI 'LUHFWLRQ
3UHSRVLWLRQV RI /RFDWLRQ
$GMHFWLYHV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
127( *XDSR GHVFULEHV SHRSOH RQO ERQLWR KHUPRVR DQG OLQGR DUH XVHG WR GHVFULEH ERWK SHRSOH DQG WKLQJV
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HVWDU ,QGLFDWH ZKHWKHU WKH VHQWHQFH H[SUHVVHV
KHDOWK ORFDWLRQ RU FKDQJLQJ PRRG
(;$03/(6 1RVRWURV HVWDPRV HQ OD FODVH ORFDWLRQ
/D SURIHVRUD HVWi DTXt ORFDWLRQ
(O WHOpIRQR  HO OLEUR BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD PHVD BBBBBBBBBBBB
/D PXMHU BBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ HO KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBHQIHUPR BBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
¢yPR BBBBBBBBBBBB8GV BBBBBBBBBBBB
¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBHOORV BBBBBBBBBBBB
¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBHO EDxR SRU IDYRU BBBBBBBBBBBB
(O QLxR BBBBBBBBBBBBHQRMDGR  OD QLxD BBBBBBBBBBBBWULVWH BBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
/RV PXFKDFKRV BBBBBBBBBBBBDOHJUHV BBBBBBBBBBBB
R BBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBB
¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBDTXt BBBBBBBBBBBB
¢3RU TXp BBBBBBBBBBBBHO SHUUR HQ OD SLVFLQD BBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK
 7KH ULYHU LV QHDU P KRXVH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 $XVWUDOLD LV IDU IURP DQDGD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7KH ZKLWH IORZHU LV RQ WRS RI WKH WDEOH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7KH FKLOGUHQ DUH ULJKW QH[W WR WKHLU SDUHQWV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7KH VFKRRO LV EHWZHHQ WKH FKXUFK DQG WKH EDQN
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 -XOLD¶V KRXVH LV EHKLQG WKH SRVW RIILFH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 3DXOD LV KHUH ZLWK KHU EURWKHUV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 RXU VKRHV DUH XQGHUQHDWK P FKDLU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 2XU SUREOHP LV XQGHU FRQWURO
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 +HOHQ¶V UHODWLYHV DUH LQ 6SDLQ 7KHLU VXLWFDVHV DUH LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6HU WR EH
6HU LV DOVR HTXLYDOHQW WR (QJOLVK WR EH ,Q (QJOLVK WKHUH LV RQO D VLQJOH YHUE WKDW PHDQV WR EH :H VD IRU
H[DPSOH
7KH GRJ LV KHUH
7KH GRJ LV EURZQ
7KH YHUE LV WKH VDPH LQ ERWK FDVHV %XW LQ 6SDQLVK WKHUH LV D GLIIHUHQFH DQG RX KDYH WR FKRRVH ZKLFK YHUE WR
XVH
)ROORZLQJ LV WKH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI VHU LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH
6HU LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV VHYHQ EDVLF FRQFHSWV GHVFULSWLRQ SURIHVVLRQ SRLQW RI RULJLQ LGHQWLILFDWLRQ PDWHULDO
SRVVHVVLRQ RU RZQHUVKLS DQG ZKHUH DQ HYHQW WDNHV SODFH
‡ 'HVFULSWLRQ
‡ 3URIHVVLRQ
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
6SDQLVK GRHV QRW WUDQVODWH DDQ ZKHQ VWDWLQJ DQ XQPRGLILHG SURIHVVLRQ
‡ 3RLQW RI RULJLQ ZKHUH VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ LV IURP
5HPHPEHU
,Q FRPPRQ (QJOLVK XVDJH ZH RIWHQ HQG D VHQWHQFH ZLWK D SUHSRVLWLRQ IRU H[DPSOH :KHUH DUH RX IURP 7KLV
QHYHU RFFXUV LQ 6SDQLVK WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ FDQ QHYHU HQG D VHQWHQFH 7KH SUHSRVLWLRQ LQ WKLV FDVH GH LV SODFHG LQ
IURQW RI WKH LQWHUURJDWLYH ZRUG ZKLFK LQ WKLV FDVH LV GyQGH
‡ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLS QDWLRQDOLW RU UHOLJLRQ
‡ 0DWHULDO ZKDW VRPHWKLQJ LV PDGH RI
‡ 3RVVHVVLRQ RU RZQHUVKLS
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
'H  HO RI  WKH
GHO 7KHUH DUH RQO WZR FRQWUDFWLRQV LQ WKH 6SDQLVK ODQJXDJH GHO LV RQH RI WKHP :KHQ
GH LV IROORZHG E WKH PDVFXOLQH DUWLFOH HO PHDQLQJ WKH WKH ZRUGV FRQWUDFW WR GHO PHDQLQJ RI WKH
$ :RUG $ERXW 3RVVHVVLYHV
RX FDQ VHH WKDW WKHVH WUDQVODWLRQV DUH QRW H[DFW 7KHUH LV QR DSRVWURSKH LQ 6SDQLVK VR ZKHQ RX WKLQN RI
3HWHU¶V FDU IRU H[DPSOH WKH 6SDQLVK VWUXFWXUH LV HO FDUUR GH 3HGUR 0DNH VXUH RX XQGHUVWDQG WKLV FRQFHSW
DQG XVH ZKLFKHYHU (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ LV FOHDUHVW WR RX
‡ :KHUH DQ HYHQW WDNHV SODFH
$Q HTXLYDOHQW (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ IRU LV LQ WKH H[DPSOHV DERYH LV WDNH WDNHV SODFH
7KH SDUW WDNHV SODFH DW -RH¶V KRXVH
7KH FRQFHUW WDNHV SODFH DW WKH FOXE
7KH SURWHVW WDNHV SODFH LQ WKH FDSLWDO
6HU LV DOVR XVHG WR WHOO WLPH DQG LQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV
‡ 7HOOLQJ WLPH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
6SDQLVK XVHV WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RU SOXUDO RI VHU IRU WHOOLQJ WLPH /D UHIHUV WR OD KRUD
‡ ,Q LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI VHU ,QGLFDWH ZKHWKHU WKH VHQWHQFH H[SUHVVHV
GHVFULSWLRQ SURIHVVLRQ SRLQW RI RULJLQ LGHQWLILFDWLRQ PDWHULDO SRVVHVVLRQ RU DQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQ
(;$03/( (V OD XQD WHOOLQJ WLPH
(O KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBGLUHFWRU eO BBBBBBBBBBBBGH KLOH BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
(OORV BBBBBBBBBBBBGRFWRUHV (OOD BBBBBBBBBBBBSURIHVRUD BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
¢'H GyQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBORV WXULVWDV BBBBBBBBBBBB
/RV KHUPDQRV GH 3DEOR BBBBBBBBBBBBVLPSiWLFRV BBBBBBBBBBBB
(O KRWHO YLHMR BBBBBBBBBBBBH[FHOHQWH BBBBBBBBBBBB
1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBDPLJRV GH 5D~O BBBBBBBBBBBB
/RV JXDQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBGH FXHUR BBBBBBBBBBBB
/D PXMHU  HO KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBGH (FXDGRU BBBBBBBBBBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
R BBBBBBBBBBBBGH 3XHUWR 5LFR ¢'H GyQGH BBBBBBBBBBBB8G BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
(O DSDUWDPHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBGH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV MyYHQHV BBBBBBBBBBBB
¢ BBBBBBBBBBBBW~ XQD HVWXGLDQWH PDUDYLOORVD BBBBBBBBBBBB
/RV SDQWDORQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBYHUGHV  URMRV BBBBBBBBBBBB
(O FDIp BBBBBBBBBBBBGH RORPELD BBBBBBBBBBBB
¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHO SUHVLGHQWH GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV BBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBSUHFLVR FRPHU ELHQ BBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI VHU
 +HOHQD BBBBBBBBBBBBGH RORPELD
 (O KHUPDQR GH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBFDWyOLFR
 (OORV BBBBBBBBBBBBSURIHVRUHV H[FHOHQWHV
 /RV FDUURV BBBBBBBBBBBBJULVHV
 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBHVWXGLDQWHV
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HVWDU
 6DQ )UDQFLVFR BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ DOLIRUQLD
 ¢yPR HVWi 8G R BBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ
 (O SURIHVRU BBBBBBBBBBBBHQIHUPR
 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD FODVH
 ¢ BBBBBBBBBBBBW~ WULVWH
 /RV SHUURV BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO FDUUR
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HLWKHU VHU RU HVWDU
 R BBBBBBBBBBBBHVSDxRO
 (OORV BBBBBBBBBBBBDTXt
 -RVp  -XDQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQIHUPRV
 7~ BBBBBBBBBBBBDERJDGR
 /D OHFFLyQ QR BBBBBBBBBBBBIiFLO
 /RV HVWXGLDQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD FLXGDG
 ¢yPR BBBBBBBBBBBB8GV 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ JUDFLDV
 +R BBBBBBBBBBBBPLpUFROHV ¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBORV GRFWRUHV
 (O SURIHVRU BBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWHQWR
 /RV HVSHMRV HQ HO EDxR BBBBBBBBBBBBJUDQGHV
 /D PHVD ODV VLOODV EODQFDV  OD OiPSDUD BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD FDVD SHUR OD FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBSHTXHxD
 /D DPLJD GH 6DUD BBBBBBBBBBBBHQIHUPD  6DUD BBBBBBBBBBBBWULVWH
 ¢'H GyQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBHO YLQR EODQFR
 /RV PXFKDFKRV  ODV PXFKDFKDV BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO WUHQ (OORV BBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWHQWRV SRUTXH
BBBBBBBBBBBBDPLJRV
 ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO SDUTXH
 ¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBOD VREULQD GH )HUQDQGR
 ¢4Xp KRUD BBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
BBBBBBBBBBBBODV FXDWUR  PHGLD
 /D SUHVHQWDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBD ODV VLHWH GH OD QRFKH
 ¢'H TXp FRORU BBBBBBBBBBBBOD IDOGD
([HUFLVH 
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK
 7KH GHQWLVWV DUH LQ WKHLU RIILFHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (YHURQH LV VLFN (YHQ WKH GRFWRUV DUH VLFN
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7KH VRXS LV KRW 7KH PHDO LV GHOLFLRXV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ,W LV QHFHVVDU WR VWXG
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ,V LW SRVVLEOH WR OHDUQ HYHUWKLQJ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
RPPRQ ([SUHVVLRQV ZLWK HVWDU
,Q JHQHUDO HVWDU LV XVHG ZLWK WKH DGMHFWLYHV IUtR FDOLHQWH VXFLR DQG OLPSLR
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
RPPRQ ([SUHVVLRQV ZLWK VHU
6HU DQG HVWDU DQG 'HVFULSWLRQ
RX KDYH OHDUQHG WKDW VHU LV XVHG IRU EDVLF GHVFULSWLRQ DV LQ WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOHV
7KH GRJ LV ZKLWH
7KH IORRU LV JUD
:H DUH LQWHOOLJHQW
+RZHYHU WKHUH DUH VSHFLILF VLWXDWLRQV ZLWK GHVFULSWLRQ LQ ZKLFK HVWDU LV XVHG )ROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI
WSLFDO XVHV RI VHU IRU GHVFULSWLRQ FRQWUDVWHG ZLWK UHODWHG VSHFLILF XVHV RI HVWDU
‡ )RRG
:KHQ WDONLQJ DERXW IRRG LQ JHQHUDO XVH VHU
:KHQ JLYLQJ DQ RSLQLRQ DERXW IRRG XVH HVWDU
‡ $SSHDUDQFH
:KHQ VWDWLQJ DQ LQKHUHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF XVH VHU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
:KHQ JLYLQJ DQ RSLQLRQ DERXW DSSHDUDQFH XVH HVWDU
‡ ODVVLILFDWLRQ
:KHQ DQ DGMHFWLYH DSSOLHV WR VRPHWKLQJ WKDW H[LVWV ZLWKRXW H[FHSWLRQ XVH VHU
:KHQ WKH GHVFULSWLRQ LV RXWVLGH WKH NQRZQ RU FXOWXUDO QRUP XVH HVWDU
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI VHU RU HVWDU DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH
VHQWHQFH
 (O QLxR BBBBBBBBBBBBGH PDO JHQLR KR 6X PDPi QR VDEH TXH KDFHU
 BBBBBBBBBBBBR QR BBBB HV OD FXHVWLyQ
 /D UHXQLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO VHJXQGR SLVR
 /DV IORUHV TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV PH UHJDODQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO VDOyQ
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBR
 ¢yPR VDEHV TXLHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBW~
¢4Xp KRUD BBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBODV GRV
 ¢XiO BBBBBBBBBBBBOD IHFKD GH KR
 BBBBBBBBBBBBODV RQFH GH OD QRFKH D BBBBBBBBBBBBWDUGH
 BBBBBBBBBBBBGHPDVLDGR WHPSUDQR SDUD OHYDQWDUVH
 +R BBBBBBBBBBBBOXQHV HO FLQFR GH PDR
 (O HVWXGLDQWH WUDEDMD PXFKR SDUD BBBBBBBBBBBBGRFWRU
 /D PXFKDFKD OORUD VLQ BBBBBBBBBBBBWULVWH
 (O DJXD BBBBBBBBBBBBIUtD
 (VWD FRPLGD GH WX PDGUH BBBBBBBBBBBBVDEURVD
 RQ ORV SUREOHPDV TXH pO WLHQH QR PH H[SOLFR FRPR HVWH KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBWDQ FRQWHQWR
 7X ULYDO BBBBBBBBBBBBPiV OLVWR TXH W~ HQ HVWD RFDVLyQ
 /D FRPLGD TXH VLUYHQ DTXt BBBBBBBBBBBBFDOLHQWH
 /XLV  VX IDPLOLD BBBBBBBBBBBBPX DOHJUHV GH KDEHUVH JDQDGR OD ORWHUtD
 (VWH FXDUWR BBBBBBBBBBBBOD KDELWDFLyQ PiV ERQLWD GH OD FDVD
 ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ SHOLJUR HQ XQD FLXGDG JUDQGH
 1R KD FXSR HQ HO WUHQ  R WHQJR TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBGH SLH
 /D PXMHU BBBBBBBBBBBBPX HQIHUPD BBBBBBBBBBBBHQWUH OD YLGD  OD PXHUWH
 /D SURIHVRUD WLHQH XQD RSLQLyQ SHUR VXV HVWXGLDQWHV QR BBBBBBBBBBBBGH DFXHUGR FRQ HOOD
 6LHPSUH HVFXFKR ODV QRWLFLDV R BBBBBBBBBBBBWRGR RtGRV
 (O DJXD BBBBBBBBBBBBQHFHVDULD SDUD OD YLGD
 /D FODVH BBBBBBBBBBBBSDUD WHUPLQDU  WRGR HO PXQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBSDUD VDOLU
 (O FLHOR BBBBBBBBBBBBJULV
 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBVLQ XQ SDUDJXDV
 (VWD OHFFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBGLItFLO
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ
0DFKX 3LFFKX
$QFLHQW 0RXQWDLQ
0DFKX 3LFFKX HV XQR GH ORV VLWLRV PiV LPSUHVLRQDQWHV GHO PXQGR /D FLXGDG DQWLJXD GH ORV LQFDV FRQVWUXLGD HQ
 GH SLHGUDV HQRUPHV  MDUGLQHV PDUDYLOORVRV HVWi HQ 3HU~ D  NLOyPHWURV GH X]FR XQ SXHEOR FRORQLDO
(V HO DxR  (VWR HQ X]FR FRQ XQ JUXSR WXUtVWLFR $O SULQFLSLR VRPRV XQ EXHQ JUXSR 3HUR FRQ HQ HO
FDORU LQVRSRUWDEOH GHO YHUDQR HO JUXSR FDPELD  VRPRV WRGRV FRQWUD XQR  XQR FRQWUD WRGRV (Q HVWH VLWLR WDQ
HVSLULWXDO HQ OD FXPEUH GH ODV PRQWDxDV GH ORV LQFDV EDMR XQD YLVWD PDMHVWXRVD GH ODV PRQWDxDV GRQGH XQR HVWi
FHUFD GH ORV GLRVHV GH ORV LQFDV  OHMRV GH OD FLYLOL]DFLyQ FRQRFLGD VRPRV HQHPLJRV PRUWDOHV
(O EXV GH UHJUHVR HVWi OOHQR GH SDVDMHURV 6RQ ODV FXDWUR GH OD WDUGH  HVWDPRV GH YXHOWD (VWR VROD DKRUD 
VHJ~Q HO UHIUiQ ³HV PHMRU HVWDU VROD TXH PDO DFRPSDxDGD´
9HUERV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
3UHSRVLFLRQHV
$GMHWLYRV
([SUHVLRQHV
3UHJXQWDV
$IWHU RX KDYH UHDG WKH VHOHFWLRQ DQVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV LQ 6SDQLVK
 ¢(V HOOD SURWDJRQLVWD PXMHU X KRPEUH ¢yPR VDEH 8G
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢yPR HV 0DFKX 3LFFKX
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢(V XQD EXHQD H[SHULHQFLD SDUD HO JUXSR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢XiO HVWDFLyQ HV ¢yPR HV HO FOLPD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
6HU DQG (VWDU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV
3UHWHULW 7HQVH
7KH SUHWHULW H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH SDVW 7KH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ LV XVXDOO WKH VLPSOH SDVW 7KH
SUHWHULW LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ
‡ $Q DFWLRQ FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH SDVW DFWLRQ ZLWK D GHILQLWH HQG
‡ $ VHULHV RI DFWLRQV FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH SDVW
‡ $ FRQGLWLRQ WKDW LV QR ORQJHU LQ HIIHFW
.H 9RFDEXODU
7KLV OLVW RI ZRUGV LV RIWHQ XVHG ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR SDVW DFWLRQV
$GYHUELRV  $GMHWLYRV
.HHS LQ PLQG WKDW WKH DFWLRQ RU DFWLRQV H[SUHVVHG E WKH SUHWHULW KDYH EHHQ FRPSOHWHG ,W GRHVQ¶W PDNH DQ
GLIIHUHQFH KRZ ORQJ WKH DFWLRQ ZHQW RQ EHIRUH WKH DFWLRQ KDV D GHILQLWH HQG
(VWDU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW
7KH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI HVWDU LQ WKH SUHWHULW IROORZV 5HPHPEHU WKH WKUHH SULPDU XVHV RI HVWDU ORFDWLRQ KHDOWK DQG
FKDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
‡ /RFDWLRQ
‡ +HDOWK
‡ KDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ
6HU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW
7KH SUHWHULW RI VHU LV XVHG PRVW RIWHQ IRU SURIHVVLRQ DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ
‡ 3URIHVVLRQ
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
‡ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHWHULW IRUP RI VHU RU HVWDU DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FRQWH[W RI
WKH VHQWHQFH
 (OOD HV SURIHVRUD KR SHUR DQWHV BBBB D]DIDWD
 R BBBB JHUHQWH SRU GRV DxRV
 1RVRWURV BBBB PX FRQWHQWRV DHU SRUTXH QRV JDQDPRV OD ORWHUtD
 ¢3RU TXp BBBB 0DQXHO HQ OD FiUFHO VLQ GHFLUQRV QDGD
 (OORV BBBB HQ HO VXSHUPHUFDGR KR SDUD FRPSUDU DOLPHQWRV
 /D VHPDQD SDVDGD 5D~O BBBB HQ 0p[LFR 5HJUHVy D FDVD DHU
 /RV PXFKDFKRV BBBB HQIHUPRV DQWHDHU SHUR HVWiQ ELHQ KR
 BBBB XQD EXHQD LGHD
 ¢'yQGH BBBB OD IDPLOLD GH )HGHULFR HVWD WDUGH
 ¢4XLpQHV BBBB HQ OD OLEUHUtD D ODV QXHYH  PHGLD HVWD PDxDQD
 R BBBB SRU LUPH GH YDFDFLRQHV SHUR PH IDOWy YDORU
 1RVRWURV BBBB GH SLH OD PDRU SDUWH GHO FRQFLHUWR
6HU DQG HVWDU ZLWK 'HVFULSWLRQ LQ WKH 3UHWHULW
2Q DQ DGYDQFHG OHYHO WKHUH DUH VLWXDWLRQV LQ ZKLFK WKH VSHDNHU FDQ GHFLGH ZKHWKHU WR XVH VHU RU HVWDU LQ WKH
SUHWHULW WHQVH ZLWK DGMHFWLYHV $ 6SDQLVK VSHDNHU FDQ VD IRU H[DPSOH
:LWK WKLV VHQWHQFH WKH VSHDNHU WUDQVPLWV D ³FDWHJRULFDO´ MXGJPHQW D FRPSOHWHG DEVROXWH IDFW
+RZHYHU D 6SDQLVK VSHDNHU PD FKRRVH WR VD
7KLV VHQWHQFH LV PRUH GHVFULSWLYH DQG UHSUHVHQWV D ³FLUFXPVWDQWLDO´ MXGJPHQW
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
$ :RUG $ERXW 'HVFULSWLYH -XGJPHQWV
:KHQ H[DPSOHV VXFK DV WKHVH DUH SUHVHQWHG WR QDWLYH VSHDNHUV DOO JHQHUDOO RSLQH WKDW ERWK DUH FRUUHFW DQG WKH
PDMRULW GR QRW ILQG DQ SHUFHSWLEOH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR 7KRVH ZKR GR ILQG VRPH GLIIHUHQFH DUH QRW
DOZDV DEOH WR DUWLFXODWH H[DFWO ZKDW WKLV GLIIHUHQFH LV
,PSHUIHFW 7HQVH
7KH LPSHUIHFW WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW WKDW LV QRW VHHQ DV FRPSOHWHG 7KH LPSHUIHFW LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV
WKH IROORZLQJ
‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW ³VHWV WKH VWDJH´ IRU DQRWKHU SDVW DFWLRQ
‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW H[SUHVVHV D QDUUDWLRQ EDFNJURXQG RU VLWXDWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW
‡ 5HSHDWHG KDELWXDO DQG FXVWRPDU DFWLRQV LQ WKH SDVW
‡ RQWLQXRXV DFWLRQV RU DFWLRQV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH SDVW
‡ 'HVFULSWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW
‡ 3RLQW RI RULJLQ LQ WKH SDVW
‡ 7HOOLQJ WLPH LQ WKH SDVW
‡ 7HOOLQJ RQH¶V DJH ZLWK WHQHU
LQ WKH SDVW
(VWDU LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW
‡ /RFDWLRQ
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
‡ +HDOWK
‡ KDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ
‡ 3HUVRQDO RSLQLRQ DERXW IRRG RU DSSHDUDQFH
6HU LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW
RX OHDUQHG WKDW VHU FDQ EH XVHG LQ WKH SUHWHULW IRU SURIHVVLRQ DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ 7KH RWKHU XVHV RI VHU DUH EHVW
VHUYHG E WKH LPSHUIHFW
‡ 'HVFULSWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
‡ 3RLQW RI RULJLQ LQ WKH SDVW
‡ 7HOOLQJ WLPH LQ WKH SDVW
‡ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW
3UHWHULW RU ,PSHUIHFW 'HWHUPLQHG E WKH 6SHDNHU
RX FDQ XVH ERWK WKH SUHWHULW DQG LPSHUIHFW WHQVHV LQ H[SUHVVLQJ UHODWLRQVKLSV DQG LQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV
‡ 5HODWLRQVKLSV
,Q WKLV H[DPSOH WKH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQV DUH WKH VDPH EXW ZKHQ RX XVH WKH SUHWHULW LQ 6SDQLVK LW PHDQV WKDW
WKH DFWLRQ LV FRPSOHWHG WKH IULHQGVKLS LV RYHU
‡ ,PSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV
7KH XVH RI WKH SUHWHULW RU LPSHUIHFW LQ WKHVH VLWXDWLRQV LV D FKRLFH PDGH E WKH VSHDNHU WKH VSHDNHU GHFLGHV
ZKHWKHU WKH DFWLRQ LV FRPSOHWHG
([HUFLVH 
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
5HYLHZ VHU DQG HVWDU LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW WKHQ UHZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV FKDQJLQJ WKH YHUE IURP WKH
SUHVHQW WHQVH WR WKH LPSHUIHFW
(;$03/( 0L SDGUH HV GH 3RORQLD 0L SDGUH HUD GH 3RORQLD
 R VR GH 9HQH]XHOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (OORV VRQ GH (VSDxD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢4Xp KRUD HV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 1RVRWURV HVWDPRV ELHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 0L MDUGtQ HV HO PiV KHUPRVR GH OD FLXGDG
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /RV WUHV DPLJRV HVWiQ DTXt BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 1R HVWR FDQVDGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 6RPRV FDQWDQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢'yQGH HVWiV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 R HVWR HQ OD FDVD FRQ PL KHUPDQD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI VHU RU HVWDU LQ WKH SUHWHULW RU LPSHUIHFW
DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH VHQWHQFH
(;$03/( /RUHQ]R IXH HVFULWRU $KRUD HV ERPEHUR
 R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDPDUHUR $KRUD VR PDHVWUR
 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ HO EDQFR SUHFLVDPHQWH D ODV QXHYH HVWD PDxDQD
 $HU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQ GtD GH PXFKD OOXYLD +DFH EXHQ WLHPSR KR
 (O SDFLHQWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ OD RILFLQD GHO GRFWRU D ODV VLHWH GH OD PDxDQD SDUD VX RSHUDFLyQ
 DUORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB JHUHQWH SRU GRV DxRV
 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD ~OWLPD YH] TXH R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D OD SODD
 ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO SUHVLGHQWH HQ HO DxR PLO QRYHFLHQWRV QRYHQWD  GRV
 /D VLWXDFLyQ QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WDQ JUDYH
 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODV GRV FXDQGR VRQy HO GHVSHUWDGRU
 (O KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GH 3HU~
 ¢4Xp GtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FXDQGR HOOD VH JUDGXy
 0H JXVWy OD REUD GH WHDWUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB EXHQD
 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQIHUPRV DHU SHUR QRV VHQWLPRV ELHQ KR
 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GLItFLO UHFRUGDU WRGR
 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQD EXHQD LGHD SHUR QR YDPRV D XVDUOD
5HJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW
0RVW YHUEV DUH UHJXODU LQ WKH SUHWHULW WHQVH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
5HJXODU DU 9HUEV
7R FRQMXJDWH D UHJXODU DU YHUE LQ WKH SUHWHULW GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG p DVWH y DPRV DVWHLV DURQ WR WKH
VWHP
$ :RUG $ERXW 3URQXQFLDWLRQ
1RWLFH WKDW WKH ILUVW DQG WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUPV FDUU ZULWWHQ DFFHQWV ,W LV YHU LPSRUWDQW WR SUDFWLFH WKH
SURQXQFLDWLRQ VWUHVVLQJ WKH DFFHQWHG VOODEOH 3URQRXQFH WKH YHUEV LQ WKLV ZD R FDQWp W~ FDQWDVWH 8G
FDQWy QRVRWURV FDQWDPRV YRVRWURV FDQWDVWHLV HOORV FDQWDURQ 5HYLHZ WKH EDVLF SURQXQFLDWLRQ UXOHV $OO
ZRUGV WKDW HQG LQ Q V RU D YRZHO KDYH WKH VWUHVV RQ WKH VHFRQGWRODVW SHQXOWLPDWH
VOODEOH
7KH SUHWHULW ILUVWSHUVRQ SOXUDO QRVRWURV IRUP LV LGHQWLFDO WR WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH IRUP RQWH[W FODULILHV
ZKHWKHU WKH YHUE LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW RU SUHWHULW WHQVH
5HJXODU HU DQG LU 9HUEV
7R FRQMXJDWH UHJXODU HU DQG LU YHUEV LQ WKH SUHWHULW GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG t LVWH Ly LPRV LVWHLV LHURQ
WR WKH VWHP 7KH HQGLQJV DUH WKH VDPH IRU ERWK HU DQG LU YHUEV
(U 9HUEV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
,U 9HUEV
1RWLFH WKDW WKH YHUE YHU LV UHJXODU ,W GRHV QRW FDUU DQ DFFHQW PDUN RQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP YLR
EHFDXVH WKH IRUP KDV RQO RQH VOODEOH 7KH QRVRWURV IRUP RI LU YHUEV LQ WKH SUHWHULW LV LGHQWLFDO WR WKH SUHVHQW
LQGLFDWLYH IRUP ,WV PHDQLQJ EHFRPHV FOHDU LQ FRQWH[W
,U 9HUEV ZLWK 6WHP KDQJHV LQ WKH 7KLUG 3HUVRQ
7KH IROORZLQJ YHUEV KDYH D VWHP FKDQJH LQ WKH SUHWHULW 7KLV VWHP FKDQJH RFFXUV RQO LQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ
VLQJXODU DQG SOXUDO IRUPV RI WKH SUHWHULW
,UUHJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW
9HUEV WKDW DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKH SUHWHULW KDYH DQ LUUHJXODU VWHP DQG D VSHFLDO VHW RI HQGLQJV 1RWH WKDW WKH HQGLQJV
GR QRW FDUU DFFHQW PDUNV 7R FRQMXJDWH DQ LUUHJXODU YHUE LQ WKH SUHWHULW DGG WKH HQGLQJV H LVWH R LPRV 
LVWHLV LHURQ WR WKH LUUHJXODU VWHPV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
:KHQ WKH LUUHJXODU SUHWHULW VWHP HQGV LQ M WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ HQGLQJV EHFRPH R DQG HURQ
'DU LU DQG VHU KDYH GLIIHUHQW VHWV RI HQGLQJV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
$ :RUG $ERXW KDEHU
7KH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP RI KDEHU LQ WKH SUHWHULW LV KXER PHDQLQJ WKHUH ZDV WKHUH ZHUH ZDV WKHUH
ZHUH WKHUH
,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR PHPRUL]H WKH SUHWHULW IRUPV RI DOO WKH LUUHJXODU YHUEV VR WKDW RX ZLOO EH DEOH WR XVH DQ
YHUE RX ZLVK LQ WKH SUHWHULW
5HJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW
5HJXODU DU 9HUEV
7R FRQMXJDWH D UHJXODU DU YHUE LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG DED DEDV DED iEDPRV DEDLV 
DEDQ WR WKH VWHP 7KH ILUVW DQG WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUPV R pO HOOD 8G
DUH LGHQWLFDO
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
$ :RUG $ERXW WKH ,PSHUIHFW
7KHUH DUH QR LUUHJXODU DU YHUEV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW 3UDFWLFH WKH SURQXQFLDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE FRQMXJDWLRQV DERYH
7KHUH DUH RQHVOODEOH WZRVOODEOH WKUHHVOODEOH DQG IRXUVOODEOH YHUEV %H VXUH WR SURQRXQFH WKH
LPSHUIHFW LQ WKLV ZD R WUDEDMDED W~ WUDEDMDEDV pO WUDEDMDED QRVRWURV WUDEDMiEDPRV YRVRWURV
WUDEDMDEDLV HOORV WUDEDMDEDQ
5HJXODU HU DQG LU 9HUEV
7R FRQMXJDWH UHJXODU HU DQG LU YHUEV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG tD tDV tD tDPRV tDLV tDQ
WR WKH VWHP 7KH HQGLQJV DUH WKH VDPH IRU ERWK HU DQG LU YHUEV 7KH ILUVW DQG WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUPV DUH
LGHQWLFDO
(U 9HUEV
$ :RUG $ERXW KDEHU
7KH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP RI KDEHU LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW LV KDEtD PHDQLQJ WKHUH ZDV WKHUH ZHUH ZDV WKHUH
ZHUH WKHUH
,U 9HUEV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
,UUHJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW
7KHUH DUH RQO WKUHH LUUHJXODU YHUEV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW
7KH WUDQVODWLRQ RI LU LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW LV ZDV JRLQJ ZHUH JRLQJ
RPSDULVRQ RI 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW
5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH SUHWHULW LV D FRPSOHWHG DFWLRQ 7KH LPSHUIHFW LV RIWHQ DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV UHSHDWHG LQ WKH SDVW
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
([HUFLVH 
3UHWHULW RU LPSHUIHFW RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV
 ¢3RU TXp QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB W~ OD FRPLGD DHU FRPSUDU
$QRFKH R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO YLQR D OD ILHVWD WUDHU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHGLRGtD  HO QLxR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDPEUH VHUWHQHU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D OORYHU  R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD YHQWDQD HPSH]DUFHUUDU
/D PXFKDFKD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD FDOOH FXDQGR VX PDPi OD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FUX]DUOODPDU
¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8GV HVWD PDxDQD SUHFLVDPHQWH D ODV QXHYH HVWDU
1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ HO SDUTXH FXDQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO DQLPDO H[yWLFR DQGDUYHU
(O WD[LVWD QRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YHLQWH GyODUHV ¢XiQWR WH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D WL
FREUDUFREUDU
1RVRWURV OHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDUWDV D QXHVWURV SDULHQWHV GHVGH %ROLYLD SHUR HOORV QR ODV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVFULELUUHFLELU
R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SRU OD FDOOH HTXLYRFDGD FXDQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXH QR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GRQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDPLQDUGDUVH FXHQWD GHVDEHUHVWDU
0H DJUDGD VX DPLJR ¢'yQGH OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8G FRQRFHU
3HGUR  VXV DPLJRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WRGDV ODV QRFKHV DQWHV GH DFRVWDUVH GLYHUWLUVH
0HOLVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DO FLQH FDGD GRPLQJR GXUDQWH VX MXYHQWXG LU
/RV YLDMHURV GH ,QJODWHUUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D PL FDVD OD VHPDQD SDVDGD  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
FRQPLJR KDVWD KR OOHJDUTXHGDUVH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ
0DULDQHOD
SRU %HQLWR 3pUH] *DOGyV
3pUH] *DOGyV QDFLy HQ ODV ,VODV DQDULDV  HV PHMRU FRQRFLGR SRU VXV YLVWDV GH OD VRFLHGDG HVSDxROD 6H
PXULy HQ  HQ 0DGULG
$TXHO GtD 3DEOR  0DULDQHOD VDOLHURQ DO FDPSR RQ HOORV LED KRWR VX SHUUR ILHO (O GtD HVWDED KHUPRVR (O
DLUH HUD VXDYH  IUHVFR  HO VRO FDOHQWDED VLQ TXHPDU
³¢$GyQGH YDPRV KR´ SUHJXQWy 3DEOR TXH HUD FLHJR GH QDFLPLHQWR
³$GRQGH TXLHUD 8G VHxRU´ FRQWHVWy 0DULDQHOD TXH HUD VX JXtD
0DULDQHOD SDUHFtD FUHFHU  DGTXLULU QXHYDV IXHU]DV FXDQGR HVWDED DO ODGR GH VX DPR  DPLJR -XQWR D pO VH
VHQWtD OOHQD GH DOHJUtD $O DSDUWDUVH GH pO VHQWtD XQD SURIXQGD WULVWH]D
3DEOR SDUWLFLSDED GH ORV PLVPRV VHQWLPLHQWRV KDFLD 0DULDQHOD (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ OH KDEtD GLFKR 3DEOR D OD
MRYHQ $QWHV R FUHtD TXH HUD GH GtD FXDQGR KDEODED OD JHQWH  TXH HUD GH QRFKH FXDQGR OD JHQWH FDOODED 
FDQWDEDQ ORV JDOORV $KRUD QR KDJR ODV PLVPDV FRPSDUDFLRQHV (V GH GtD FXDQGR HVWDPRV MXQWRV W~  R HV GH
QRFKH FXDQGR QRV VHSDUDPRV
'HVSXpV GH FDPLQDU XQ UDWR OOHJDURQ D XQ OXJDU GRQGH KDEtD PXFKDV IORUHV $PERV VH GHWXYLHURQ 3DEOR VH
VHQWy  0DULDQHOD VH SXVR D UHFRJHU IORUHV SDUD VX DPR /RV GRV HUDQ PX IHOLFHV
9HUERV
1RPEUHV
3UHSRVLFLyQ
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
$GMHWLYRV
([SUHVLRQHV
3UHJXQWDV
$IWHU RX KDYH UHDG WKH VHOHFWLRQ DQVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV LQ 6SDQLVK
 ¢4XLpQHV VRQ ORV SHUVRQDMHV HQ HO FXHQWR ¢4XLpQ ORV DFRPSDxD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢yPR VH VLHQWHQ MXQWRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢yPR VH VLHQWHQ VHSDUDGRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
7KH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
,Q 6SDQLVK WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ WKDW LV RFFXUULQJ DW WKH PRPHQW DFWLRQ WKDW LV LQ
SURJUHVV ,W LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH (QJOLVK SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH 7KH ZRPDQ LV VLQJLQJ IRU H[DPSOH
7KLV WHQVH LV
XVHG WR H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ
‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW LV LQ SURJUHVV
‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW LV RFFXUULQJ LQ WKH PRPHQW
‡ (PSKDVLV IRU DQ DFWLRQ WKDW LV KDSSHQLQJ ULJKW QRZ
$ :RUG $ERXW WKH 3UHVHQW ,QGLFDWLYH 7HQVH
7KH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK H[SUHVVHV ERWK WKH (QJOLVK VLPSOH SUHVHQW , VLQJ , GR VLQJ
DQG WKH
(QJOLVK SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH , DP VLQJLQJ
:KHQ RX GRQ¶W QHHG WR GHVFULEH ZKDW LV KDSSHQLQJ ULJKW QRZ XVH WKH VLPSOH SUHVHQW WHQVH
7KH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK DV LW LV LQ (QJOLVK ,W LV IRUPHG E FRQMXJDWLQJ HVWDU LQ
WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH DQG DGGLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 7KH SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOH KHUHDIWHU UHIHUUHG WR
DV WKH JHUXQG LV WKH LQJ IRUP RI D YHUE LQ (QJOLVK 7KH WHQVH LV DOVR FDOOHG WKH SUHVHQW FRQWLQXRXV
*HUXQG )RUPDWLRQ
7KH JHUXQG LV IRUPHG E DGGLQJ DQGR RU LHQGR WR WKH VWHP RI WKH LQILQLWLYH ,Q (QJOLVK WKH JHUXQG HQGV LQ LQJ
3UDFWLFH WKH IROORZLQJ YHUE IRUPV DORXG
$U 9HUEV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
7R IRUP WKH JHUXQG RI DOO DU YHUEV GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG DQGR WR WKH VWHP
(U 9HUEV
7R IRUP WKH JHUXQG RI PRVW HU YHUEV GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG LHQGR WR WKH VWHP
(U 9HUEV
7R IRUP WKH JHUXQG RI UHJXODU LU YHUEV GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG LHQGR WR WKH VWHP
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
2UWKRJUDSKLF KDQJHV LQ HU DQG LU 9HUEV
(U DQG LU YHUEV ZKRVH VWHP HQGV LQ D YRZHO IRUP WKH JHUXQG XVLQJ HQGR LQVWHDG RI LHQGR LQ RUGHU WR DYRLG
KDYLQJ WKUHH YRZHOV LQ D URZ 7KHVH DUH QRW LUUHJXODU IRUPV LW LV DQ RUWKRJUDSKLF FKDQJH
(U 9HUEV
,U 9HUEV
7KH *HUXQG RI ,UUHJXODU LU 9HUEV
1HDUO DOO JHUXQGV DUH IRUPHG UHJXODUO 7KH RQO YHUEV WKDW VKRZ DQ LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH JHUXQG DUH WKH LU VWHP
FKDQJLQJ YHUEV LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WHQVH /HDUQ WKHVH LUUHJXODU JHUXQGV QRZ DQG RX¶OO EH DEOH WR IRUP DOO
WKH JHUXQGV HDVLO
‡ )RUPLQJ WKH JHUXQG RI LUUHJXODU LU YHUEV ZLWK R ! XH DQG R ! X FKDQJHV LQ WKH VWHP
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
‡ )RUPLQJ WKH JHUXQG RI LUUHJXODU LU YHUEV ZLWK H ! LH DQG H ! L FKDQJHV LQ WKH VWHP
([HUFLVH 
:ULWH WKH JHUXQG RI WKH IROORZLQJ LQILQLWLYHV
 KDEODU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 EHVDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 DQGDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 YLDMDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 OLPSLDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 FHQDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 VDFDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
EHEHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 FRPHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 DSUHQGHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 DJUDGHFHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 HVFRJHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 YHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 DEULU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 DVLVWLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 LQVLVWLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 SHUPLWLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 SURKLELU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 FUHHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 OHHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 WUDHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 KXLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 RtU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 VHUYLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 SHGLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 FRUUHJLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 UHSHWLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 VHJXLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 GRUPLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 PRULU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 GHFLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 KDFHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
7R IRUP WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH FRQMXJDWH HVWDU LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RI WKH
PDLQ YHUE
8VH RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
7KH DFWLRQ H[SUHVVHG E WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH PXVW EH DFWLRQ LQ SURJUHVV
)ROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV IRUPHG ZLWK HVWDU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
127( 7KH VXEMHFW SURQRXQ 8GV DSSHDUV LQ WZR GLIIHUHQW SRVLWLRQV LQ WKH H[DPSOH VHQWHQFHV DERYH ,Q WKH ILUVW
H[DPSOH LW FRPHV EHWZHHQ WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE HVWDU DQG WKH JHUXQG ,Q WKH VHFRQG H[DPSOH 8GV IROORZV WKH
JHUXQG %RWK DUH FRUUHFW
7KH QHJDWLYH QR FRPHV GLUHFWO EHIRUH WKH FRQMXJDWHG IRUP RI HVWDU
$ :RUG $ERXW (QJOLVK
,Q (QJOLVK WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH FDQ EH XVHG WR GHVFULEH ZKDW LV KDSSHQLQJ ULJKW QRZ DV ZHOO DV ZKDW
ZLOO KDSSHQ LQ WKH IXWXUH
, DP VLQJLQJ ULJKW QRZ
, DP VLQJLQJ QH[W )ULGD
,Q 6SDQLVK WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH FDQ QHYHU EH XVHG WR GHVFULEH D IXWXUH DFWLRQ )RU D IXWXUH DFWLRQ XVH LU  D
 LQILQLWLYH
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH %H VXUH WR
FRQMXJDWH HVWDU FRUUHFWO
(;$03/( 0LJXHO HVWi FDQWDQGR  VX DPLJD HVWi WRFDQGR HO SLDQR FDQWDUWRFDU
1XHVWUR SURIHVRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKRV H[iPHQHV FRUUHJLU
3RU ILQ QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB EXHQDV QRWDV VDFDU
0H KDFH HO IDYRU GH QR KDFHU UXLGR R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVWXGLDU
/RV DGROHVFHQWHV OHV GLFHQ D VXV SDGUHV ³QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QDGD´ KDFHU
/RV FRFLQHURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD FHQD SUHSDUDU
¢4Xp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB W~ GHFLU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
(VWi OORYLHQGR SHUR QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QHYDU
D HV WDUGH  ORV QLxRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GRUPLU
6RQ ODV QXHYH GH OD QRFKH  WRGDYtD ORV SHULRGLVWDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVFULELU
¢4XLpQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SRU WHOpIRQR KDEODU
7~ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ORV KXHYRV SDUD HO GHVDXQR IUHtU
6RQ ODV VHLV  PHGLD  OD IDPLOLD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRPHU
5HPLQGHU
$IWHU D SUHSRVLWLRQ XVH WKH LQILQLWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE HYHQ WKRXJK WKH WUDQVODWLRQ LQ (QJOLVK PLJKW EH WKH JHUXQG
LQJ
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH LQILQLWLYH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH RU SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH RI WKH
DSSURSULDWH YHUE 6HOHFW IURP WKH OLVW RI YHUEV EHORZ 8VH HDFK YHUE RQO RQFH
DOPRU]DU FRQRFHU GHYROYHU JUDGXDUVH KDFHU OHHU TXHUHU VDEHU VDOLU WHQHU WRFDU
 (Q HO DYLyQ HQ HO YXHOR GH ÈIULFD SDUHFH TXH ORV SDVDMHURV HVWiQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VXV OLEURV GH
WXULVPR
 ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QDGDU
 2OLYLD VLJXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO YLROtQ DXQTXH D VX KHUPDQR QR OH JXVWD HO VRQLGR
 $QWHV GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D ORV SDGUHV GH VX QRYLR $PDOLD VH PDTXLOOD OD FDUD
 'HVSXpV GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB p[LWR HQ OD HVFXHOD VHFXQGDULD HO HVWXGLDQWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LU D
XQD XQLYHUVLGDG
 /RV WUDEDMDGRUHV WLHQHQ KDPEUH D ODV GRFH GH OD WDUGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB MXQWRV D ODV GRFH  PHGLD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GH OD IiEULFD D ODV FLQFR GH OD WDUGH
 -XOLD DFDED GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VXV OLEURV D OD ELEOLRWHFD
 (O KRPEUH WLHQH YHLQWLGyV DxRV 'HVSXpV GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GH OD XQLYHUVLGDG QR VDEH TXp
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
3ODFHPHQW RI 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
'LUHFW 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV ,QGLUHFW 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV DQG 5HIOH[LYH 3URQRXQV
)ROORZLQJ LV D UHYLHZ FKDUW RI SURQRXQV VXEMHFW GLUHFW REMHFW LQGLUHFW REMHFW DQG UHIOH[LYH
127( ,Q (QJOLVK WKH GLUHFW REMHFW RX FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG DV OD LQ 6SDQLVK LI WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SHUVRQ LV IHPDOH RU
OR LI WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SHUVRQ LV PDOH ,Q PDQ FRXQWULHV OH LV XVHG DV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ LQVWHDG RI OR RU
OD 6LPLODUO WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ RX LQ WKH SOXUDO 8GV IRUP FDQ EH ODV ORV RU OHV
7KLV XVH RI OH DV GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ LV FDOOHG OHtVPR OH LV ERUURZHG IURP WKH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ
7KH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV DQG UHIOH[LYH SURQRXQV KDYH WZR SRVVLEOH SRVLWLRQV
‡ 7KH REMHFW SURQRXQV PD EH SODFHG GLUHFWO EHIRUH WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE HVWDU
‡ 7KH REMHFW SURQRXQV PD EH DWWDFKHG WR WKH JHUXQG
7KH ZULWWHQ DFFHQW UHWDLQV WKH FRUUHFW SURQXQFLDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE
7KH SODFHPHQW RI WKH REMHFW SURQRXQV GRHV QRW DIIHFW WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH VHQWHQFH 7KH FDQ EH SODFHG LQ
HLWKHU SRVLWLRQ DQG WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH VHQWHQFH LV H[DFWO WKH VDPH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
2UGHU RI 'RXEOH 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV
$Q LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV D GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ ZKHQ WKH RFFXU WRJHWKHU 7KH UHIOH[LYH REMHFW
SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ ZKHQ WKH RFFXU WRJHWKHU 7KH GRXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV FDQQRW EH
VHSDUDWHG IURP RQH DQRWKHU
)ROORZLQJ LV D UHYLHZ FKDUW RI GRXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV
$ 5HPLQGHU
6H UHSODFHV OH RU OHV DV WKH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ ZKHQ D GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ IROORZV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
$ UHIOH[LYH REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ ZKHQ WKH RFFXU WRJHWKHU
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV
5HPHPEHU WR FRQMXJDWH HVWDU FRUUHFWO
 ¢3RU TXp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD SUHJXQWD HO PDHVWUR UHSHWLU
/RV DGROHVFHQWHV QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODV GLUHFFLRQHV VHJXLU
1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO OLEUR OHHU
¢4XLpQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WDQWR UXLGR KDFHU
/RV DPLJRV GH -XDQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ FDVD KR DOPRU]DU
R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO DJXD SDUD SUHSDUDU OD VRSD KHUYLU
(O KRPEUH DPD D HVWD PXMHU /D BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRQ VX PLUDGD VHJXLU
6RPRV QRVRWURV D TXLHQHV HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVSHUDU
([HUFLVH 
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK XVLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH
 $UH WKH ZRPHQ WDONLQJ WR WKH PHQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :KDW DUH RX VDLQJ WR PH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 DQ RX 8G
UHSHDW WKH TXHVWLRQ 7KH VWXGHQWV DUH QRW SDLQJ DWWHQWLRQ WR RX
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :H NQRZ WKDW KH LV VHDUFKLQJ IRU DQ LGHD +H QHHGV LW WR ZULWH D VWRU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :KDW LV KDSSHQLQJ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7KH IDQWDVWLF ODZHU LV GUHDPLQJ DERXW D WULS WR ,WDO
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
$QVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV DORXG XVLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH
 ¢4XLpQ HVWi HVWXGLDQGR DKRUD PLVPR
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
¢3RU TXp HVWiV FRPLHQGR FKRFRODWH HQ HO VDOyQ
 ¢4Xp HVWi 8G KDFLHQGR DKRUD PLVPR
 ¢(Q TXp HVWiV SHQVDQGR
 ¢4Xp HVWi OHHQGR HO SURIHVRU
 ¢4XLpQ HVWi KXHQGR GH OD SROLFtD
8VHV RI WKH *HUXQG ZLWK 9HUEV 2WKHU 7KDQ HVWDU
‡ 7KH JHUXQG ZLWK VHJXLU H[SUHVVHV WR NHHSFRQWLQXH GRLQJ VRPHWKLQJ
‡ 7KH JHUXQG ZLWK LU H[SUHVVHV JUDGXDOO OLWWOH E OLWWOH
‡ 7KH JHUXQG ZLWK OOHYDU H[SUHVVHV KDYH EHHQ GRLQJ
$IWHU RX EHFRPH DFFXVWRPHG WR XVLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH RX ZLOO ILQG WKDW WKH JHUXQG FDQ VRPHWLPHV EH
XVHG ZLWKRXW D KHOSLQJ YHUE
(LWKHU WKH JHUXQG RU WKH LQILQLWLYH FDQ EH XVHG DIWHU YHU PLUDU HVFXFKDU DQG RtU 7KH PHDQLQJ LV WKH VDPH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
9HUEV QRW JHQHUDOO XVHG LQ WKH JHUXQG IRUP DUH VHU HVWDU SRGHU TXHUHU VDEHU WHQHU LU  DQG YHQLU 7KHVH
YHUEV XVH WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH LQVWHDG RI WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH
127(6 3RGHU LV WKH RQO HU YHUE ZLWK DQ LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH VWHP RI WKH JHUXQG SXGLHQGR
7KH JHUXQG RI LU LV HQGR
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HLWKHU WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH RU WKH SUHVHQW
SURJUHVVLYH RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV
 (O HVSRVR GH (OL]DEHWK QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FHOHEUDU HO GtD GHO DPRU  GH OD DPLVWDG TXHUHU
¢3RU TXp QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WRGD OD IDPLOLD D PL ILHVWD YHQLU
6yFUDWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXH QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QDGD TXH YDOJD OD SHQD VDEHU VDEHUVDEHU
)DYRU GH QR LQWHUUXPSLUPH DKRUD PLVPR RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SHQVDU
1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDEODU ELHQ VL SUDFWLFDPRV SRGHU
¢3RU TXp OR VLJXHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OODPDU
/D PXFKDFKD WULVWH QXQFD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VRQUHtU
/RV GHSRUWLVWDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DO WHQLV WRGRV ORV YHUDQRV MXJDU
/RV GHWHFWLYHV HVWiQ FRQWHQWRV DKRUD SRUTXH HO FULPLQDO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VX FULPHQ FRQIHVDU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
$ 3DXOLQD  D VX DPLJD QR OHV JXVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WHPSUDQR GHVSHUWDUVH
/DV QLxDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D VX SULPHUD ILHVWD PDxDQD LU
/D HVWXGLDQWH OOHYD XQD KRUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVWH HMHUFLFLR KDFHU
([HUFLVH 
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK
 9DPRV D OD FDVD GH 0DUtD SRUTXH HOOD HVWi SUHSDUDQGR DUUR] FRQ SROOR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (O PHVHUR QRV HVWi VLUYLHQGR QXHVWUD FRPLGD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /DV QLxHUDV HVWiQ FXLGDQGR D PXFKRV QLxRV HQ HO SDUTXH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 6RQ ODV RFKR GH OD QRFKH  D HV WDUGH SHUR HO KRPEUH VLJXH OHHQGR VX OLEUR IDYRULWR 6LJXH OHpQGROR KDVWD
ODV RQFH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /D PXFKDFKD HVWi QDGDQGR HQ OD SLVFLQD SRUTXH VXV SDGUHV SLHQVDQ TXH HV SHOLJURVR QDGDU HQ HO RFpDQR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /RV QLxRV HVWiQ SRQLHQGR ORV SODWRV HQ HO KRUQR /RV HVWiQ SRQLHQGR HQ HO KRUQR SDUD PROHVWDU D VXV SDGUHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢3RU TXp OH HVWiQ 8GV PLQWLHQGR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢4XLpQ HVWi ULpQGRVH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (O HOHIDQWH OOHYD FLQFR DxRV YLYLHQGR HQ HO ]RROyJLFR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 6HJXLPRV DSUHQGLHQGR HO HVSDxRO
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK
 :K DUH WKH SHRSOH FULQJ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ,W LV UDLQLQJ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 $UH RX ZDWFKLQJ WHOHYLVLRQ QRZ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :K DUH WKH JLUOV ODXJKLQJ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ,W LV RXU WXUQ :H DUH XVLQJ WKH FRPSXWHUV QRZ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7HUHVD LV ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH WUDLQ EXW VKH LV ORVLQJ SDWLHQFH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
:KDW DUH RX WKLQNLQJ DERXW
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :H DUH WULQJ WR IDOO DVOHHS
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ
/D SDUDGD GHO EXV
/D PXMHU VH OODPD /RUHQD 1R HV QL MRYHQ QL YLHMD QL GHOJDGD QL JRUGD 7LHQH OD FDUD SiOLGD FRQ RMRV
PDUURQHV  SHOR RVFXUR 1R VH PDTXLOOD PXFKR SHUR VH QRWD TXH OH JXVWD OOHYDU XQ SRFR GH FRORUHWH 6H YH TXH
HV FRQVHUYDGRUD SRU VX YHVWLPHQWD VX IDOGD TXH FXEUH ODV SLHUQDV  OD EOXVD FRQ PDQJDV ODUJDV DXQTXH HV
YHUDQR
(OOD OOHJD VLHPSUH D OD SDUDGD GHO EXV HVSHUDQGR D VX HVSRVR 6H SXHGH SDVDU SRU OD EDQFD  YHUOD DOOt
VHQWDGD KRUD WUDV KRUD HVFULELHQGR HQ VX FXDGHUQR  GLEXMDQGR HO URVWUR GH VX HVSRVR DPDGR
8QD PDxDQD GH PXFKR FDORU XQ KRPEUH VH VLHQWD FHUFD GH HOOD  FRQYHUVD XQ SRFR
eO VH OODPD 5REHUWR SDUHFH VHU XQ EXHQ KRPEUH +DEODQ GH VXV GLEXMRV  FRPR SDVD HOOD HO GtD eO VH HQWHUD
TXH HOOD HVWi VHSDUDGD GH VX HVSRVR GHVGH KDFH FLQFR DxRV SHUR VLHQGR FDWyOLFRV ORV GRV VRQ WRGDYtD FDVDGRV
5REHUWR VROWHUR SDVD ORV GtDV WUDEDMDQGR HQ FRPSXWDGRUDV  VXV QRFKHV MXJDQGR DO DMHGUH] HQ XQ FOXE FRQ
RWURV IDQiWLFRV
'HVSXpV GH YHLQWH PLQXWRV RWUR EXV YLHQH  HO KRPEUH XQ SRFR WULVWH DKRUD GH GHMDUOD VXEH DO EXV  VH YD
(OOD OR VLJXH FRQ ORV RMRV FRQ XQD PLUDGD OOHQD GH VROHGDG /D JHQWH VXEH DO EXV RWURV VH EDMDQ  VH YDQ SDUD OD
FDVD /RUHQD VH TXHGD WUDQTXLODPHQWH H[WUDxDQGR D VX HVSRVR HVSHUDQGR TXH YHQJD HQ HO SUy[LPR EXV
9HUERV
1RPEUHV
([SUHVLRQHV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
3UHJXQWDV
 ¢4Xp HVWDFLyQ HV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢yPR HV HO FOLPD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢4Xp KDFH /RUHQD FDGD GtD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢(VWi FDVDGD OD PXMHU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢(VWi FDVDGR 5REHUWR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢(VWi 5REHUWR LQWHUHVDGR HQ /RUHQD ¢(VWi HOOD LQWHUHVDGD HQ pO
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢3LHQVD 8G TXH 5REHUWR YD D YROYHU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢3LHQVD 8G TXH /RUHQD YD D VHJXLU HVSHUDQGR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
7KH 3DVW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV
7KHUH DUH WZR SURJUHVVLYH WHQVHV LQ WKH SDVW WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH DQG WKH SUHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH %RWK
H[SUHVV D SDVW DFWLRQ RU DFWLRQV WKDW ZHUH RFFXUULQJ DFWLRQV WKDW ZHUH LQ SURJUHVV 7KH DUH HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH
(QJOLVK SDVW SURJUHVVLYH 7KH SHRSOH ZHUH UXQQLQJ IRU H[DPSOH 7KHVH WHQVHV DUH XVHG WR LQWHQVLI WKH
IROORZLQJ
‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH SDVW
‡ $Q HYHQW WKDW ZDV KDSSHQLQJ LQ WKH SDVW
,I RX GR QRW ZDQW WR LQWHQVLI DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH SDVW XVH WKH VLPSOH LPSHUIHFW WHQVH
7KH ,PSHUIHFW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
7KH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK DV LW LV LQ (QJOLVK ,W LV IRUPHG E FRQMXJDWLQJ HVWDU
LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW DQG DGGLQJ WKH JHUXQG RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 7KH WHQVH LV DOVR FDOOHG WKH LPSHUIHFW FRQWLQXRXV
8VHV RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
7KH DFWLRQ H[SUHVVHG E WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH PXVW EH DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH SDVW
)ROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV IRUPHG ZLWK HVWDU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
7KH YHUEV VHJXLU LU DQG YHQLU FDQ DOVR EH FRQMXJDWHG LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW DQG XVHG ZLWK WKH JHUXQG WR IRUP WKH
LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH
9HUEV QRW JHQHUDOO XVHG LQ WKH JHUXQG IRUP LQ WKH SDVW SURJUHVVLYH DUH VHU HVWDU SRGHU TXHUHU VDEHU WHQHU
LU DQG YHQLU 7KHVH YHUEV XVH WKH VLPSOH LPSHUIHFW LQVWHDG RI WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH
([HUFLVH 
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK XVLQJ WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH
 , ZDV FOHDQLQJ WKH KRXVH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 5RVD FRQWLQXHG HDWLQJ
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 3DEOR ZDV VHOOLQJ PHGLFLQH WR KLV IULHQGV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :H ZHUH OHDUQLQJ WR GDQFH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :K ZDV VKH OLQJ WR PH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :KDW ZHUH RX 8G
GRLQJ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :KR ZDV VOHHSLQJ RQ WKH WUDLQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (YHURQH ZDV OHDYLQJ IRU WKH H[LWV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7KH ERV DQG JLUOV ZHUH WKURZLQJ WKH EDOO
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7KH SROLWLFLDQV ZHUH EHJLQQLQJ WKHLU FDPSDLJQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7KH 3UHWHULW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHWHULW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
7KH SUHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH DOVR HPSKDVL]HV DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV WDNLQJ SODFH LQ WKH SDVW ,W LV IRUPHG ZLWK WKH SUHWHULW RI
WKH YHUE HVWDU IROORZHG E WKH JHUXQG RI WKH PDLQ YHUE
8VHV RI WKH 3UHWHULW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH
8QOLNH WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WKH SUHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DQ DFWLRQ FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH SDVW 7KH
QDPH RI WKH WHQVH PLJKW VHHP OLNH D FRQWUDGLFWLRQ LQ WHUPV EXW WKH DFWLRQ DOWKRXJK LQ D SURJUHVVLYH IRUP LV
GHILQLWHO RYHU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
7KH JHUXQG LV DOVR XVHG ZLWK VHJXLU YHQLU DQG LU WR IRUP WKH SUHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH
([HUFLVH 
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK
 1RV GLYHUWtDPRV KDVWD TXH OD REUD HPSH]y
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢4XHUtDQ 8GV GDUOHV GH FRPHU D ORV SiMDURV HQ HO SDUTXH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 6DEtDPRV TXH tEDPRV D WHQHU p[LWR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /DV PXMHUHV HVWXYLHURQ FHOHEUDQGR VX MXELODFLyQ KDVWD ODV RQFH GH OD QRFKH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 )XL FRQRFLHQGR 0p[LFR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 1XHVWUR SURIHVRU HVWXYR HQVHxDQGR SRU XQD KRUD DHU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (VWiEDPRV WUDEDMDQGR FXDQGR QXHVWURV DPLJRV OOHJDURQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢'H TXp HVWDEDV KDEODQGR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (OOD QR PH HVWXYR HVFXFKDQGR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (O FDPDUHUR QR QRV HVWDED VLUYLHQGR OD FRPLGD
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /RV PDHVWURV HVWXYLHURQ UHSLWLHQGR ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV KDVWD TXH HQWHQGLPRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢3RU TXp ORV HVWDEDV EXVFDQGR SRU WDQWR WLHPSR FXDQGR VDEtDV TXH WXV DPLJRV HVWDEDQ HVFRQGLpQGRVH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (VWXYLPRV EDLODQGR DQRFKH KDVWD PHGLDQRFKH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 1DGLH HVWDED DQGDQGR SRU DTXt
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
5HYLHZ 3UHWHULW WHQVH
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHWHULW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ
SDUHQWKHVHV
(;$03/( 0L DPLJR QR PH HVSHUy HVSHUDU
0LV DPLJRV PH BBBB SRU XQD KRUD HVSHUDU
(OOD QR OH BBBB QDGD GHFLU
¢3RU TXp QR OHV BBBB 8GV IORUHV WUDHU
/DV KRMDV BBBB GH ORV iUEROHV FDHUVH
R QXQFD OHV BBBB GLQHUR GDU
2FWDYLR QR BBBB GRUPLU DQRFKH SRGHU
1RVRWURV QR BBBB DO FLQH HO ViEDGR LU
0H BBBB PXFKR OD FRPLGD JXVWDU
R Vp TXH W~ PH BBBB HQ HO UHVWDXUDQWH YHU
(OOD HV DPDEOH ¢'yQGH OD BBBB 8G FRQRFHU
([HUFLVH 
5HYLHZ ,PSHUIHFW WHQVH
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ
SDUHQWKHVHV
(;$03/( ¢'yQGH HVWDEDV FXDQGR OD PDHVWUD HQWUy HVWDU
¢4Xp KRUD BBBB FXDQGR OD SHOtFXOD HPSH]y VHU
¢XiQWRV DxRV BBBB ORV JHPHORV FXDQGR VH JUDGXDURQ WHQHU
/D GRFWRUD QR BBBB YHU D PiV SDFLHQWHV TXHUHU
R VLHPSUH BBBB SDUD ORV H[iPHQHV HVWXGLDU
(Q VX MXYHQWXG 3DWULFLR BBBB DO WHQLV MXJDU
$QWHV GH OD pSRFD GH OD FRPSXWDGRUD OD JHQWH BBBB FDUWDV HVFULELU
(OOD QXQFD BBBB FRQWHQWD 6LHPSUH BBBB HVWDUTXHMDUVH
(O KRPEUH YLHMR BBBB ORV GLHQWHV HQ XQ YDVR GH DJXD WRGDV ODV QRFKHV DQWHV GH GRUPLUVH SRQHU
([HUFLVH 
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
5HYLHZ ,QGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LQGLUHFW REMHFW
SURQRXQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXH LQ SDUHQWKHVHV
 R BBBB WUDLJR IORUHV WR RX
6XVDQD BBBB SUHVWD GLQHUR WR WKHP
¢3RU TXp BBBB KDEODV HQ YR] DOWD WR KHU
¢4Xp BBBB HVWiV GLFLHQGR WR PH
1RVRWURV QR BBBB HVWDPRV HVFULELHQGR DKRUD WR RX
¢3RU TXp BBBB FREUD 8G WDQWR WR XV
([HUFLVH 
5HYLHZ 'LUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK
 -XOLD EXVFD D VX KHUPDQD (OOD HVWi EXVFiQGROD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 XLGDPRV D ORV EHEpV /RV FXLGDPRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /RV GRV KHUPDQRV DXGDQ D VX IDPLOLD /D IDPLOLD DSUHFLD VX DXGD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (O MDUGLQHUR PLUD ORV SiMDURV /RV PLUD YRODU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /RV HVWXGLDQWHV VDOXGDQ D VX PDHVWUD /D VDOXGDQ WRGRV ORV GtDV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢3RU TXp PH OODPDV KR ¢3RU TXp PH HVWiV OODPDQGR D FDVD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 0DQXHO YLVLWD D OD PXMHU HQ 3HU~ eO TXLHUH FDVDUVH FRQ HOOD HQ OD SULPDYHUD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 7RGRV ORV WXULVWDV HVSHUDQ HO WUHQ 1R OHV PROHVWD HVSHUDUOR SRUTXH KDFH IUHVFR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
5HYLHZ 'RXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK
 7H OR MXUR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 0H SRQJR ORV JXDQWHV 0H ORV SRQJR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 /D PXMHU LQGtJHQD QR QRV YHQGH DJXD HOOD QRV OD GD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 0H JXVWDQ ORV PDULVFRV HQ HVWH UHVWDXUDQWH (O FDPDUHUR PH ORV VLUYH FRQ JXVWR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 $QD OHV WUDH HO SRVWUH D VXV DPLJDV (OOD VH OR WUDH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
([HUFLVH 
5HYLHZ ,QGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH
WHQVH
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK
 'R RX WHOO WKH WUXWK WR RXU IULHQGV :H WHOO LW WR RX
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 , DOZDV ZULWH OHWWHUV WR KLP , DP ZULWLQJ WKHP WR KLP QRZ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ,UHQH JLYHV JLIWV WR KHU VRQ HYHU KULVWPDV 7KLV HDU VKH LV JRLQJ WR JLYH WKHP WR KLP RQ KLV ELUWKGD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 :H VKRZ WKH QHZ VKRHVWRUH WR P IULHQG 6KH ORRNV DW WKH KLJK KHHOV EXW VKH GRHVQ¶W EX WKHP IRU XV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 6RPHWLPHV SHRSOH GRQ¶W XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW ZH VD 6RPHWLPHV ZH KDYH WR H[SODLQ LW WR WKHP
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (QULTXH UHDGV D VWRU WR KLV FKLOGUHQ HYHU QLJKW DW HLJKW R¶FORFN +H LV UHDGLQJ LW WR WKHP QRZ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
5HYLHZ 'RXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV VH DQG WKH LQGLUHFW REMHFW WKH SUHWHULW WHQVH
7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ
VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK
 0LJXHO QR SXGR HQWUDU HQ VX FDVD SRUTXH VH OH SHUGLHURQ ODV OODYHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 6H PH FDy OD FXFKDUD  PH SXVH EUDYD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 £XLGDGR 6H OHV YDQ D FDHU ORV YDVRV D VH QRV URPSLHURQ GRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 1R VH PH RFXUULy WUDEDMDU DHU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 1R SXGLVWH SUHSDUDU OD VRSD GH DMR DQRFKH 6H WH DFDEy HO DMR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 6H PH ROYLGy KDFHU PL WDUHD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ
(O KRVSLWDO
/D SREUH PDPi LED FDPLQDQGR SDUD QR PRVWUDUOH D VX KLMR TXH HVWDED SUHRFXSDGD (OOD VDEtD TXH QR HUD QL
FDWDUUR QL JULSH QL SXOPRQtD (OOD VDEtD TXH HUD DOJR JUDYH 'H UHSHQWH HPSH]y D FRUUHU KDFLD XQ WD[L SDUD
OOHYiUVHORV D XQ KRVSLWDO
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
+DFtD GRV GtDV TXH VX KLMR HVWDED TXHMiQGRVH GH XQ GRORU GH HVWyPDJR XQ GRORU TXH QR OR GHMDED GRUPLU
¢4Xp WLHQH HO KLMR 9LYLHQGR VROD 6LOYLD QR WHQtD QDGLH FRQ TXLHQ KDEODU D OD PHGLDQRFKH (O WD[LVWD ORV GHMy HQ
OD HQWUDGD GHO KRVSLWDO (OOD OH SDJy  OH GLR XQD EXHQD SURSLQD (VWXYLHURQ HVSHUDQGR VRODPHQWH FLQFR PLQXWRV
FXDQGR ORV PpGLFRV OOHJDURQ ([DPLQDURQ DO QLxR TXH HVWDED OORUDQGR /D PDPi OORUDQGR WDPELpQ WUDWy GH VHU
YDOLHQWH DQWH VX KLMR SHUR QR SXGR 'HVSXpV GH XQ UDWR TXH OH SDUHFLy XQD HWHUQLGDG ORV PpGLFRV OH RIUHFLHURQ
GRV RSFLRQHV RSHUDU R QR /D PDPi VLQ GXGD RSWy SRU OD RSHUDFLyQ  ILUPy HO GRFXPHQWR GH FRQVHQWLPLHQWR
(O QLxR VLJXLy VROOR]DQGR
³3HUR PDPi´ OH GLMR HO QLxR ³QR TXLHUR TXH PH RSHUHQ´
³R OR Vp KLMR PtR SHUR HV QHFHVDULR  YDV D HVWDU PX ELHQ  VLQ GRORU GHVSXpV /RV GRFWRUHV PH GLMHURQ
TXH HV DSHQGLFLWLV´
RQ HVWD ~OWLPD FRQYHUVDFLyQ ORV PpGLFRV OR SXVLHURQ HQ OD FDPLOOD GH RSHUDFLyQ  HOORV GHVDSDUHFLHURQ HQ
HO ODUJR FRUUHGRU GHO KRVSLWDO /D PDGUH VH UHWLUy D OD VDOD GH HVSHUD VLQWLpQGRVH PX GHVRODGD HQ VX VROHGDG
(OOD HVWDED DOOi SHQVDQGR HQ VX KLMR FXDQGR YLQLHURQ ORV GRFWRUHV FRQ ODV QRWLFLDV
³7RGR VDOLy ELHQ´ OH GLMHURQ ³VX KLMR HVWi UHFXSHUiQGRVH HQ VX FXDUWR  SURQWR YD D HVWDU ULpQGRVH  MXJDQGR
RWUD YH]´ /D PDPi DOLYLDGD OHV DJUDGHFLy SURIXQGDPHQWH
 GHQWUR GH SRFR HOOD  VX KLMR VDOLHURQ FKDUODQGR HOOD FRQ OD PDQR SUHFLRVD GH VX KLMR HQ OD VXD
$EUD]iQGRVH HQWUDURQ HQ OD FDVD
9HUERV
([SUHVLRQHV FRQ 9HUERV
1RPEUHV
$GMHWLYRV
3URQRPEUHV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
([SUHVLyQ
3UHJXQWDV
 ¢3RU TXp IXHURQ DO KRVSLWDO D OD PHGLDQRFKH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢(VWi 8G GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD SULPHUD GHFLVLyQ GH OD PDGUH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢4Xp WLHQH HO KLMR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢XLGDURQ ELHQ ORV PpGLFRV DO KLMR  D OD PDGUH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢yPR VH VLHQWHQ OD PDGUH  VX KLMR DO ILQDO GHO FXHQWR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
7KH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LV D PRRG LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH ZLGHO XVHG LQ 6SDQLVK 7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FDQQRW
H[LVW DORQH $QRWKHU HOHPHQW LQ WKH VHQWHQFH DOZDV FDXVHV LW WR EH XVHG 7KH VXEMXQFWLYH LV RIWHQ QHHGHG DIWHU
WKH IROORZLQJ HOHPHQWV
‡ HUWDLQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV
‡ HUWDLQ YHUEV
‡ HUWDLQ FRQMXQFWLRQV
‡ HUWDLQ GHSHQGHQW DGMHFWLYHV
‡ HUWDLQ H[SUHVVLRQV
)RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
0RVW YHUEV IRUP WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IURP WKH ILUVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 'URS
WKH R WR JHW WKH VWHP IRU WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH
9HUEV WKDW DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH VDPH ZD
7KHUH DUH RQO VL[ YHUEV WKDW GR QRW IRUP WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IURP WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH
$U 9HUEV
,Q RUGHU WR FRQMXJDWH ERWK UHJXODU DQG LUUHJXODU DU YHUEV LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH VWDUW ZLWK WKH R IRUP RI WKH
SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 'URS WKH R DQG DGG H HV H HPRV pLV HQ WR WKH VWHP
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
1RWH WKDW WKH ILUVWSHUVRQ DQG WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUPV DUH LGHQWLFDO LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH
7KH ILUVW WZR H[DPSOHV EDLODU DQG FDQWDU DUH UHJXODU LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 7KH ODVW WKUHH FHUUDU
SHQVDU DQG UHFRUGDU VKRZ VWHP FKDQJHV 1RWH WKDW WKH VWHP FKDQJHV LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH DUH DOVR SUHVHQW
LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH H[FHSW LQ WKH QRVRWURV DQG YRVRWURV IRUPV ZKLFK DUH XQDIIHFWHG E WKHVH VWHP
FKDQJHV
$ :RUG $ERXW WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
7KH IRUPDWLRQ RI WKH VXEMXQFWLYH FRPHV IURP WKH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI WKH ILUVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHVHQW
LQGLFDWLYH $Q LUUHJXODULW WKDW WKH YHUE KDV LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH R IRUP DOVR RFFXUV LQ WKH SUHVHQW
VXEMXQFWLYH 7R OHDUQ WKH VXEMXQFWLYH ZHOO SUDFWLFH WKH R IRUP RI WKH YHUEV EHFDXVH WKDW ZLOO EH WKH VWHP RI WKH
SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH
(U DQG LU 9HUEV
,Q RUGHU WR FRQMXJDWH ERWK UHJXODU DQG LUUHJXODU HU DQG LU YHUEV LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH GURS WKH R IURP WKH
ILUVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH DQG DGG D DV D DPRV iLV DQ WR WKH VWHP
(U 9HUEV
,U 9HUEV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
127( ,Q WKH LUUHJXODU LU YHUEV WKHUH LV DQ DGGLWLRQDO LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH QRVRWURV DQG YRVRWURV IRUPV 9HUEV ZLWK
WKH VWHP FKDQJH H ! LH RU H ! L KDYH DQ L LQ WKH QRVRWURV DQG YRVRWURV IRUPV 9HUEV ZLWK WKH VWHP FKDQJH R !
XH KDYH D X LQ WKH QRVRWURV DQG YRVRWURV IRUPV
,UUHJXODU HU DQG LU 9HUEV ZLWK J RU ]F LQ WKH R )RUP
,Q WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FHUWDLQ HU DQG LU YHUEV FDUU WKH LUUHJXODULW RI WKH ILUVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH
SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WHQVH WKURXJKRXW WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FRQMXJDWLRQ 7KHUH DUH QR DU YHUEV WKDW KDYH WKLV
LUUHJXODULW
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
2WKHU UHJXODU DU YHUEV
2WKHU HU YHUEV OLNH FRQRFHU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
2WKHU LU YHUEV ZLWK ]F LQ WKH R IRUP
7KH 6SDQLVK HTXLYDOHQW RI WKH (QJOLVK YHUE PHDQLQJ WR LQWURGXFH LV SUHVHQWDU
,UUHJXODU 9HUEV
7KHUH DUH RQO VL[ YHUEV ZKRVH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LV QRW IRUPHG IURP WKH ILUVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHVHQW
LQGLFDWLYH 7KH DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKDW WKH DUH QRW IRUPHG IURP WKH R IRUP
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
127(6 7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP Gp IURP GDU
KDV D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW WR GLVWLQJXLVK LW IURP GH RI
7KH ZRUG KD FRPHV IURP WKH LQILQLWLYH KDEHU RX ZLOO QRW QHHG WKLV IRUP IRU DQ RWKHU XVH DW WKLV WLPH
9HUEV ZLWK 2UWKRJUDSKLF KDQJHV
9HUEV ZLWK RUWKRJUDSKLF FKDQJHV DUH QRW LUUHJXODU 7KH VSHOOLQJ FKDQJHV VLPSO PDLQWDLQ WKH VRXQG RI WKH R
IRUP 6RPH RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ VSHOOLQJ FKDQJHV DUH WKH IROORZLQJ
‡ 9HUEV WKDW HQG LQ FDU FKDQJH F WR TX
‡ 9HUEV WKDW HQG LQ JDU FKDQJH J WR JX
‡ 9HUEV WKDW HQG LQ ]DU FKDQJH ] WR F
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
127( 7KH FKDQJH ] ! F RFFXUV EHIRUH WKH YRZHO H ZLWKRXW DIIHFWLQJ WKH VRXQG 7KH FRQVRQDQWV F EHIRUH L DQG H
V DQG ] DOO KDYH WKH VDPH VRXQG
$ :RUG $ERXW 3URQXQFLDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
/LNH WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WKH VWUHVV LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LV RQ WKH VHFRQGWRODVW VOODEOH $V RX
SUDFWLFH PDNH VXUH RX SURQRXQFH WKH YHUEV LQ WKLV ZD R FDQWH W~ FDQWHV pO FDQWH QRVRWURV FDQWHPRV
HOORV FDQWHQ ,I D ZRUG FDUULHV D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW VWUHVV WKH DFFHQWHG VOODEOH YRVRWURV FDQWpLV
8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH
5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG FDQQRW H[LVW DORQH LW PXVW DOZDV EH FDXVHG E VRPH RWKHU HOHPHQW LQ WKH
VHQWHQFH 7KLV LV D PRRG WKDW H[SUHVVHV ZLVKHV GRXEWV DQG ZKDW LV SRVVLEOH UDWKHU WKDQ ZKDW LV FHUWDLQ 7KH
SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH LV FDXVHG E WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH WKH
VSHFLILF XVHV RI WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
$IWHU HUWDLQ ,PSHUVRQDO ([SUHVVLRQV
$ VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ PD FRQVLVW RI D PDLQ FODXVH DQG D GHSHQGHQW RU VXERUGLQDWH FODXVH FRQQHFWHG E WKH
6SDQLVK FRQMXQFWLRQ TXH
)ROORZLQJ LV D VHQWHQFH ZLWK D PDLQ FODXVH DQG D VXERUGLQDWH FODXVH WKDW DUH ERWK LQ WKH LQGLFDWLYH PRRG
+RZHYHU VXSSRVH WKDW WKH PDLQ FODXVH KDV DQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQ VXFK DV (V GXGRVR 7KLV FDXVHV WKH
VXEMXQFWLYH WR EH XVHG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
)ROORZLQJ DUH VRPH IUHTXHQWO XVHG LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
:KHQ RX EHJLQ D VHQWHQFH ZLWK RQH RI WKH LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV DERYH LW LV PDQGDWRU WR XVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH
LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH RX GR QRW KDYH WR PDNH DQ GHFLVLRQV QRU GR RX KDYH D FKRLFH DERXW ZKHWKHU RU QRW
WR XVH LW 7KHVH LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH DOZDV WULJJHU WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH VXERUGLQDWH
FODXVH
1RWLFH WKDW VRPH RI WKH H[DPSOH VHQWHQFHV DQG TXHVWLRQV DERYH DUH WUDQVODWHG ZLWK WKH IXWXUH LQ (QJOLVK 7KLV
LV EHFDXVH WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FDUULHV ZLWK LW D IHHOLQJ RI WKH IXWXUH DQG GRXEW
,I RX ZDQW WR PDNH D JHQHUDO VWDWHPHQW ZLWK DQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQ WKHUH LV QHLWKHU D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
QRU D VXEMXQFWLYH RX VLPSO XVH WKH VWUXFWXUH RX KDYH DOUHDG OHDUQHG ZKLFK IROORZV (QJOLVK ZRUG RUGHU
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV
(;$03/( (V XUJHQWH TXH HO FKRIHU FRQGX]FD FRQ FXLGDGR FRQGXFLU
(V LPSRUWDQWH TXH QXHVWURV DPLJRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D OD ILHVWD YHQLU
(V SRVLEOH TXH pO PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD YHUGDG GHFLU
(V XQD OiVWLPD TXH 6DUD QR OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDFHU
¢(V SRVLEOH TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D PL DPLJR 5D~O FRQRFHU
(V QHFHVDULR TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ GRUPLU
(V LPSRUWDQWH TXH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ ODV GLUHFFLRQHV VDEHU
(V QHFHVDULR TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKD DJXD IUtD HQ HO YHUDQR WRPDU
(V GXGRVR TXH HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WHPSUDQR OHYDQWDUVH
¢(V SRVLEOH TXH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D WLHPSR OOHJDU
(V SRVLEOH TXH R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ )UDQFLD TXHGDUVH
(V SUREDEOH TXH PXFKD JHQWH LPSRUWDQWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ OD FRQIHUHQFLD HVWDU
(V GLItFLO TXH R WH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQD EXHQD UHVSXHVWD GDU
(V XUJHQWH TXH W~ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DO GRFWRU KR LU
(V GXGRVR TXH HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ULFRV VHU
(V LPSRUWDQWH TXH ORV SDGUHV OHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D VXV KLMRV OHHU
/D QLxD DFDED GH FRPHU (V LPSRVLEOH TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDPEUH WHQHU
(V SUREDEOH TXH QRVRWURV OH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB IORUHV DO SURIHVRU WUDHU
(V EXHQR TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHMRU VHQWLUVH
$IWHU HUWDLQ 9HUEV
([SUHVVLQJ :LVKHV RU 3UHIHUHQFHV
9HUEV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH WKDW H[SUHVV ZLVKHV RU SUHIHUHQFHV ZLWK UHJDUG WR RWKHU SHRSOH ZLOO FDXVH WKH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH 7KH VXEMHFW LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH PXVW EH GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH VXEMHFW LQ
WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV ZLVKHV RU SUHIHUHQFHV
)ROORZLQJ LV D VHQWHQFH ZLWK D PDLQ FODXVH DQG D VXERUGLQDWH FODXVH WKDW DUH ERWK LQ WKH LQGLFDWLYH PRRG
+RZHYHU VXSSRVH WKDW WKH PDLQ FODXVH KDV RQH RI WKH YHUEV DERYH VXFK DV eO TXLHUH 7KLV FDXVHV WKH
VXEMXQFWLYH WR EH XVHG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
7KH (QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQW GRHV QRW DOZDV VKRZ WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ LQ PRRG OLNH 6SDQLVK GRHV %XW HYHQ LQ WKH (QJOLVK
WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKH H[DPSOH DERYH LW LV FOHDU WKDW WKH SHUVRQ LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH KH ZDQWV WKH RWKHU SHUVRQ PH WR
GR VRPHWKLQJ
,I WKHUH LV RQO RQH VXEMHFW IRU WKH WZR YHUEV LQ D VHQWHQFH WKHUH LV QHLWKHU D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH QRU D VXEMXQFWLYH
YHUE
([SUHVVLQJ +RSH +DSSLQHVV 6DGQHVV RU 5HJUHW
9HUEV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH WKDW H[SUHVV KRSH KDSSLQHVV VDGQHVV RU UHJUHW ZLWK UHJDUG WR RWKHU SHRSOH ZLOO FDXVH
WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV KRSH KDSSLQHVV VDGQHVV RU
UHJUHW
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
,I WKHUH LV RQO RQH VXEMHFW IRU WKH WZR YHUEV LQ D VHQWHQFH WKH VHQWHQFH IROORZV WKH EDVLF VWUXFWXUH WKDW RX KDYH
OHDUQHG
([SUHVVLQJ 2UGHUV 5HTXHVWV RU $GYLFH
9HUEV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH WKDW H[SUHVV RUGHUV UHTXHVWV RU DGYLFH ZLOO FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH
GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV RUGHUV UHTXHVWV RU DGYLFH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
'HMDU PDQGDU SHUPLWLU DQG SURKLELU FDQ EH XVHG LQ WZR ZDV
$V RX KDYH OHDUQHG GHFLU LV XVHG WR UHODWH D IDFW 7KLV LGHD LV H[SUHVVHG ZLWK WKH LQGLFDWLYH
+RZHYHU ZKHQ GHFLU LV XVHG DV DQ RUGHU WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LV XVHG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
:KHQ (QJOLVK WR WHOO LV XVHG WR RUGHU VRPHRQH WR GR VRPHWKLQJ WKH (QJOLVK FRPPDQG IRUP LV DOZDV WKH
FRQMXJDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE WR WHOO  LQILQLWLYH
$Q (QJOLVK FRPPDQG LV H[SUHVVHG DV IROORZV , WHOO KLP WR VWD +H WHOOV PH WR JR RPSDUH WKDW WR VLPSO
UHODWLQJ D IDFW +H WHOOV PH WKDW WKH EXV LV KHUH
([SUHVVLQJ 'RXEW RU 8QFHUWDLQW
9HUEV WKDW H[SUHVV GRXEW RU XQFHUWDLQW LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH ZLOO FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW
FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV GRXEW RU XQFHUWDLQW
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV
 ¢4Xp TXLHUHV TXH R WH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHFLU
eO TXLHUH TXH VX DPLJD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD FXHQWD SDJDU
(VSHUR TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ VHQWLUVH
(OORV VH DOHJUDQ GH TXH HO EHEp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHMDU GH OORUDU
(OORV QRV SLGHQ TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHMRU OD LGHD H[SOLFDU
$ pO QR OH JXVWD TXH R VLHPSUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UD]yQ WHQHU
5RVD LQVLVWH HQ TXH VX MHIH OH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PiV GLQHUR GDU
1R FUHR TXH $OLFLD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD IHFKD VDEHU
(OODV GXGDQ TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKR WUiILFR KR KDEHU
/HV VXJLHUR D VXV SDGUHV TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GH YDFDFLRQHV LU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
0H DOHJUR GH TXH QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QDGD JUDYH VHU
/RV H[SHUWRV QRV DFRQVHMDQ TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HMHUFLFLR KDFHU
3DXOD HVSHUD TXH VX KHUPDQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ HVWDU
R GXGR TXH HOOD OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ OD UHXQLyQ EHVDU
([HUFLVH 
5HZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ LQGLFDWLYH VHQWHQFHV LQ WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG KRRVH DQ DSSURSULDWH YHUE WKDW FDXVHV
WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
(;$03/( 0LV HVWXGLDQWHV HVWiQ HQ FODVH
0H DOHJUR GH TXH HVWpQ HQ FODVH
 $ PLV SDGUHV OHV JXVWD YLDMDU
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 0L DPLJR WLHQH PDORV VXHxRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 (OOD QR VH GLYLHUWH PXFKR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 1RVRWURV VRPRV EXHQRV HVWXGLDQWHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 1R YDPRV D YROYHU D ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 6DUD PH WUDH IORUHV D PL FDVD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢RQRFH 8G D PL WtR :ULWH D UHVSRQVH@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 0L KHUPDQR  R QR QRV YHPRV PXFKR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 ¢+D FODVH ORV OXQHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 DUOD HV GH 3RORQLD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
([HUFLVH 
,QGLFDWLYH RU VXEMXQFWLYH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ
SDUHQWKHVHV
(;$03/(6 R GXGR TXH ULVWLQD FDQWH ELHQ FDQWDU
R Vp TXH HOOD FDQWD ELHQ FDQWDU
(VSHUR TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQ EXHQ ILQ GH VHPDQD WHQHU
R Vp TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKRV DPLJRV WHQHU
5LFDUGR SUHILHUH TXH R OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ IHEUHUR YLVLWDU
eO TXLHUH TXH QRVRWURV OH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UHJDORV WUDHU
1RV JXVWD TXH pO QRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DPDU
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
(V LPSRUWDQWH TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QXHVWURV HUURUHV FRUUHJLU
¢6DEH 8G TXH HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DTXt HVWDU
R SLHQVR TXH 5RVDULR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SRFR TXHMDUVH
'XGR TXH (QULTXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXHGDUVH
6DEHPRV TXH HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LUVH
(O KRPEUH HVSHUD TXH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRQ pO EDLODU
6DUD QR TXLHUH TXH VX QRYLR OD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DQWHV GH OD ERGD YHU
0H DOHJUR GH TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DTXt HVWDU
(V LPSRUWDQWH TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODV GLUHFFLRQHV DQWHV GH HPSH]DU QXHVWUR YLDMH VDEHU
R SLHQVR TXH HVWH KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PpGLFR VHU
$ PL KHUPDQR QR OH LPSRUWD OR TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R KDFHU
$IWHU HUWDLQ RQMXQFWLRQV
$ VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP IROORZV GLUHFWO DIWHU RQH RI WKH IROORZLQJ FRQMXQFWLRQV LI WKH PDLQ FODXVH KDV D GLIIHUHQW
VXEMHFW WKDQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
+HUH LV D VHQWHQFH LQ ZKLFK WKHUH LV RQO RQH VXEMHFW
,Q WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFH WKHUH DUH WZR VXEMHFWV FRQQHFWHG E D FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK TXH
7KH (QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQW GRHV QRW VKRZ WKLV GLVWLQFWLRQ LQ PRRG WKH ZD 6SDQLVK GRHV +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH
FOHDUO WZR VXEMHFWV LQ WKH H[DPSOH DERYH VKH DQG KH
,Q WKH H[DPSOH VHQWHQFHV EHORZ WKHUH DUH WZR VXEMHFWV LQ HDFK VHQWHQFH DQG WKH VXEMXQFWLYH IROORZV WKH
FRQMXQFWLRQ
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
,I WKHUH LV RQH VXEMHFW LQ WKH VHQWHQFH DQ LQILQLWLYH IROORZV WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ
6RPH FRQMXQFWLRQV RI WLPH DOZDV FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH ZKHWKHU WKHUH DUH WZR VXEMHFWV RU RQO RQH LQ WKH
VHQWHQFH )ROORZLQJ DUH D IHZ FRQMXQFWLRQV RI WKLV WSH
$IWHU FXDQGR
7KH VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP GLUHFWO IROORZV FXDQGR LI WKH IXWXUH LV LPSOLHG
:KHQ FXDQGR LQWURGXFHV D TXHVWLRQ WKH LQGLFDWLYH IRUP LV XVHG
http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
:KHQ FXDQGR LQWURGXFHV D VHQWHQFH WKDW LQYROYHV HLWKHU D UHSHDWHG DFWLRQ RU D JHQHUDO VWDWHPHQW LQ WKH SUHVHQW
WKH LQGLFDWLYH PRRG LV XVHG
([HUFLVH 
RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRQMXQFWLRQ LQGLFDWHG DQG WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ
SDUHQWKHVHV
(;$03/( 9DPRV GH YDFDFLRQHV WDQ SURQWR FRPR DV VRRQ DV
QRVRWURV SRGDPRV WR EH DEOH WR
eO YD D OLPSLDU VX DSDUWDPHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB EHIRUH
VX IDPLOLD OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WR
YLVLW
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DIWHU
R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WR EDWKH PVHOI
YR D YHVWLUPH
 1R YR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQOHVV

Más contenido relacionado

PPTX
Dua of the prophet mohammad saw
PPTX
Goal setting final
PPTX
Culture of khyber pakhtunkhwa (1)
PPTX
La inquisición
PPT
Historia De La Iglesia
PPTX
The Nature of Organization ppt
PPT
HIstoria de la Iglesia Católica Parte 1
PDF
vaughan el curso definitivo 19
Dua of the prophet mohammad saw
Goal setting final
Culture of khyber pakhtunkhwa (1)
La inquisición
Historia De La Iglesia
The Nature of Organization ppt
HIstoria de la Iglesia Católica Parte 1
vaughan el curso definitivo 19

La actualidad más candente (20)

PDF
Practical studies goldman
PDF
Diwali puja vidhi ma laxmi pujan vidhi in hindi pdf
DOCX
LIST OF VERBS REGULAR AND IRREGULAR
PDF
Right To Service Act 2012-KERALA
PDF
Pagemaker hindi notes
PDF
അഴിമതി നിരോധന നിയമം 1988 - The prevention of corruption act,1988 (malayalam)...
PDF
Verbos regulares
PDF
Kerala Finance Act 2023 - Solve your land problems James Joseph Adhikarathil...
PDF
English for life_beginner_wb_www.frenglish.ru
PDF
Shia namaz jafria in urdu
PDF
JORNADA 4 LIGA MURO.pdf
PPTX
Ol ICT 1st Chapter Sinhala
DOCX
2015
PDF
G.C.E O/L ICT -Multimedia
DOCX
Gta
PDF
ခ်စ္မမ
DOCX
Informatica.
PDF
ATMA GNANAM (Tamil)
DOCX
Clves gta sandrewas
PDF
Salman Farsi Hindi Book.pdf
Practical studies goldman
Diwali puja vidhi ma laxmi pujan vidhi in hindi pdf
LIST OF VERBS REGULAR AND IRREGULAR
Right To Service Act 2012-KERALA
Pagemaker hindi notes
അഴിമതി നിരോധന നിയമം 1988 - The prevention of corruption act,1988 (malayalam)...
Verbos regulares
Kerala Finance Act 2023 - Solve your land problems James Joseph Adhikarathil...
English for life_beginner_wb_www.frenglish.ru
Shia namaz jafria in urdu
JORNADA 4 LIGA MURO.pdf
Ol ICT 1st Chapter Sinhala
2015
G.C.E O/L ICT -Multimedia
Gta
ခ်စ္မမ
Informatica.
ATMA GNANAM (Tamil)
Clves gta sandrewas
Salman Farsi Hindi Book.pdf
Publicidad

Similar a Advanced spanish step by-step (20)

PDF
Ejemplar ENS 09 de junio
PDF
Completo 27 de abril ENS
PDF
Ejemplar 29 de mayo ENS
PDF
PDF EL NUEVO SIGLO 7 DE MAYO
PDF
Ejemplar 29 de abril ENS
PDF
Ejemplar 15 de mayo ENS
PDF
Ejemplar mayo 12 ENS
PDF
Ejemplar ENS 10 de junio
PDF
Ejemplar ENS 14 de mayo
PDF
Ejemplar ENS 8 de junio
PDF
Diario Nuevo Siglo 25 de abril
PDF
Ejemplar 10 de mayo ENS
PDF
Ejemplar ENS mayo 8
PDF
Ejemplar 27 de mayo
PDF
PDF ejemplar ENS mayo 5
PDF
Ejemplar 23 de mayo ENS
PDF
Ejemplar 20 de mayo ENS
PDF
Ejemplar 22 de mayo ENS
PDF
Ejemplar 11 de mayo ENS
PDF
pdf el nuevo siglo mayo 2
Ejemplar ENS 09 de junio
Completo 27 de abril ENS
Ejemplar 29 de mayo ENS
PDF EL NUEVO SIGLO 7 DE MAYO
Ejemplar 29 de abril ENS
Ejemplar 15 de mayo ENS
Ejemplar mayo 12 ENS
Ejemplar ENS 10 de junio
Ejemplar ENS 14 de mayo
Ejemplar ENS 8 de junio
Diario Nuevo Siglo 25 de abril
Ejemplar 10 de mayo ENS
Ejemplar ENS mayo 8
Ejemplar 27 de mayo
PDF ejemplar ENS mayo 5
Ejemplar 23 de mayo ENS
Ejemplar 20 de mayo ENS
Ejemplar 22 de mayo ENS
Ejemplar 11 de mayo ENS
pdf el nuevo siglo mayo 2
Publicidad

Más de Saibal Banerjee (6)

PDF
Living language advanced spanish coursebook
PDF
Living language spanish - beyond the basics
PDF
Practice makes perfect spanish past tense verbs
PDF
Practice makes perfect spanish conversation, premium second edition
PDF
Just enough spanish grammar illustrated
PDF
Beginner's spanish dictionary
Living language advanced spanish coursebook
Living language spanish - beyond the basics
Practice makes perfect spanish past tense verbs
Practice makes perfect spanish conversation, premium second edition
Just enough spanish grammar illustrated
Beginner's spanish dictionary

Último (20)

PDF
Ernst Cassirer - Antropologia Filosofica.pdf
PDF
PFB-MANUAL-PRUEBA-FUNCIONES-BASICAS-pdf.pdf
PPTX
MATEMATICAS GEOMETRICA USO TRANSPORTADOR
DOCX
Programa_Sintetico_Fase_4.docx 3° Y 4°..
PDF
5°-UNIDAD 5 - 2025.pdf aprendizaje 5tooo
PDF
La Evaluacion Formativa en Nuevos Escenarios de Aprendizaje UGEL03 Ccesa007.pdf
PPTX
Doctrina 1 Soteriologuia y sus diferente
DOCX
V UNIDAD - PRIMER GRADO. del mes de agosto
PDF
Nadie puede salvarte excepto Tú - Madame Rouge Ccesa007.pdf
PDF
Teologia-Sistematica-Por-Lewis-Sperry-Chafer_060044.pdf
PDF
MATERIAL DIDÁCTICO 2023 SELECCIÓN 1_REFORZAMIENTO 1° BIMESTRE_COM.pdf
PDF
Gasista de unidades unifuncionales - pagina 23 en adelante.pdf
PDF
Unidad de Aprendizaje 5 de Educacion para el Trabajo EPT Ccesa007.pdf
PDF
ACERTIJO Súper Círculo y la clave contra el Malvado Señor de las Formas. Por ...
DOCX
V UNIDAD - SEGUNDO GRADO. del mes de agosto
PDF
Esc. Sab. Lección 7. El pan y el agua de vida.pdf
PDF
EL aprendizaje adaptativo bajo STEM+H.pdf
PDF
el - LIBRO-PACTO-EDUCATIVO-GLOBAL-OIEC.pdf
PDF
Como Potenciar las Emociones Positivas y Afrontar las Negativas Ccesa007.pdf
PDF
1. Intrdoduccion y criterios de seleccion de Farm 2024.pdf
Ernst Cassirer - Antropologia Filosofica.pdf
PFB-MANUAL-PRUEBA-FUNCIONES-BASICAS-pdf.pdf
MATEMATICAS GEOMETRICA USO TRANSPORTADOR
Programa_Sintetico_Fase_4.docx 3° Y 4°..
5°-UNIDAD 5 - 2025.pdf aprendizaje 5tooo
La Evaluacion Formativa en Nuevos Escenarios de Aprendizaje UGEL03 Ccesa007.pdf
Doctrina 1 Soteriologuia y sus diferente
V UNIDAD - PRIMER GRADO. del mes de agosto
Nadie puede salvarte excepto Tú - Madame Rouge Ccesa007.pdf
Teologia-Sistematica-Por-Lewis-Sperry-Chafer_060044.pdf
MATERIAL DIDÁCTICO 2023 SELECCIÓN 1_REFORZAMIENTO 1° BIMESTRE_COM.pdf
Gasista de unidades unifuncionales - pagina 23 en adelante.pdf
Unidad de Aprendizaje 5 de Educacion para el Trabajo EPT Ccesa007.pdf
ACERTIJO Súper Círculo y la clave contra el Malvado Señor de las Formas. Por ...
V UNIDAD - SEGUNDO GRADO. del mes de agosto
Esc. Sab. Lección 7. El pan y el agua de vida.pdf
EL aprendizaje adaptativo bajo STEM+H.pdf
el - LIBRO-PACTO-EDUCATIVO-GLOBAL-OIEC.pdf
Como Potenciar las Emociones Positivas y Afrontar las Negativas Ccesa007.pdf
1. Intrdoduccion y criterios de seleccion de Farm 2024.pdf

Advanced spanish step by-step

  • 3. &RSULJKW ‹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³0F*UDZ+LOO´
  • 4. DQG LWV OLFHQVRUV UHVHUYH DOO ULJKWV LQ DQG WR WKH ZRUN 8VH RI WKLV ZRUN LV VXEMHFW WR WKHVH WHUPV ([FHSW DV SHUPLWWHG XQGHU WKH RSULJKW $FW RI DQG WKH ULJKW WR VWRUH DQG UHWULHYH RQH FRS RI WKH ZRUN RX PD QRW GHFRPSLOH GLVDVVHPEOH UHYHUVH HQJLQHHU UHSURGXFH PRGLI FUHDWH GHULYDWLYH ZRUNV EDVHG XSRQ WUDQVPLW GLVWULEXWH GLVVHPLQDWH VHOO SXEOLVK RU VXEOLFHQVH WKH ZRUN RU DQ SDUW RI LW ZLWKRXW 0F*UDZ+LOO¶V SULRU FRQVHQW RX PD XVH WKH ZRUN IRU RXU RZQ QRQFRPPHUFLDO DQG SHUVRQDO XVH DQ RWKHU XVH RI WKH ZRUN LV VWULFWO SURKLELWHG RXU ULJKW WR XVH WKH ZRUN PD EH WHUPLQDWHG LI RX IDLO WR FRPSO ZLWK WKHVH WHUPV 7+( :25. ,6 3529,'(' ³$6 ,6´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
  • 5. RQWHQWV 3UHIDFH , 6HU DQG (VWDU 3UHVHQW 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH RPPDQGV 6HU DQG (VWDU DQG WKH 3UHVHQW 7HQVH (VWDU WR EH
  • 7. 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 0DFKX 3LFFKX 6HU DQG (VWDU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV 3UHWHULW 7HQVH ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVH 5HJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW ,UUHJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW 5HJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW ,UUHJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW RPSDULVRQ RI 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 0DULDQHOD 7KH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH *HUXQG )RUPDWLRQ )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 8VH RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 3ODFHPHQW RI 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV 8VHV RI WKH *HUXQG ZLWK 9HUEV 2WKHU 7KDQ HVWDU 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D SDUDGD GHO EXV 7KH 3DVW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV 7KH ,PSHUIHFW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH 3UHWHULW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O KRVSLWDO 7KH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH 8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH 2WKHU 7HQVHV 7KDW DXVH WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O MXLFLR RPPDQGV $IILUPDWLYH W~ RPPDQGV 1HJDWLYH W~ RPPDQGV 8G DQG 8GV RPPDQGV 2WKHU :DV RI $VNLQJ 3HRSOH WR 'R 7KLQJV 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 3HUGLGD HQ 1LFDUDJXD 7KH QRVRWURV RPPDQG ³/HW XV «´
  •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xR 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 5HFRUGDQGR 1LFDUDJXD 7KH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH DV DQ $GMHFWLYH 7KH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH ZLWK VHU DQG WKH 3DVVLYH 9RLFH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O FRQGH /XFDQRU ,,, )XWXUH DQG RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVHV 3DVW 6XEMXQFWLYH ,GLRPV 7KH )XWXUH 7HQVH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH )XWXUH 7HQVH 8VHV RI WKH )XWXUH 7HQVH 7KH )XWXUH 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH )XWXUH 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O SRUYHQLU 7KH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH 8VHV RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH 7KH RQGLWLRQDO 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH RQGLWLRQDO 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ ¢4Xp KDUtD 8G HQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV VLWXDFLRQHV
  • 9. 7KH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D LVOD HQ HO DULEH 7KH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 8VHV RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O EDUFR HFRQyPLFR 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ ;RFKLFDOFR 7KH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 8VHV RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 6X SXQWR GH YLVWD ,GLRPV ,GLRPV ZLWK 3UHSRVLWLRQV ,GLRPV ZLWK 9HUEV 7LPH ([SUHVVLRQV 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D GHIHQVD GH 6yFUDWHV $SSHQGL[ /LVW RI 9HUEV $QVZHU .H ,QGH[
  • 10. 3UHIDFH $GYDQFHG 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS LV D SURJUHVVLYH SURJUDP IRU PDVWHULQJ WKH 6SDQLVK ODQJXDJH ZULWWHQ IRU LQWHUPHGLDWH DQG DGYDQFHG OHDUQHUV ,W WHDFKHV JUDPPDU DQG FRQYHUVDWLRQ LQ D ORJLFDO RUGHU VR WKDW RX FDQ FRQWLQXH WR GHYHORS RXU ODQJXDJH VNLOOV QDWXUDOO 7KLV ERRN LV WKH QH[W VWHS DIWHU (DV 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS ,I RX¶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¶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pVWRU 5RGULJXH] WHDFKHU RI (QJOLVK DQG 6SDQLVK DW LW ROOHJH RI 1HZ RUN IRU KLV H[SHUWLVH DQG HGLWLQJ RI ERWK (DV 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS DQG $GYDQFHG 6SDQLVK 6WHSE6WHS , ZRXOG DOVR OLNH WR WKDQN :LOOLDP %URQQHU IRU KLV LQYDOXDEOH JXLGDQFH
  • 11. , 6HU DQG (VWDU 3UHVHQW 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH RPPDQGV
  • 12. 6HU DQG (VWDU DQG WKH 3UHVHQW 7HQVH (VWDU WR EH
  • 13. 6SDQLVK KDV WZR YHUEV WKDW DUH HTXLYDOHQW WR (QJOLVK WR EH %HJLQ ZLWK WKH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI HVWDU LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH 7KHUH LV QR VXEMHFW SURQRXQ LW LQ 6SDQLVK eO DQG HOOD UHIHU WR SHRSOH DQG VRPHWLPHV WR DQLPDOV EXW QRW WR WKLQJV 3UDFWLFH WKH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE DORXG 1RWLFH WKDW pO HOOD 8G WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU
  • 14. KDYH WKH VDPH IRUP RI WKH YHUE 1RWLFH DOVR WKDW HOORV HOODV 8GV WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ SOXUDO
  • 15. KDYH WKH VDPH IRUP RI WKH YHUE (VWDU LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV IRXU EDVLF FRQFHSWV ORFDWLRQ KHDOWK FKDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ DQG SHUVRQDO RSLQLRQ LQ WHUPV RI WDVWH RU DSSHDUDQFH ‡ /RFDWLRQ ZKHUH VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ LV SKVLFDOO ORFDWHG
  • 16. 5HPHPEHU 7KH YHUE ZKLFK FDUULHV WKH DFWLRQ RI WKH SKUDVH LV WKH HVVHQWLDO HOHPHQW RI WKH 6SDQLVK VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ EHFDXVH RI WKH DPRXQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LW FDUULHV ‡ +HDOWK
  • 17. ‡ KDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ ‡ 3HUVRQDO RSLQLRQ LQ WHUPV RI WDVWH RU DSSHDUDQFH (QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQWV WDVWHWDVWHV ZLWK IRRG DQG ORRNORRNV ZLWK DSSHDUDQFH
  • 18. 5HPHPEHU 2IWHQ WKH SURQRXQV R QRVRWURV DQG W~ DUH RPLWWHG 7KLV LV SRVVLEOH EHFDXVH WKH YHUE IRUP HVWDPRV FDUULHV WKH PHDQLQJ ZH DUH HVWR FDQ RQO PHDQ , DP 7KH VDPH LV WUXH RI W~ HVWiV ZKLFK PHDQV RX DUH ZKHWKHU W~ LV RPLWWHG RU QRW .H 9RFDEXODU 7KHVH ZRUGV ZLOO KHOS HQKDQFH RXU DELOLW WR FRPPXQLFDWH $V RX OHDUQ WKHP UHPHPEHU WR SUDFWLFH WKHP DORXG ,QWHUURJDWLYH :RUGV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 19. $GYHUEV RI /RFDWLRQ $GYHUEV RI 'LUHFWLRQ 3UHSRVLWLRQV RI /RFDWLRQ $GMHFWLYHV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 20. 127( *XDSR GHVFULEHV SHRSOH RQO ERQLWR KHUPRVR DQG OLQGR DUH XVHG WR GHVFULEH ERWK SHRSOH DQG WKLQJV ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HVWDU ,QGLFDWH ZKHWKHU WKH VHQWHQFH H[SUHVVHV KHDOWK ORFDWLRQ RU FKDQJLQJ PRRG (;$03/(6 1RVRWURV HVWDPRV HQ OD FODVH ORFDWLRQ
  • 21. /D SURIHVRUD HVWi DTXt ORFDWLRQ
  • 22. (O WHOpIRQR HO OLEUR BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD PHVD BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 23. /D PXMHU BBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ HO KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBHQIHUPR BBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 26. ¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBHO EDxR SRU IDYRU BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 27. (O QLxR BBBBBBBBBBBBHQRMDGR OD QLxD BBBBBBBBBBBBWULVWH BBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 31. ¢3RU TXp BBBBBBBBBBBBHO SHUUR HQ OD SLVFLQD BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 32. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK 7KH ULYHU LV QHDU P KRXVH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $XVWUDOLD LV IDU IURP DQDGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ZKLWH IORZHU LV RQ WRS RI WKH WDEOH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH FKLOGUHQ DUH ULJKW QH[W WR WKHLU SDUHQWV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 33. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH VFKRRO LV EHWZHHQ WKH FKXUFK DQG WKH EDQN BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB -XOLD¶V KRXVH LV EHKLQG WKH SRVW RIILFH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3DXOD LV KHUH ZLWK KHU EURWKHUV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RXU VKRHV DUH XQGHUQHDWK P FKDLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 2XU SUREOHP LV XQGHU FRQWURO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +HOHQ¶V UHODWLYHV DUH LQ 6SDLQ 7KHLU VXLWFDVHV DUH LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6HU WR EH
  • 34. 6HU LV DOVR HTXLYDOHQW WR (QJOLVK WR EH ,Q (QJOLVK WKHUH LV RQO D VLQJOH YHUE WKDW PHDQV WR EH :H VD IRU H[DPSOH 7KH GRJ LV KHUH 7KH GRJ LV EURZQ 7KH YHUE LV WKH VDPH LQ ERWK FDVHV %XW LQ 6SDQLVK WKHUH LV D GLIIHUHQFH DQG RX KDYH WR FKRRVH ZKLFK YHUE WR XVH )ROORZLQJ LV WKH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI VHU LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH 6HU LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV VHYHQ EDVLF FRQFHSWV GHVFULSWLRQ SURIHVVLRQ SRLQW RI RULJLQ LGHQWLILFDWLRQ PDWHULDO SRVVHVVLRQ RU RZQHUVKLS DQG ZKHUH DQ HYHQW WDNHV SODFH ‡ 'HVFULSWLRQ ‡ 3URIHVVLRQ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 35. 6SDQLVK GRHV QRW WUDQVODWH DDQ ZKHQ VWDWLQJ DQ XQPRGLILHG SURIHVVLRQ ‡ 3RLQW RI RULJLQ ZKHUH VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ LV IURP
  • 36. 5HPHPEHU ,Q FRPPRQ (QJOLVK XVDJH ZH RIWHQ HQG D VHQWHQFH ZLWK D SUHSRVLWLRQ IRU H[DPSOH :KHUH DUH RX IURP 7KLV QHYHU RFFXUV LQ 6SDQLVK WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ FDQ QHYHU HQG D VHQWHQFH 7KH SUHSRVLWLRQ LQ WKLV FDVH GH LV SODFHG LQ IURQW RI WKH LQWHUURJDWLYH ZRUG ZKLFK LQ WKLV FDVH LV GyQGH ‡ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLS QDWLRQDOLW RU UHOLJLRQ
  • 37. ‡ 0DWHULDO ZKDW VRPHWKLQJ LV PDGH RI
  • 38. ‡ 3RVVHVVLRQ RU RZQHUVKLS http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 39. 'H HO RI WKH
  • 40. GHO 7KHUH DUH RQO WZR FRQWUDFWLRQV LQ WKH 6SDQLVK ODQJXDJH GHO LV RQH RI WKHP :KHQ GH LV IROORZHG E WKH PDVFXOLQH DUWLFOH HO PHDQLQJ WKH WKH ZRUGV FRQWUDFW WR GHO PHDQLQJ RI WKH $ :RUG $ERXW 3RVVHVVLYHV RX FDQ VHH WKDW WKHVH WUDQVODWLRQV DUH QRW H[DFW 7KHUH LV QR DSRVWURSKH LQ 6SDQLVK VR ZKHQ RX WKLQN RI 3HWHU¶V FDU IRU H[DPSOH WKH 6SDQLVK VWUXFWXUH LV HO FDUUR GH 3HGUR 0DNH VXUH RX XQGHUVWDQG WKLV FRQFHSW DQG XVH ZKLFKHYHU (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ LV FOHDUHVW WR RX ‡ :KHUH DQ HYHQW WDNHV SODFH $Q HTXLYDOHQW (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ IRU LV LQ WKH H[DPSOHV DERYH LV WDNH WDNHV SODFH 7KH SDUW WDNHV SODFH DW -RH¶V KRXVH 7KH FRQFHUW WDNHV SODFH DW WKH FOXE 7KH SURWHVW WDNHV SODFH LQ WKH FDSLWDO 6HU LV DOVR XVHG WR WHOO WLPH DQG LQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV ‡ 7HOOLQJ WLPH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 41. 6SDQLVK XVHV WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RU SOXUDO RI VHU IRU WHOOLQJ WLPH /D UHIHUV WR OD KRUD ‡ ,Q LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI VHU ,QGLFDWH ZKHWKHU WKH VHQWHQFH H[SUHVVHV GHVFULSWLRQ SURIHVVLRQ SRLQW RI RULJLQ LGHQWLILFDWLRQ PDWHULDO SRVVHVVLRQ RU DQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQ (;$03/( (V OD XQD WHOOLQJ WLPH
  • 42. (O KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBGLUHFWRU eO BBBBBBBBBBBBGH KLOH BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 43. (OORV BBBBBBBBBBBBGRFWRUHV (OOD BBBBBBBBBBBBSURIHVRUD BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 44. ¢'H GyQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBORV WXULVWDV BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 45. /RV KHUPDQRV GH 3DEOR BBBBBBBBBBBBVLPSiWLFRV BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 46. (O KRWHO YLHMR BBBBBBBBBBBBH[FHOHQWH BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 47. 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBDPLJRV GH 5D~O BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 48. /RV JXDQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBGH FXHUR BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 49. /D PXMHU HO KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBGH (FXDGRU BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 51. R BBBBBBBBBBBBGH 3XHUWR 5LFR ¢'H GyQGH BBBBBBBBBBBB8G BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 52. (O DSDUWDPHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBGH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV MyYHQHV BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 53. ¢ BBBBBBBBBBBBW~ XQD HVWXGLDQWH PDUDYLOORVD BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 54. /RV SDQWDORQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBYHUGHV URMRV BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 55. (O FDIp BBBBBBBBBBBBGH RORPELD BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 56. ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHO SUHVLGHQWH GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV BBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 58. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI VHU +HOHQD BBBBBBBBBBBBGH RORPELD (O KHUPDQR GH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBFDWyOLFR (OORV BBBBBBBBBBBBSURIHVRUHV H[FHOHQWHV /RV FDUURV BBBBBBBBBBBBJULVHV 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBHVWXGLDQWHV RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HVWDU 6DQ )UDQFLVFR BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ DOLIRUQLD ¢yPR HVWi 8G R BBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ (O SURIHVRU BBBBBBBBBBBBHQIHUPR 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD FODVH ¢ BBBBBBBBBBBBW~ WULVWH /RV SHUURV BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO FDUUR ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HLWKHU VHU RU HVWDU R BBBBBBBBBBBBHVSDxRO (OORV BBBBBBBBBBBBDTXt -RVp -XDQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQIHUPRV 7~ BBBBBBBBBBBBDERJDGR /D OHFFLyQ QR BBBBBBBBBBBBIiFLO /RV HVWXGLDQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD FLXGDG ¢yPR BBBBBBBBBBBB8GV 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ JUDFLDV +R BBBBBBBBBBBBPLpUFROHV ¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBORV GRFWRUHV (O SURIHVRU BBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWHQWR /RV HVSHMRV HQ HO EDxR BBBBBBBBBBBBJUDQGHV /D PHVD ODV VLOODV EODQFDV OD OiPSDUD BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD FDVD SHUR OD FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBSHTXHxD /D DPLJD GH 6DUD BBBBBBBBBBBBHQIHUPD 6DUD BBBBBBBBBBBBWULVWH ¢'H GyQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBHO YLQR EODQFR /RV PXFKDFKRV ODV PXFKDFKDV BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO WUHQ (OORV BBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWHQWRV SRUTXH BBBBBBBBBBBBDPLJRV ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO SDUTXH ¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBOD VREULQD GH )HUQDQGR ¢4Xp KRUD BBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 59. BBBBBBBBBBBBODV FXDWUR PHGLD /D SUHVHQWDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBD ODV VLHWH GH OD QRFKH ¢'H TXp FRORU BBBBBBBBBBBBOD IDOGD ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK 7KH GHQWLVWV DUH LQ WKHLU RIILFHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (YHURQH LV VLFN (YHQ WKH GRFWRUV DUH VLFN BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH VRXS LV KRW 7KH PHDO LV GHOLFLRXV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,W LV QHFHVVDU WR VWXG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,V LW SRVVLEOH WR OHDUQ HYHUWKLQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RPPRQ ([SUHVVLRQV ZLWK HVWDU ,Q JHQHUDO HVWDU LV XVHG ZLWK WKH DGMHFWLYHV IUtR FDOLHQWH VXFLR DQG OLPSLR http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 60. RPPRQ ([SUHVVLRQV ZLWK VHU 6HU DQG HVWDU DQG 'HVFULSWLRQ RX KDYH OHDUQHG WKDW VHU LV XVHG IRU EDVLF GHVFULSWLRQ DV LQ WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOHV 7KH GRJ LV ZKLWH 7KH IORRU LV JUD :H DUH LQWHOOLJHQW +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH VSHFLILF VLWXDWLRQV ZLWK GHVFULSWLRQ LQ ZKLFK HVWDU LV XVHG )ROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI WSLFDO XVHV RI VHU IRU GHVFULSWLRQ FRQWUDVWHG ZLWK UHODWHG VSHFLILF XVHV RI HVWDU ‡ )RRG :KHQ WDONLQJ DERXW IRRG LQ JHQHUDO XVH VHU :KHQ JLYLQJ DQ RSLQLRQ DERXW IRRG XVH HVWDU ‡ $SSHDUDQFH :KHQ VWDWLQJ DQ LQKHUHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF XVH VHU http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 61. :KHQ JLYLQJ DQ RSLQLRQ DERXW DSSHDUDQFH XVH HVWDU ‡ ODVVLILFDWLRQ :KHQ DQ DGMHFWLYH DSSOLHV WR VRPHWKLQJ WKDW H[LVWV ZLWKRXW H[FHSWLRQ XVH VHU :KHQ WKH GHVFULSWLRQ LV RXWVLGH WKH NQRZQ RU FXOWXUDO QRUP XVH HVWDU ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI VHU RU HVWDU DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH VHQWHQFH (O QLxR BBBBBBBBBBBBGH PDO JHQLR KR 6X PDPi QR VDEH TXH KDFHU BBBBBBBBBBBBR QR BBBB HV OD FXHVWLyQ /D UHXQLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO VHJXQGR SLVR /DV IORUHV TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV PH UHJDODQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO VDOyQ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 62. ¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBR ¢yPR VDEHV TXLHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBW~
  • 63. ¢4Xp KRUD BBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBODV GRV ¢XiO BBBBBBBBBBBBOD IHFKD GH KR BBBBBBBBBBBBODV RQFH GH OD QRFKH D BBBBBBBBBBBBWDUGH BBBBBBBBBBBBGHPDVLDGR WHPSUDQR SDUD OHYDQWDUVH +R BBBBBBBBBBBBOXQHV HO FLQFR GH PDR (O HVWXGLDQWH WUDEDMD PXFKR SDUD BBBBBBBBBBBBGRFWRU /D PXFKDFKD OORUD VLQ BBBBBBBBBBBBWULVWH (O DJXD BBBBBBBBBBBBIUtD (VWD FRPLGD GH WX PDGUH BBBBBBBBBBBBVDEURVD RQ ORV SUREOHPDV TXH pO WLHQH QR PH H[SOLFR FRPR HVWH KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBWDQ FRQWHQWR 7X ULYDO BBBBBBBBBBBBPiV OLVWR TXH W~ HQ HVWD RFDVLyQ /D FRPLGD TXH VLUYHQ DTXt BBBBBBBBBBBBFDOLHQWH /XLV VX IDPLOLD BBBBBBBBBBBBPX DOHJUHV GH KDEHUVH JDQDGR OD ORWHUtD (VWH FXDUWR BBBBBBBBBBBBOD KDELWDFLyQ PiV ERQLWD GH OD FDVD ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBHQ SHOLJUR HQ XQD FLXGDG JUDQGH 1R KD FXSR HQ HO WUHQ R WHQJR TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBGH SLH /D PXMHU BBBBBBBBBBBBPX HQIHUPD BBBBBBBBBBBBHQWUH OD YLGD OD PXHUWH /D SURIHVRUD WLHQH XQD RSLQLyQ SHUR VXV HVWXGLDQWHV QR BBBBBBBBBBBBGH DFXHUGR FRQ HOOD 6LHPSUH HVFXFKR ODV QRWLFLDV R BBBBBBBBBBBBWRGR RtGRV (O DJXD BBBBBBBBBBBBQHFHVDULD SDUD OD YLGD /D FODVH BBBBBBBBBBBBSDUD WHUPLQDU WRGR HO PXQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBSDUD VDOLU (O FLHOR BBBBBBBBBBBBJULV 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBVLQ XQ SDUDJXDV (VWD OHFFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBGLItFLO 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 0DFKX 3LFFKX $QFLHQW 0RXQWDLQ 0DFKX 3LFFKX HV XQR GH ORV VLWLRV PiV LPSUHVLRQDQWHV GHO PXQGR /D FLXGDG DQWLJXD GH ORV LQFDV FRQVWUXLGD HQ GH SLHGUDV HQRUPHV MDUGLQHV PDUDYLOORVRV HVWi HQ 3HU~ D NLOyPHWURV GH X]FR XQ SXHEOR FRORQLDO (V HO DxR (VWR HQ X]FR FRQ XQ JUXSR WXUtVWLFR $O SULQFLSLR VRPRV XQ EXHQ JUXSR 3HUR FRQ HQ HO FDORU LQVRSRUWDEOH GHO YHUDQR HO JUXSR FDPELD VRPRV WRGRV FRQWUD XQR XQR FRQWUD WRGRV (Q HVWH VLWLR WDQ HVSLULWXDO HQ OD FXPEUH GH ODV PRQWDxDV GH ORV LQFDV EDMR XQD YLVWD PDMHVWXRVD GH ODV PRQWDxDV GRQGH XQR HVWi FHUFD GH ORV GLRVHV GH ORV LQFDV OHMRV GH OD FLYLOL]DFLyQ FRQRFLGD VRPRV HQHPLJRV PRUWDOHV (O EXV GH UHJUHVR HVWi OOHQR GH SDVDMHURV 6RQ ODV FXDWUR GH OD WDUGH HVWDPRV GH YXHOWD (VWR VROD DKRUD VHJ~Q HO UHIUiQ ³HV PHMRU HVWDU VROD TXH PDO DFRPSDxDGD´ 9HUERV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 64. 3UHSRVLFLRQHV $GMHWLYRV ([SUHVLRQHV 3UHJXQWDV $IWHU RX KDYH UHDG WKH VHOHFWLRQ DQVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV LQ 6SDQLVK ¢(V HOOD SURWDJRQLVWD PXMHU X KRPEUH ¢yPR VDEH 8G BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR HV 0DFKX 3LFFKX BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(V XQD EXHQD H[SHULHQFLD SDUD HO JUXSR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiO HVWDFLyQ HV ¢yPR HV HO FOLPD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 65. 6HU DQG (VWDU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV 3UHWHULW 7HQVH 7KH SUHWHULW H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH SDVW 7KH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ LV XVXDOO WKH VLPSOH SDVW 7KH SUHWHULW LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ ‡ $Q DFWLRQ FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH SDVW DFWLRQ ZLWK D GHILQLWH HQG
  • 66. ‡ $ VHULHV RI DFWLRQV FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH SDVW ‡ $ FRQGLWLRQ WKDW LV QR ORQJHU LQ HIIHFW .H 9RFDEXODU 7KLV OLVW RI ZRUGV LV RIWHQ XVHG ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR SDVW DFWLRQV $GYHUELRV $GMHWLYRV .HHS LQ PLQG WKDW WKH DFWLRQ RU DFWLRQV H[SUHVVHG E WKH SUHWHULW KDYH EHHQ FRPSOHWHG ,W GRHVQ¶W PDNH DQ GLIIHUHQFH KRZ ORQJ WKH DFWLRQ ZHQW RQ EHIRUH WKH DFWLRQ KDV D GHILQLWH HQG (VWDU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW 7KH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI HVWDU LQ WKH SUHWHULW IROORZV 5HPHPEHU WKH WKUHH SULPDU XVHV RI HVWDU ORFDWLRQ KHDOWK DQG FKDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 67. ‡ /RFDWLRQ ‡ +HDOWK ‡ KDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ 6HU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW 7KH SUHWHULW RI VHU LV XVHG PRVW RIWHQ IRU SURIHVVLRQ DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ ‡ 3URIHVVLRQ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 68. ‡ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHWHULW IRUP RI VHU RU HVWDU DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH VHQWHQFH (OOD HV SURIHVRUD KR SHUR DQWHV BBBB D]DIDWD R BBBB JHUHQWH SRU GRV DxRV 1RVRWURV BBBB PX FRQWHQWRV DHU SRUTXH QRV JDQDPRV OD ORWHUtD ¢3RU TXp BBBB 0DQXHO HQ OD FiUFHO VLQ GHFLUQRV QDGD (OORV BBBB HQ HO VXSHUPHUFDGR KR SDUD FRPSUDU DOLPHQWRV /D VHPDQD SDVDGD 5D~O BBBB HQ 0p[LFR 5HJUHVy D FDVD DHU /RV PXFKDFKRV BBBB HQIHUPRV DQWHDHU SHUR HVWiQ ELHQ KR BBBB XQD EXHQD LGHD ¢'yQGH BBBB OD IDPLOLD GH )HGHULFR HVWD WDUGH ¢4XLpQHV BBBB HQ OD OLEUHUtD D ODV QXHYH PHGLD HVWD PDxDQD R BBBB SRU LUPH GH YDFDFLRQHV SHUR PH IDOWy YDORU 1RVRWURV BBBB GH SLH OD PDRU SDUWH GHO FRQFLHUWR 6HU DQG HVWDU ZLWK 'HVFULSWLRQ LQ WKH 3UHWHULW 2Q DQ DGYDQFHG OHYHO WKHUH DUH VLWXDWLRQV LQ ZKLFK WKH VSHDNHU FDQ GHFLGH ZKHWKHU WR XVH VHU RU HVWDU LQ WKH SUHWHULW WHQVH ZLWK DGMHFWLYHV $ 6SDQLVK VSHDNHU FDQ VD IRU H[DPSOH :LWK WKLV VHQWHQFH WKH VSHDNHU WUDQVPLWV D ³FDWHJRULFDO´ MXGJPHQW D FRPSOHWHG DEVROXWH IDFW +RZHYHU D 6SDQLVK VSHDNHU PD FKRRVH WR VD 7KLV VHQWHQFH LV PRUH GHVFULSWLYH DQG UHSUHVHQWV D ³FLUFXPVWDQWLDO´ MXGJPHQW http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 69. $ :RUG $ERXW 'HVFULSWLYH -XGJPHQWV :KHQ H[DPSOHV VXFK DV WKHVH DUH SUHVHQWHG WR QDWLYH VSHDNHUV DOO JHQHUDOO RSLQH WKDW ERWK DUH FRUUHFW DQG WKH PDMRULW GR QRW ILQG DQ SHUFHSWLEOH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR 7KRVH ZKR GR ILQG VRPH GLIIHUHQFH DUH QRW DOZDV DEOH WR DUWLFXODWH H[DFWO ZKDW WKLV GLIIHUHQFH LV ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH LPSHUIHFW WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW WKDW LV QRW VHHQ DV FRPSOHWHG 7KH LPSHUIHFW LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW ³VHWV WKH VWDJH´ IRU DQRWKHU SDVW DFWLRQ ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW H[SUHVVHV D QDUUDWLRQ EDFNJURXQG RU VLWXDWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW ‡ 5HSHDWHG KDELWXDO DQG FXVWRPDU DFWLRQV LQ WKH SDVW ‡ RQWLQXRXV DFWLRQV RU DFWLRQV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH SDVW ‡ 'HVFULSWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW ‡ 3RLQW RI RULJLQ LQ WKH SDVW ‡ 7HOOLQJ WLPH LQ WKH SDVW ‡ 7HOOLQJ RQH¶V DJH ZLWK WHQHU
  • 70. LQ WKH SDVW (VWDU LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW ‡ /RFDWLRQ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 71. ‡ +HDOWK ‡ KDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ ‡ 3HUVRQDO RSLQLRQ DERXW IRRG RU DSSHDUDQFH 6HU LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW RX OHDUQHG WKDW VHU FDQ EH XVHG LQ WKH SUHWHULW IRU SURIHVVLRQ DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ 7KH RWKHU XVHV RI VHU DUH EHVW VHUYHG E WKH LPSHUIHFW ‡ 'HVFULSWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 72. ‡ 3RLQW RI RULJLQ LQ WKH SDVW ‡ 7HOOLQJ WLPH LQ WKH SDVW ‡ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW 3UHWHULW RU ,PSHUIHFW 'HWHUPLQHG E WKH 6SHDNHU RX FDQ XVH ERWK WKH SUHWHULW DQG LPSHUIHFW WHQVHV LQ H[SUHVVLQJ UHODWLRQVKLSV DQG LQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV ‡ 5HODWLRQVKLSV ,Q WKLV H[DPSOH WKH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQV DUH WKH VDPH EXW ZKHQ RX XVH WKH SUHWHULW LQ 6SDQLVK LW PHDQV WKDW WKH DFWLRQ LV FRPSOHWHG WKH IULHQGVKLS LV RYHU ‡ ,PSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV 7KH XVH RI WKH SUHWHULW RU LPSHUIHFW LQ WKHVH VLWXDWLRQV LV D FKRLFH PDGH E WKH VSHDNHU WKH VSHDNHU GHFLGHV ZKHWKHU WKH DFWLRQ LV FRPSOHWHG ([HUFLVH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 73. 5HYLHZ VHU DQG HVWDU LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW WKHQ UHZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV FKDQJLQJ WKH YHUE IURP WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH WR WKH LPSHUIHFW (;$03/( 0L SDGUH HV GH 3RORQLD 0L SDGUH HUD GH 3RORQLD R VR GH 9HQH]XHOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OORV VRQ GH (VSDxD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp KRUD HV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1RVRWURV HVWDPRV ELHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0L MDUGtQ HV HO PiV KHUPRVR GH OD FLXGDG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV WUHV DPLJRV HVWiQ DTXt BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R HVWR FDQVDGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6RPRV FDQWDQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢'yQGH HVWiV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R HVWR HQ OD FDVD FRQ PL KHUPDQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI VHU RU HVWDU LQ WKH SUHWHULW RU LPSHUIHFW DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH VHQWHQFH (;$03/( /RUHQ]R IXH HVFULWRU $KRUD HV ERPEHUR R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDPDUHUR $KRUD VR PDHVWUR 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ HO EDQFR SUHFLVDPHQWH D ODV QXHYH HVWD PDxDQD $HU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQ GtD GH PXFKD OOXYLD +DFH EXHQ WLHPSR KR (O SDFLHQWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ OD RILFLQD GHO GRFWRU D ODV VLHWH GH OD PDxDQD SDUD VX RSHUDFLyQ DUORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB JHUHQWH SRU GRV DxRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD ~OWLPD YH] TXH R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D OD SODD ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO SUHVLGHQWH HQ HO DxR PLO QRYHFLHQWRV QRYHQWD GRV /D VLWXDFLyQ QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WDQ JUDYH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODV GRV FXDQGR VRQy HO GHVSHUWDGRU (O KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GH 3HU~ ¢4Xp GtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FXDQGR HOOD VH JUDGXy 0H JXVWy OD REUD GH WHDWUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB EXHQD 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQIHUPRV DHU SHUR QRV VHQWLPRV ELHQ KR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GLItFLO UHFRUGDU WRGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQD EXHQD LGHD SHUR QR YDPRV D XVDUOD 5HJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW 0RVW YHUEV DUH UHJXODU LQ WKH SUHWHULW WHQVH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 74. 5HJXODU DU 9HUEV 7R FRQMXJDWH D UHJXODU DU YHUE LQ WKH SUHWHULW GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG p DVWH y DPRV DVWHLV DURQ WR WKH VWHP $ :RUG $ERXW 3URQXQFLDWLRQ 1RWLFH WKDW WKH ILUVW DQG WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUPV FDUU ZULWWHQ DFFHQWV ,W LV YHU LPSRUWDQW WR SUDFWLFH WKH SURQXQFLDWLRQ VWUHVVLQJ WKH DFFHQWHG VOODEOH 3URQRXQFH WKH YHUEV LQ WKLV ZD R FDQWp W~ FDQWDVWH 8G FDQWy QRVRWURV FDQWDPRV YRVRWURV FDQWDVWHLV HOORV FDQWDURQ 5HYLHZ WKH EDVLF SURQXQFLDWLRQ UXOHV $OO ZRUGV WKDW HQG LQ Q V RU D YRZHO KDYH WKH VWUHVV RQ WKH VHFRQGWRODVW SHQXOWLPDWH
  • 75. VOODEOH 7KH SUHWHULW ILUVWSHUVRQ SOXUDO QRVRWURV IRUP LV LGHQWLFDO WR WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH IRUP RQWH[W FODULILHV ZKHWKHU WKH YHUE LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW RU SUHWHULW WHQVH 5HJXODU HU DQG LU 9HUEV 7R FRQMXJDWH UHJXODU HU DQG LU YHUEV LQ WKH SUHWHULW GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG t LVWH Ly LPRV LVWHLV LHURQ WR WKH VWHP 7KH HQGLQJV DUH WKH VDPH IRU ERWK HU DQG LU YHUEV (U 9HUEV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 76. ,U 9HUEV 1RWLFH WKDW WKH YHUE YHU LV UHJXODU ,W GRHV QRW FDUU DQ DFFHQW PDUN RQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP YLR EHFDXVH WKH IRUP KDV RQO RQH VOODEOH 7KH QRVRWURV IRUP RI LU YHUEV LQ WKH SUHWHULW LV LGHQWLFDO WR WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH IRUP ,WV PHDQLQJ EHFRPHV FOHDU LQ FRQWH[W ,U 9HUEV ZLWK 6WHP KDQJHV LQ WKH 7KLUG 3HUVRQ 7KH IROORZLQJ YHUEV KDYH D VWHP FKDQJH LQ WKH SUHWHULW 7KLV VWHP FKDQJH RFFXUV RQO LQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU DQG SOXUDO IRUPV RI WKH SUHWHULW ,UUHJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW 9HUEV WKDW DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKH SUHWHULW KDYH DQ LUUHJXODU VWHP DQG D VSHFLDO VHW RI HQGLQJV 1RWH WKDW WKH HQGLQJV GR QRW FDUU DFFHQW PDUNV 7R FRQMXJDWH DQ LUUHJXODU YHUE LQ WKH SUHWHULW DGG WKH HQGLQJV H LVWH R LPRV LVWHLV LHURQ WR WKH LUUHJXODU VWHPV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 77. :KHQ WKH LUUHJXODU SUHWHULW VWHP HQGV LQ M WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ HQGLQJV EHFRPH R DQG HURQ 'DU LU DQG VHU KDYH GLIIHUHQW VHWV RI HQGLQJV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 78. $ :RUG $ERXW KDEHU 7KH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP RI KDEHU LQ WKH SUHWHULW LV KXER PHDQLQJ WKHUH ZDV WKHUH ZHUH ZDV WKHUH ZHUH WKHUH ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR PHPRUL]H WKH SUHWHULW IRUPV RI DOO WKH LUUHJXODU YHUEV VR WKDW RX ZLOO EH DEOH WR XVH DQ YHUE RX ZLVK LQ WKH SUHWHULW 5HJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW 5HJXODU DU 9HUEV 7R FRQMXJDWH D UHJXODU DU YHUE LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG DED DEDV DED iEDPRV DEDLV DEDQ WR WKH VWHP 7KH ILUVW DQG WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUPV R pO HOOD 8G
  • 80. $ :RUG $ERXW WKH ,PSHUIHFW 7KHUH DUH QR LUUHJXODU DU YHUEV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW 3UDFWLFH WKH SURQXQFLDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE FRQMXJDWLRQV DERYH 7KHUH DUH RQHVOODEOH WZRVOODEOH WKUHHVOODEOH DQG IRXUVOODEOH YHUEV %H VXUH WR SURQRXQFH WKH LPSHUIHFW LQ WKLV ZD R WUDEDMDED W~ WUDEDMDEDV pO WUDEDMDED QRVRWURV WUDEDMiEDPRV YRVRWURV WUDEDMDEDLV HOORV WUDEDMDEDQ 5HJXODU HU DQG LU 9HUEV 7R FRQMXJDWH UHJXODU HU DQG LU YHUEV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG tD tDV tD tDPRV tDLV tDQ WR WKH VWHP 7KH HQGLQJV DUH WKH VDPH IRU ERWK HU DQG LU YHUEV 7KH ILUVW DQG WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUPV DUH LGHQWLFDO (U 9HUEV $ :RUG $ERXW KDEHU 7KH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP RI KDEHU LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW LV KDEtD PHDQLQJ WKHUH ZDV WKHUH ZHUH ZDV WKHUH ZHUH WKHUH ,U 9HUEV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 81. ,UUHJXODU 9HUEV LQ WKH ,PSHUIHFW 7KHUH DUH RQO WKUHH LUUHJXODU YHUEV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW 7KH WUDQVODWLRQ RI LU LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW LV ZDV JRLQJ ZHUH JRLQJ RPSDULVRQ RI 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH SUHWHULW LV D FRPSOHWHG DFWLRQ 7KH LPSHUIHFW LV RIWHQ DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV UHSHDWHG LQ WKH SDVW http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 83. ([HUFLVH 3UHWHULW RU LPSHUIHFW RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ¢3RU TXp QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB W~ OD FRPLGD DHU FRPSUDU
  • 84. $QRFKH R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO YLQR D OD ILHVWD WUDHU
  • 85. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHGLRGtD HO QLxR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDPEUH VHUWHQHU
  • 86. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D OORYHU R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD YHQWDQD HPSH]DUFHUUDU
  • 87. /D PXFKDFKD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD FDOOH FXDQGR VX PDPi OD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FUX]DUOODPDU
  • 88. ¢'yQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8GV HVWD PDxDQD SUHFLVDPHQWH D ODV QXHYH HVWDU
  • 89. 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ HO SDUTXH FXDQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO DQLPDO H[yWLFR DQGDUYHU
  • 90. (O WD[LVWD QRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YHLQWH GyODUHV ¢XiQWR WH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D WL FREUDUFREUDU
  • 91. 1RVRWURV OHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDUWDV D QXHVWURV SDULHQWHV GHVGH %ROLYLD SHUR HOORV QR ODV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVFULELUUHFLELU
  • 92. R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SRU OD FDOOH HTXLYRFDGD FXDQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXH QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GRQGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDPLQDUGDUVH FXHQWD GHVDEHUHVWDU
  • 93. 0H DJUDGD VX DPLJR ¢'yQGH OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8G FRQRFHU
  • 94. 3HGUR VXV DPLJRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WRGDV ODV QRFKHV DQWHV GH DFRVWDUVH GLYHUWLUVH
  • 95. 0HOLVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DO FLQH FDGD GRPLQJR GXUDQWH VX MXYHQWXG LU
  • 96. /RV YLDMHURV GH ,QJODWHUUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D PL FDVD OD VHPDQD SDVDGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRQPLJR KDVWD KR OOHJDUTXHGDUVH
  • 98. 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 0DULDQHOD SRU %HQLWR 3pUH] *DOGyV 3pUH] *DOGyV QDFLy HQ ODV ,VODV DQDULDV HV PHMRU FRQRFLGR SRU VXV YLVWDV GH OD VRFLHGDG HVSDxROD 6H PXULy HQ HQ 0DGULG $TXHO GtD 3DEOR 0DULDQHOD VDOLHURQ DO FDPSR RQ HOORV LED KRWR VX SHUUR ILHO (O GtD HVWDED KHUPRVR (O DLUH HUD VXDYH IUHVFR HO VRO FDOHQWDED VLQ TXHPDU ³¢$GyQGH YDPRV KR´ SUHJXQWy 3DEOR TXH HUD FLHJR GH QDFLPLHQWR ³$GRQGH TXLHUD 8G VHxRU´ FRQWHVWy 0DULDQHOD TXH HUD VX JXtD 0DULDQHOD SDUHFtD FUHFHU DGTXLULU QXHYDV IXHU]DV FXDQGR HVWDED DO ODGR GH VX DPR DPLJR -XQWR D pO VH VHQWtD OOHQD GH DOHJUtD $O DSDUWDUVH GH pO VHQWtD XQD SURIXQGD WULVWH]D 3DEOR SDUWLFLSDED GH ORV PLVPRV VHQWLPLHQWRV KDFLD 0DULDQHOD (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ OH KDEtD GLFKR 3DEOR D OD MRYHQ $QWHV R FUHtD TXH HUD GH GtD FXDQGR KDEODED OD JHQWH TXH HUD GH QRFKH FXDQGR OD JHQWH FDOODED FDQWDEDQ ORV JDOORV $KRUD QR KDJR ODV PLVPDV FRPSDUDFLRQHV (V GH GtD FXDQGR HVWDPRV MXQWRV W~ R HV GH QRFKH FXDQGR QRV VHSDUDPRV 'HVSXpV GH FDPLQDU XQ UDWR OOHJDURQ D XQ OXJDU GRQGH KDEtD PXFKDV IORUHV $PERV VH GHWXYLHURQ 3DEOR VH VHQWy 0DULDQHOD VH SXVR D UHFRJHU IORUHV SDUD VX DPR /RV GRV HUDQ PX IHOLFHV 9HUERV 1RPEUHV 3UHSRVLFLyQ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 99. $GMHWLYRV ([SUHVLRQHV 3UHJXQWDV $IWHU RX KDYH UHDG WKH VHOHFWLRQ DQVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV LQ 6SDQLVK ¢4XLpQHV VRQ ORV SHUVRQDMHV HQ HO FXHQWR ¢4XLpQ ORV DFRPSDxD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR VH VLHQWHQ MXQWRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR VH VLHQWHQ VHSDUDGRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 100. 7KH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH ,Q 6SDQLVK WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ WKDW LV RFFXUULQJ DW WKH PRPHQW DFWLRQ WKDW LV LQ SURJUHVV ,W LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH (QJOLVK SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH 7KH ZRPDQ LV VLQJLQJ IRU H[DPSOH
  • 101. 7KLV WHQVH LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW LV LQ SURJUHVV ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW LV RFFXUULQJ LQ WKH PRPHQW ‡ (PSKDVLV IRU DQ DFWLRQ WKDW LV KDSSHQLQJ ULJKW QRZ $ :RUG $ERXW WKH 3UHVHQW ,QGLFDWLYH 7HQVH 7KH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK H[SUHVVHV ERWK WKH (QJOLVK VLPSOH SUHVHQW , VLQJ , GR VLQJ
  • 102. DQG WKH (QJOLVK SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH , DP VLQJLQJ
  • 103. :KHQ RX GRQ¶W QHHG WR GHVFULEH ZKDW LV KDSSHQLQJ ULJKW QRZ XVH WKH VLPSOH SUHVHQW WHQVH 7KH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK DV LW LV LQ (QJOLVK ,W LV IRUPHG E FRQMXJDWLQJ HVWDU LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH DQG DGGLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 7KH SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOH KHUHDIWHU UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH JHUXQG LV WKH LQJ IRUP RI D YHUE LQ (QJOLVK 7KH WHQVH LV DOVR FDOOHG WKH SUHVHQW FRQWLQXRXV *HUXQG )RUPDWLRQ 7KH JHUXQG LV IRUPHG E DGGLQJ DQGR RU LHQGR WR WKH VWHP RI WKH LQILQLWLYH ,Q (QJOLVK WKH JHUXQG HQGV LQ LQJ 3UDFWLFH WKH IROORZLQJ YHUE IRUPV DORXG $U 9HUEV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 104. 7R IRUP WKH JHUXQG RI DOO DU YHUEV GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG DQGR WR WKH VWHP (U 9HUEV 7R IRUP WKH JHUXQG RI PRVW HU YHUEV GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG LHQGR WR WKH VWHP (U 9HUEV 7R IRUP WKH JHUXQG RI UHJXODU LU YHUEV GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG LHQGR WR WKH VWHP http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 105. 2UWKRJUDSKLF KDQJHV LQ HU DQG LU 9HUEV (U DQG LU YHUEV ZKRVH VWHP HQGV LQ D YRZHO IRUP WKH JHUXQG XVLQJ HQGR LQVWHDG RI LHQGR LQ RUGHU WR DYRLG KDYLQJ WKUHH YRZHOV LQ D URZ 7KHVH DUH QRW LUUHJXODU IRUPV LW LV DQ RUWKRJUDSKLF FKDQJH (U 9HUEV ,U 9HUEV 7KH *HUXQG RI ,UUHJXODU LU 9HUEV 1HDUO DOO JHUXQGV DUH IRUPHG UHJXODUO 7KH RQO YHUEV WKDW VKRZ DQ LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH JHUXQG DUH WKH LU VWHP FKDQJLQJ YHUEV LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WHQVH /HDUQ WKHVH LUUHJXODU JHUXQGV QRZ DQG RX¶OO EH DEOH WR IRUP DOO WKH JHUXQGV HDVLO ‡ )RUPLQJ WKH JHUXQG RI LUUHJXODU LU YHUEV ZLWK R ! XH DQG R ! X FKDQJHV LQ WKH VWHP http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 106. ‡ )RUPLQJ WKH JHUXQG RI LUUHJXODU LU YHUEV ZLWK H ! LH DQG H ! L FKDQJHV LQ WKH VWHP ([HUFLVH :ULWH WKH JHUXQG RI WKH IROORZLQJ LQILQLWLYHV KDEODU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB EHVDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DQGDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YLDMDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OLPSLDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FHQDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VDFDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 107. EHEHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRPHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DSUHQGHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DJUDGHFHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVFRJHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DEULU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DVLVWLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LQVLVWLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SHUPLWLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SURKLELU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FUHHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OHHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WUDHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KXLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RtU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VHUYLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SHGLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRUUHJLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UHSHWLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VHJXLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GRUPLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PRULU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHFLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDFHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7R IRUP WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH FRQMXJDWH HVWDU LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 8VH RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH DFWLRQ H[SUHVVHG E WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH PXVW EH DFWLRQ LQ SURJUHVV )ROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV IRUPHG ZLWK HVWDU http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  •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i FDQWDQGR VX DPLJD HVWi WRFDQGR HO SLDQR FDQWDUWRFDU
  • 109. 1XHVWUR SURIHVRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKRV H[iPHQHV FRUUHJLU
  • 110. 3RU ILQ QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB EXHQDV QRWDV VDFDU
  • 111. 0H KDFH HO IDYRU GH QR KDFHU UXLGR R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVWXGLDU
  • 112. /RV DGROHVFHQWHV OHV GLFHQ D VXV SDGUHV ³QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QDGD´ KDFHU
  • 116. (VWi OORYLHQGR SHUR QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QHYDU
  • 117. D HV WDUGH ORV QLxRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GRUPLU
  • 118. 6RQ ODV QXHYH GH OD QRFKH WRGDYtD ORV SHULRGLVWDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVFULELU
  • 120. 7~ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ORV KXHYRV SDUD HO GHVDXQR IUHtU
  • 121. 6RQ ODV VHLV PHGLD OD IDPLOLD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRPHU
  • 122. 5HPLQGHU $IWHU D SUHSRVLWLRQ XVH WKH LQILQLWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE HYHQ WKRXJK WKH WUDQVODWLRQ LQ (QJOLVK PLJKW EH WKH JHUXQG LQJ ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH LQILQLWLYH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH RU SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH RI WKH DSSURSULDWH YHUE 6HOHFW IURP WKH OLVW RI YHUEV EHORZ 8VH HDFK YHUE RQO RQFH DOPRU]DU FRQRFHU GHYROYHU JUDGXDUVH KDFHU OHHU TXHUHU VDEHU VDOLU WHQHU WRFDU (Q HO DYLyQ HQ HO YXHOR GH ÈIULFD SDUHFH TXH ORV SDVDMHURV HVWiQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VXV OLEURV GH WXULVPR ¢4XLpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QDGDU 2OLYLD VLJXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO YLROtQ DXQTXH D VX KHUPDQR QR OH JXVWD HO VRQLGR $QWHV GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D ORV SDGUHV GH VX QRYLR $PDOLD VH PDTXLOOD OD FDUD 'HVSXpV GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB p[LWR HQ OD HVFXHOD VHFXQGDULD HO HVWXGLDQWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LU D XQD XQLYHUVLGDG /RV WUDEDMDGRUHV WLHQHQ KDPEUH D ODV GRFH GH OD WDUGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB MXQWRV D ODV GRFH PHGLD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GH OD IiEULFD D ODV FLQFR GH OD WDUGH -XOLD DFDED GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VXV OLEURV D OD ELEOLRWHFD (O KRPEUH WLHQH YHLQWLGyV DxRV 'HVSXpV GH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GH OD XQLYHUVLGDG QR VDEH TXp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3ODFHPHQW RI 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 123. 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV ,QGLUHFW 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV DQG 5HIOH[LYH 3URQRXQV )ROORZLQJ LV D UHYLHZ FKDUW RI SURQRXQV VXEMHFW GLUHFW REMHFW LQGLUHFW REMHFW DQG UHIOH[LYH 127( ,Q (QJOLVK WKH GLUHFW REMHFW RX FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG DV OD LQ 6SDQLVK LI WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SHUVRQ LV IHPDOH RU OR LI WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SHUVRQ LV PDOH ,Q PDQ FRXQWULHV OH LV XVHG DV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ LQVWHDG RI OR RU OD 6LPLODUO WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ RX LQ WKH SOXUDO 8GV IRUP FDQ EH ODV ORV RU OHV 7KLV XVH RI OH DV GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ LV FDOOHG OHtVPR OH LV ERUURZHG IURP WKH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ 7KH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV DQG UHIOH[LYH SURQRXQV KDYH WZR SRVVLEOH SRVLWLRQV ‡ 7KH REMHFW SURQRXQV PD EH SODFHG GLUHFWO EHIRUH WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE HVWDU ‡ 7KH REMHFW SURQRXQV PD EH DWWDFKHG WR WKH JHUXQG 7KH ZULWWHQ DFFHQW UHWDLQV WKH FRUUHFW SURQXQFLDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE 7KH SODFHPHQW RI WKH REMHFW SURQRXQV GRHV QRW DIIHFW WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH VHQWHQFH 7KH FDQ EH SODFHG LQ HLWKHU SRVLWLRQ DQG WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH VHQWHQFH LV H[DFWO WKH VDPH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 124. 2UGHU RI 'RXEOH 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV $Q LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV D GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ ZKHQ WKH RFFXU WRJHWKHU 7KH UHIOH[LYH REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ ZKHQ WKH RFFXU WRJHWKHU 7KH GRXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV FDQQRW EH VHSDUDWHG IURP RQH DQRWKHU )ROORZLQJ LV D UHYLHZ FKDUW RI GRXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV $ 5HPLQGHU 6H UHSODFHV OH RU OHV DV WKH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ ZKHQ D GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ IROORZV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 125. $ UHIOH[LYH REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ ZKHQ WKH RFFXU WRJHWKHU ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 5HPHPEHU WR FRQMXJDWH HVWDU FRUUHFWO ¢3RU TXp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD SUHJXQWD HO PDHVWUR UHSHWLU
  • 126. /RV DGROHVFHQWHV QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODV GLUHFFLRQHV VHJXLU
  • 129. /RV DPLJRV GH -XDQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ FDVD KR DOPRU]DU
  • 130. R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO DJXD SDUD SUHSDUDU OD VRSD KHUYLU
  • 131. (O KRPEUH DPD D HVWD PXMHU /D BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRQ VX PLUDGD VHJXLU
  • 132. 6RPRV QRVRWURV D TXLHQHV HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVSHUDU
  • 133. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK XVLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH $UH WKH ZRPHQ WDONLQJ WR WKH PHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :KDW DUH RX VDLQJ WR PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DQ RX 8G
  • 134. UHSHDW WKH TXHVWLRQ 7KH VWXGHQWV DUH QRW SDLQJ DWWHQWLRQ WR RX BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H NQRZ WKDW KH LV VHDUFKLQJ IRU DQ LGHD +H QHHGV LW WR ZULWH D VWRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :KDW LV KDSSHQLQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH IDQWDVWLF ODZHU LV GUHDPLQJ DERXW D WULS WR ,WDO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH $QVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV DORXG XVLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH ¢4XLpQ HVWi HVWXGLDQGR DKRUD PLVPR http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 135. ¢3RU TXp HVWiV FRPLHQGR FKRFRODWH HQ HO VDOyQ ¢4Xp HVWi 8G KDFLHQGR DKRUD PLVPR ¢(Q TXp HVWiV SHQVDQGR ¢4Xp HVWi OHHQGR HO SURIHVRU ¢4XLpQ HVWi KXHQGR GH OD SROLFtD 8VHV RI WKH *HUXQG ZLWK 9HUEV 2WKHU 7KDQ HVWDU ‡ 7KH JHUXQG ZLWK VHJXLU H[SUHVVHV WR NHHSFRQWLQXH GRLQJ VRPHWKLQJ
  • 136. ‡ 7KH JHUXQG ZLWK LU H[SUHVVHV JUDGXDOO OLWWOH E OLWWOH ‡ 7KH JHUXQG ZLWK OOHYDU H[SUHVVHV KDYH EHHQ GRLQJ $IWHU RX EHFRPH DFFXVWRPHG WR XVLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH RX ZLOO ILQG WKDW WKH JHUXQG FDQ VRPHWLPHV EH XVHG ZLWKRXW D KHOSLQJ YHUE (LWKHU WKH JHUXQG RU WKH LQILQLWLYH FDQ EH XVHG DIWHU YHU PLUDU HVFXFKDU DQG RtU 7KH PHDQLQJ LV WKH VDPH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 137. 9HUEV QRW JHQHUDOO XVHG LQ WKH JHUXQG IRUP DUH VHU HVWDU SRGHU TXHUHU VDEHU WHQHU LU DQG YHQLU 7KHVH YHUEV XVH WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH LQVWHDG RI WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH 127(6 3RGHU LV WKH RQO HU YHUE ZLWK DQ LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH VWHP RI WKH JHUXQG SXGLHQGR 7KH JHUXQG RI LU LV HQGR ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HLWKHU WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH RU WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (O HVSRVR GH (OL]DEHWK QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FHOHEUDU HO GtD GHO DPRU GH OD DPLVWDG TXHUHU
  • 138. ¢3RU TXp QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WRGD OD IDPLOLD D PL ILHVWD YHQLU
  • 139. 6yFUDWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXH QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QDGD TXH YDOJD OD SHQD VDEHU VDEHUVDEHU
  • 140. )DYRU GH QR LQWHUUXPSLUPH DKRUD PLVPR RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SHQVDU
  • 141. 1RVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDEODU ELHQ VL SUDFWLFDPRV SRGHU
  • 142. ¢3RU TXp OR VLJXHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OODPDU
  • 143. /D PXFKDFKD WULVWH QXQFD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VRQUHtU
  • 144. /RV GHSRUWLVWDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DO WHQLV WRGRV ORV YHUDQRV MXJDU
  • 145. /RV GHWHFWLYHV HVWiQ FRQWHQWRV DKRUD SRUTXH HO FULPLQDO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VX FULPHQ FRQIHVDU
  • 147. $ 3DXOLQD D VX DPLJD QR OHV JXVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WHPSUDQR GHVSHUWDUVH
  • 148. /DV QLxDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D VX SULPHUD ILHVWD PDxDQD LU
  • 149. /D HVWXGLDQWH OOHYD XQD KRUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVWH HMHUFLFLR KDFHU
  • 150. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK 9DPRV D OD FDVD GH 0DUtD SRUTXH HOOD HVWi SUHSDUDQGR DUUR] FRQ SROOR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O PHVHUR QRV HVWi VLUYLHQGR QXHVWUD FRPLGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /DV QLxHUDV HVWiQ FXLGDQGR D PXFKRV QLxRV HQ HO SDUTXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6RQ ODV RFKR GH OD QRFKH D HV WDUGH SHUR HO KRPEUH VLJXH OHHQGR VX OLEUR IDYRULWR 6LJXH OHpQGROR KDVWD ODV RQFH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D PXFKDFKD HVWi QDGDQGR HQ OD SLVFLQD SRUTXH VXV SDGUHV SLHQVDQ TXH HV SHOLJURVR QDGDU HQ HO RFpDQR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV QLxRV HVWiQ SRQLHQGR ORV SODWRV HQ HO KRUQR /RV HVWiQ SRQLHQGR HQ HO KRUQR SDUD PROHVWDU D VXV SDGUHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3RU TXp OH HVWiQ 8GV PLQWLHQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4XLpQ HVWi ULpQGRVH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O HOHIDQWH OOHYD FLQFR DxRV YLYLHQGR HQ HO ]RROyJLFR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6HJXLPRV DSUHQGLHQGR HO HVSDxRO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK :K DUH WKH SHRSOH FULQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,W LV UDLQLQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $UH RX ZDWFKLQJ WHOHYLVLRQ QRZ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :K DUH WKH JLUOV ODXJKLQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,W LV RXU WXUQ :H DUH XVLQJ WKH FRPSXWHUV QRZ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7HUHVD LV ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH WUDLQ EXW VKH LV ORVLQJ SDWLHQFH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 151. :KDW DUH RX WKLQNLQJ DERXW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H DUH WULQJ WR IDOO DVOHHS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D SDUDGD GHO EXV /D PXMHU VH OODPD /RUHQD 1R HV QL MRYHQ QL YLHMD QL GHOJDGD QL JRUGD 7LHQH OD FDUD SiOLGD FRQ RMRV PDUURQHV SHOR RVFXUR 1R VH PDTXLOOD PXFKR SHUR VH QRWD TXH OH JXVWD OOHYDU XQ SRFR GH FRORUHWH 6H YH TXH HV FRQVHUYDGRUD SRU VX YHVWLPHQWD VX IDOGD TXH FXEUH ODV SLHUQDV OD EOXVD FRQ PDQJDV ODUJDV DXQTXH HV YHUDQR (OOD OOHJD VLHPSUH D OD SDUDGD GHO EXV HVSHUDQGR D VX HVSRVR 6H SXHGH SDVDU SRU OD EDQFD YHUOD DOOt VHQWDGD KRUD WUDV KRUD HVFULELHQGR HQ VX FXDGHUQR GLEXMDQGR HO URVWUR GH VX HVSRVR DPDGR 8QD PDxDQD GH PXFKR FDORU XQ KRPEUH VH VLHQWD FHUFD GH HOOD FRQYHUVD XQ SRFR eO VH OODPD 5REHUWR SDUHFH VHU XQ EXHQ KRPEUH +DEODQ GH VXV GLEXMRV FRPR SDVD HOOD HO GtD eO VH HQWHUD TXH HOOD HVWi VHSDUDGD GH VX HVSRVR GHVGH KDFH FLQFR DxRV SHUR VLHQGR FDWyOLFRV ORV GRV VRQ WRGDYtD FDVDGRV 5REHUWR VROWHUR SDVD ORV GtDV WUDEDMDQGR HQ FRPSXWDGRUDV VXV QRFKHV MXJDQGR DO DMHGUH] HQ XQ FOXE FRQ RWURV IDQiWLFRV 'HVSXpV GH YHLQWH PLQXWRV RWUR EXV YLHQH HO KRPEUH XQ SRFR WULVWH DKRUD GH GHMDUOD VXEH DO EXV VH YD (OOD OR VLJXH FRQ ORV RMRV FRQ XQD PLUDGD OOHQD GH VROHGDG /D JHQWH VXEH DO EXV RWURV VH EDMDQ VH YDQ SDUD OD FDVD /RUHQD VH TXHGD WUDQTXLODPHQWH H[WUDxDQGR D VX HVSRVR HVSHUDQGR TXH YHQJD HQ HO SUy[LPR EXV 9HUERV 1RPEUHV ([SUHVLRQHV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 152. 3UHJXQWDV ¢4Xp HVWDFLyQ HV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR HV HO FOLPD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp KDFH /RUHQD FDGD GtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(VWi FDVDGD OD PXMHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(VWi FDVDGR 5REHUWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(VWi 5REHUWR LQWHUHVDGR HQ /RUHQD ¢(VWi HOOD LQWHUHVDGD HQ pO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3LHQVD 8G TXH 5REHUWR YD D YROYHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3LHQVD 8G TXH /RUHQD YD D VHJXLU HVSHUDQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 153. 7KH 3DVW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV 7KHUH DUH WZR SURJUHVVLYH WHQVHV LQ WKH SDVW WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH DQG WKH SUHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH %RWK H[SUHVV D SDVW DFWLRQ RU DFWLRQV WKDW ZHUH RFFXUULQJ DFWLRQV WKDW ZHUH LQ SURJUHVV 7KH DUH HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH (QJOLVK SDVW SURJUHVVLYH 7KH SHRSOH ZHUH UXQQLQJ IRU H[DPSOH 7KHVH WHQVHV DUH XVHG WR LQWHQVLI WKH IROORZLQJ ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH SDVW ‡ $Q HYHQW WKDW ZDV KDSSHQLQJ LQ WKH SDVW ,I RX GR QRW ZDQW WR LQWHQVLI DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH SDVW XVH WKH VLPSOH LPSHUIHFW WHQVH 7KH ,PSHUIHFW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK DV LW LV LQ (QJOLVK ,W LV IRUPHG E FRQMXJDWLQJ HVWDU LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW DQG DGGLQJ WKH JHUXQG RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 7KH WHQVH LV DOVR FDOOHG WKH LPSHUIHFW FRQWLQXRXV 8VHV RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH DFWLRQ H[SUHVVHG E WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH PXVW EH DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH SDVW )ROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV IRUPHG ZLWK HVWDU http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 154. 7KH YHUEV VHJXLU LU DQG YHQLU FDQ DOVR EH FRQMXJDWHG LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW DQG XVHG ZLWK WKH JHUXQG WR IRUP WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH 9HUEV QRW JHQHUDOO XVHG LQ WKH JHUXQG IRUP LQ WKH SDVW SURJUHVVLYH DUH VHU HVWDU SRGHU TXHUHU VDEHU WHQHU LU DQG YHQLU 7KHVH YHUEV XVH WKH VLPSOH LPSHUIHFW LQVWHDG RI WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK XVLQJ WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH , ZDV FOHDQLQJ WKH KRXVH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5RVD FRQWLQXHG HDWLQJ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 155. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3DEOR ZDV VHOOLQJ PHGLFLQH WR KLV IULHQGV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H ZHUH OHDUQLQJ WR GDQFH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :K ZDV VKH OLQJ WR PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :KDW ZHUH RX 8G
  • 156. GRLQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :KR ZDV VOHHSLQJ RQ WKH WUDLQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (YHURQH ZDV OHDYLQJ IRU WKH H[LWV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ERV DQG JLUOV ZHUH WKURZLQJ WKH EDOO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH SROLWLFLDQV ZHUH EHJLQQLQJ WKHLU FDPSDLJQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH 3UHWHULW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHWHULW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH SUHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH DOVR HPSKDVL]HV DFWLRQ WKDW ZDV WDNLQJ SODFH LQ WKH SDVW ,W LV IRUPHG ZLWK WKH SUHWHULW RI WKH YHUE HVWDU IROORZHG E WKH JHUXQG RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 8VHV RI WKH 3UHWHULW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 8QOLNH WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WKH SUHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DQ DFWLRQ FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH SDVW 7KH QDPH RI WKH WHQVH PLJKW VHHP OLNH D FRQWUDGLFWLRQ LQ WHUPV EXW WKH DFWLRQ DOWKRXJK LQ D SURJUHVVLYH IRUP LV GHILQLWHO RYHU http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 157. 7KH JHUXQG LV DOVR XVHG ZLWK VHJXLU YHQLU DQG LU WR IRUP WKH SUHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK 1RV GLYHUWtDPRV KDVWD TXH OD REUD HPSH]y BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4XHUtDQ 8GV GDUOHV GH FRPHU D ORV SiMDURV HQ HO SDUTXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6DEtDPRV TXH tEDPRV D WHQHU p[LWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /DV PXMHUHV HVWXYLHURQ FHOHEUDQGR VX MXELODFLyQ KDVWD ODV RQFH GH OD QRFKH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )XL FRQRFLHQGR 0p[LFR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1XHVWUR SURIHVRU HVWXYR HQVHxDQGR SRU XQD KRUD DHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (VWiEDPRV WUDEDMDQGR FXDQGR QXHVWURV DPLJRV OOHJDURQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢'H TXp HVWDEDV KDEODQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OOD QR PH HVWXYR HVFXFKDQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O FDPDUHUR QR QRV HVWDED VLUYLHQGR OD FRPLGD http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 158. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV PDHVWURV HVWXYLHURQ UHSLWLHQGR ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV KDVWD TXH HQWHQGLPRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3RU TXp ORV HVWDEDV EXVFDQGR SRU WDQWR WLHPSR FXDQGR VDEtDV TXH WXV DPLJRV HVWDEDQ HVFRQGLpQGRVH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (VWXYLPRV EDLODQGR DQRFKH KDVWD PHGLDQRFKH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1DGLH HVWDED DQGDQGR SRU DTXt BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 5HYLHZ 3UHWHULW WHQVH
  • 159. RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHWHULW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (;$03/( 0L DPLJR QR PH HVSHUy HVSHUDU
  • 160. 0LV DPLJRV PH BBBB SRU XQD KRUD HVSHUDU
  • 161. (OOD QR OH BBBB QDGD GHFLU
  • 162. ¢3RU TXp QR OHV BBBB 8GV IORUHV WUDHU
  • 163. /DV KRMDV BBBB GH ORV iUEROHV FDHUVH
  • 164. R QXQFD OHV BBBB GLQHUR GDU
  • 165. 2FWDYLR QR BBBB GRUPLU DQRFKH SRGHU
  • 166. 1RVRWURV QR BBBB DO FLQH HO ViEDGR LU
  • 167. 0H BBBB PXFKR OD FRPLGD JXVWDU
  • 168. R Vp TXH W~ PH BBBB HQ HO UHVWDXUDQWH YHU
  • 169. (OOD HV DPDEOH ¢'yQGH OD BBBB 8G FRQRFHU
  • 171. RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (;$03/( ¢'yQGH HVWDEDV FXDQGR OD PDHVWUD HQWUy HVWDU
  • 172. ¢4Xp KRUD BBBB FXDQGR OD SHOtFXOD HPSH]y VHU
  • 173. ¢XiQWRV DxRV BBBB ORV JHPHORV FXDQGR VH JUDGXDURQ WHQHU
  • 174. /D GRFWRUD QR BBBB YHU D PiV SDFLHQWHV TXHUHU
  • 175. R VLHPSUH BBBB SDUD ORV H[iPHQHV HVWXGLDU
  • 176. (Q VX MXYHQWXG 3DWULFLR BBBB DO WHQLV MXJDU
  • 177. $QWHV GH OD pSRFD GH OD FRPSXWDGRUD OD JHQWH BBBB FDUWDV HVFULELU
  • 178. (OOD QXQFD BBBB FRQWHQWD 6LHPSUH BBBB HVWDUTXHMDUVH
  • 179. (O KRPEUH YLHMR BBBB ORV GLHQWHV HQ XQ YDVR GH DJXD WRGDV ODV QRFKHV DQWHV GH GRUPLUVH SRQHU
  • 182. RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXH LQ SDUHQWKHVHV R BBBB WUDLJR IORUHV WR RX
  • 183. 6XVDQD BBBB SUHVWD GLQHUR WR WKHP
  • 184. ¢3RU TXp BBBB KDEODV HQ YR] DOWD WR KHU
  • 185. ¢4Xp BBBB HVWiV GLFLHQGR WR PH
  • 186. 1RVRWURV QR BBBB HVWDPRV HVFULELHQGR DKRUD WR RX
  • 187. ¢3RU TXp BBBB FREUD 8G WDQWR WR XV
  • 188. ([HUFLVH 5HYLHZ 'LUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV
  • 189. 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK -XOLD EXVFD D VX KHUPDQD (OOD HVWi EXVFiQGROD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XLGDPRV D ORV EHEpV /RV FXLGDPRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV GRV KHUPDQRV DXGDQ D VX IDPLOLD /D IDPLOLD DSUHFLD VX DXGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O MDUGLQHUR PLUD ORV SiMDURV /RV PLUD YRODU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV HVWXGLDQWHV VDOXGDQ D VX PDHVWUD /D VDOXGDQ WRGRV ORV GtDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3RU TXp PH OODPDV KR ¢3RU TXp PH HVWiV OODPDQGR D FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0DQXHO YLVLWD D OD PXMHU HQ 3HU~ eO TXLHUH FDVDUVH FRQ HOOD HQ OD SULPDYHUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7RGRV ORV WXULVWDV HVSHUDQ HO WUHQ 1R OHV PROHVWD HVSHUDUOR SRUTXH KDFH IUHVFR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 5HYLHZ 'RXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV
  • 190. 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK 7H OR MXUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0H SRQJR ORV JXDQWHV 0H ORV SRQJR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D PXMHU LQGtJHQD QR QRV YHQGH DJXD HOOD QRV OD GD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0H JXVWDQ ORV PDULVFRV HQ HVWH UHVWDXUDQWH (O FDPDUHUR PH ORV VLUYH FRQ JXVWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $QD OHV WUDH HO SRVWUH D VXV DPLJDV (OOD VH OR WUDH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 191. ([HUFLVH 5HYLHZ ,QGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH
  • 192. 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK 'R RX WHOO WKH WUXWK WR RXU IULHQGV :H WHOO LW WR RX BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB , DOZDV ZULWH OHWWHUV WR KLP , DP ZULWLQJ WKHP WR KLP QRZ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,UHQH JLYHV JLIWV WR KHU VRQ HYHU KULVWPDV 7KLV HDU VKH LV JRLQJ WR JLYH WKHP WR KLP RQ KLV ELUWKGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H VKRZ WKH QHZ VKRHVWRUH WR P IULHQG 6KH ORRNV DW WKH KLJK KHHOV EXW VKH GRHVQ¶W EX WKHP IRU XV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6RPHWLPHV SHRSOH GRQ¶W XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW ZH VD 6RPHWLPHV ZH KDYH WR H[SODLQ LW WR WKHP BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (QULTXH UHDGV D VWRU WR KLV FKLOGUHQ HYHU QLJKW DW HLJKW R¶FORFN +H LV UHDGLQJ LW WR WKHP QRZ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 5HYLHZ 'RXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV VH DQG WKH LQGLUHFW REMHFW WKH SUHWHULW WHQVH
  • 193. 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK 0LJXHO QR SXGR HQWUDU HQ VX FDVD SRUTXH VH OH SHUGLHURQ ODV OODYHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6H PH FDy OD FXFKDUD PH SXVH EUDYD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB £XLGDGR 6H OHV YDQ D FDHU ORV YDVRV D VH QRV URPSLHURQ GRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R VH PH RFXUULy WUDEDMDU DHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R SXGLVWH SUHSDUDU OD VRSD GH DMR DQRFKH 6H WH DFDEy HO DMR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6H PH ROYLGy KDFHU PL WDUHD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O KRVSLWDO /D SREUH PDPi LED FDPLQDQGR SDUD QR PRVWUDUOH D VX KLMR TXH HVWDED SUHRFXSDGD (OOD VDEtD TXH QR HUD QL FDWDUUR QL JULSH QL SXOPRQtD (OOD VDEtD TXH HUD DOJR JUDYH 'H UHSHQWH HPSH]y D FRUUHU KDFLD XQ WD[L SDUD OOHYiUVHORV D XQ KRVSLWDO http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 194. +DFtD GRV GtDV TXH VX KLMR HVWDED TXHMiQGRVH GH XQ GRORU GH HVWyPDJR XQ GRORU TXH QR OR GHMDED GRUPLU ¢4Xp WLHQH HO KLMR 9LYLHQGR VROD 6LOYLD QR WHQtD QDGLH FRQ TXLHQ KDEODU D OD PHGLDQRFKH (O WD[LVWD ORV GHMy HQ OD HQWUDGD GHO KRVSLWDO (OOD OH SDJy OH GLR XQD EXHQD SURSLQD (VWXYLHURQ HVSHUDQGR VRODPHQWH FLQFR PLQXWRV FXDQGR ORV PpGLFRV OOHJDURQ ([DPLQDURQ DO QLxR TXH HVWDED OORUDQGR /D PDPi OORUDQGR WDPELpQ WUDWy GH VHU YDOLHQWH DQWH VX KLMR SHUR QR SXGR 'HVSXpV GH XQ UDWR TXH OH SDUHFLy XQD HWHUQLGDG ORV PpGLFRV OH RIUHFLHURQ GRV RSFLRQHV RSHUDU R QR /D PDPi VLQ GXGD RSWy SRU OD RSHUDFLyQ ILUPy HO GRFXPHQWR GH FRQVHQWLPLHQWR (O QLxR VLJXLy VROOR]DQGR ³3HUR PDPi´ OH GLMR HO QLxR ³QR TXLHUR TXH PH RSHUHQ´ ³R OR Vp KLMR PtR SHUR HV QHFHVDULR YDV D HVWDU PX ELHQ VLQ GRORU GHVSXpV /RV GRFWRUHV PH GLMHURQ TXH HV DSHQGLFLWLV´ RQ HVWD ~OWLPD FRQYHUVDFLyQ ORV PpGLFRV OR SXVLHURQ HQ OD FDPLOOD GH RSHUDFLyQ HOORV GHVDSDUHFLHURQ HQ HO ODUJR FRUUHGRU GHO KRVSLWDO /D PDGUH VH UHWLUy D OD VDOD GH HVSHUD VLQWLpQGRVH PX GHVRODGD HQ VX VROHGDG (OOD HVWDED DOOi SHQVDQGR HQ VX KLMR FXDQGR YLQLHURQ ORV GRFWRUHV FRQ ODV QRWLFLDV ³7RGR VDOLy ELHQ´ OH GLMHURQ ³VX KLMR HVWi UHFXSHUiQGRVH HQ VX FXDUWR SURQWR YD D HVWDU ULpQGRVH MXJDQGR RWUD YH]´ /D PDPi DOLYLDGD OHV DJUDGHFLy SURIXQGDPHQWH GHQWUR GH SRFR HOOD VX KLMR VDOLHURQ FKDUODQGR HOOD FRQ OD PDQR SUHFLRVD GH VX KLMR HQ OD VXD $EUD]iQGRVH HQWUDURQ HQ OD FDVD 9HUERV ([SUHVLRQHV FRQ 9HUERV 1RPEUHV $GMHWLYRV 3URQRPEUHV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 195. ([SUHVLyQ 3UHJXQWDV ¢3RU TXp IXHURQ DO KRVSLWDO D OD PHGLDQRFKH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(VWi 8G GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD SULPHUD GHFLVLyQ GH OD PDGUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp WLHQH HO KLMR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XLGDURQ ELHQ ORV PpGLFRV DO KLMR D OD PDGUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR VH VLHQWHQ OD PDGUH VX KLMR DO ILQDO GHO FXHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 196. 7KH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LV D PRRG LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH ZLGHO XVHG LQ 6SDQLVK 7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FDQQRW H[LVW DORQH $QRWKHU HOHPHQW LQ WKH VHQWHQFH DOZDV FDXVHV LW WR EH XVHG 7KH VXEMXQFWLYH LV RIWHQ QHHGHG DIWHU WKH IROORZLQJ HOHPHQWV ‡ HUWDLQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV ‡ HUWDLQ YHUEV ‡ HUWDLQ FRQMXQFWLRQV ‡ HUWDLQ GHSHQGHQW DGMHFWLYHV ‡ HUWDLQ H[SUHVVLRQV )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH 0RVW YHUEV IRUP WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IURP WKH ILUVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 'URS WKH R WR JHW WKH VWHP IRU WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH 9HUEV WKDW DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH VDPH ZD 7KHUH DUH RQO VL[ YHUEV WKDW GR QRW IRUP WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IURP WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH $U 9HUEV ,Q RUGHU WR FRQMXJDWH ERWK UHJXODU DQG LUUHJXODU DU YHUEV LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH VWDUW ZLWK WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 'URS WKH R DQG DGG H HV H HPRV pLV HQ WR WKH VWHP http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  •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iLV DQ WR WKH VWHP (U 9HUEV ,U 9HUEV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 198. 127( ,Q WKH LUUHJXODU LU YHUEV WKHUH LV DQ DGGLWLRQDO LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH QRVRWURV DQG YRVRWURV IRUPV 9HUEV ZLWK WKH VWHP FKDQJH H ! LH RU H ! L KDYH DQ L LQ WKH QRVRWURV DQG YRVRWURV IRUPV 9HUEV ZLWK WKH VWHP FKDQJH R ! XH KDYH D X LQ WKH QRVRWURV DQG YRVRWURV IRUPV ,UUHJXODU HU DQG LU 9HUEV ZLWK J RU ]F LQ WKH R )RUP ,Q WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FHUWDLQ HU DQG LU YHUEV FDUU WKH LUUHJXODULW RI WKH ILUVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WHQVH WKURXJKRXW WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FRQMXJDWLRQ 7KHUH DUH QR DU YHUEV WKDW KDYH WKLV LUUHJXODULW http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 199. 2WKHU UHJXODU DU YHUEV 2WKHU HU YHUEV OLNH FRQRFHU http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 200. 2WKHU LU YHUEV ZLWK ]F LQ WKH R IRUP 7KH 6SDQLVK HTXLYDOHQW RI WKH (QJOLVK YHUE PHDQLQJ WR LQWURGXFH LV SUHVHQWDU ,UUHJXODU 9HUEV 7KHUH DUH RQO VL[ YHUEV ZKRVH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LV QRW IRUPHG IURP WKH ILUVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 7KH DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKDW WKH DUH QRW IRUPHG IURP WKH R IRUP http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 201. 127(6 7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP Gp IURP GDU
  • 202. KDV D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW WR GLVWLQJXLVK LW IURP GH RI
  • 203. 7KH ZRUG KD FRPHV IURP WKH LQILQLWLYH KDEHU RX ZLOO QRW QHHG WKLV IRUP IRU DQ RWKHU XVH DW WKLV WLPH 9HUEV ZLWK 2UWKRJUDSKLF KDQJHV 9HUEV ZLWK RUWKRJUDSKLF FKDQJHV DUH QRW LUUHJXODU 7KH VSHOOLQJ FKDQJHV VLPSO PDLQWDLQ WKH VRXQG RI WKH R IRUP 6RPH RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ VSHOOLQJ FKDQJHV DUH WKH IROORZLQJ ‡ 9HUEV WKDW HQG LQ FDU FKDQJH F WR TX ‡ 9HUEV WKDW HQG LQ JDU FKDQJH J WR JX ‡ 9HUEV WKDW HQG LQ ]DU FKDQJH ] WR F http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 204. 127( 7KH FKDQJH ] ! F RFFXUV EHIRUH WKH YRZHO H ZLWKRXW DIIHFWLQJ WKH VRXQG 7KH FRQVRQDQWV F EHIRUH L DQG H
  • 205. V DQG ] DOO KDYH WKH VDPH VRXQG $ :RUG $ERXW 3URQXQFLDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH /LNH WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WKH VWUHVV LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LV RQ WKH VHFRQGWRODVW VOODEOH $V RX SUDFWLFH PDNH VXUH RX SURQRXQFH WKH YHUEV LQ WKLV ZD R FDQWH W~ FDQWHV pO FDQWH QRVRWURV FDQWHPRV HOORV FDQWHQ ,I D ZRUG FDUULHV D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW VWUHVV WKH DFFHQWHG VOODEOH YRVRWURV FDQWpLV 8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH 5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG FDQQRW H[LVW DORQH LW PXVW DOZDV EH FDXVHG E VRPH RWKHU HOHPHQW LQ WKH VHQWHQFH 7KLV LV D PRRG WKDW H[SUHVVHV ZLVKHV GRXEWV DQG ZKDW LV SRVVLEOH UDWKHU WKDQ ZKDW LV FHUWDLQ 7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH LV FDXVHG E WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH WKH VSHFLILF XVHV RI WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 206. $IWHU HUWDLQ ,PSHUVRQDO ([SUHVVLRQV $ VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ PD FRQVLVW RI D PDLQ FODXVH DQG D GHSHQGHQW RU VXERUGLQDWH FODXVH FRQQHFWHG E WKH 6SDQLVK FRQMXQFWLRQ TXH )ROORZLQJ LV D VHQWHQFH ZLWK D PDLQ FODXVH DQG D VXERUGLQDWH FODXVH WKDW DUH ERWK LQ WKH LQGLFDWLYH PRRG +RZHYHU VXSSRVH WKDW WKH PDLQ FODXVH KDV DQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQ VXFK DV (V GXGRVR 7KLV FDXVHV WKH VXEMXQFWLYH WR EH XVHG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH VRPH IUHTXHQWO XVHG LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 207. :KHQ RX EHJLQ D VHQWHQFH ZLWK RQH RI WKH LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV DERYH LW LV PDQGDWRU WR XVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH RX GR QRW KDYH WR PDNH DQ GHFLVLRQV QRU GR RX KDYH D FKRLFH DERXW ZKHWKHU RU QRW WR XVH LW 7KHVH LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH DOZDV WULJJHU WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH VXERUGLQDWH FODXVH 1RWLFH WKDW VRPH RI WKH H[DPSOH VHQWHQFHV DQG TXHVWLRQV DERYH DUH WUDQVODWHG ZLWK WKH IXWXUH LQ (QJOLVK 7KLV LV EHFDXVH WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FDUULHV ZLWK LW D IHHOLQJ RI WKH IXWXUH DQG GRXEW ,I RX ZDQW WR PDNH D JHQHUDO VWDWHPHQW ZLWK DQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQ WKHUH LV QHLWKHU D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH QRU D VXEMXQFWLYH RX VLPSO XVH WKH VWUXFWXUH RX KDYH DOUHDG OHDUQHG ZKLFK IROORZV (QJOLVK ZRUG RUGHU ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (;$03/( (V XUJHQWH TXH HO FKRIHU FRQGX]FD FRQ FXLGDGR FRQGXFLU
  • 208. (V LPSRUWDQWH TXH QXHVWURV DPLJRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D OD ILHVWD YHQLU
  • 209. (V SRVLEOH TXH pO PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD YHUGDG GHFLU
  • 210. (V XQD OiVWLPD TXH 6DUD QR OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDFHU
  • 211. ¢(V SRVLEOH TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D PL DPLJR 5D~O FRQRFHU
  • 212. (V QHFHVDULR TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ GRUPLU
  • 213. (V LPSRUWDQWH TXH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ ODV GLUHFFLRQHV VDEHU
  • 214. (V QHFHVDULR TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKD DJXD IUtD HQ HO YHUDQR WRPDU
  • 215. (V GXGRVR TXH HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WHPSUDQR OHYDQWDUVH
  • 216. ¢(V SRVLEOH TXH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D WLHPSR OOHJDU
  • 217. (V SRVLEOH TXH R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ )UDQFLD TXHGDUVH
  • 218. (V SUREDEOH TXH PXFKD JHQWH LPSRUWDQWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ OD FRQIHUHQFLD HVWDU
  • 219. (V GLItFLO TXH R WH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQD EXHQD UHVSXHVWD GDU
  • 220. (V XUJHQWH TXH W~ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DO GRFWRU KR LU
  • 221. (V GXGRVR TXH HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ULFRV VHU
  • 222. (V LPSRUWDQWH TXH ORV SDGUHV OHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D VXV KLMRV OHHU
  • 223. /D QLxD DFDED GH FRPHU (V LPSRVLEOH TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDPEUH WHQHU
  • 224. (V SUREDEOH TXH QRVRWURV OH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB IORUHV DO SURIHVRU WUDHU
  • 225. (V EXHQR TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHMRU VHQWLUVH
  • 226. $IWHU HUWDLQ 9HUEV ([SUHVVLQJ :LVKHV RU 3UHIHUHQFHV 9HUEV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH WKDW H[SUHVV ZLVKHV RU SUHIHUHQFHV ZLWK UHJDUG WR RWKHU SHRSOH ZLOO FDXVH WKH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 227. VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH 7KH VXEMHFW LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH PXVW EH GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH VXEMHFW LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV ZLVKHV RU SUHIHUHQFHV )ROORZLQJ LV D VHQWHQFH ZLWK D PDLQ FODXVH DQG D VXERUGLQDWH FODXVH WKDW DUH ERWK LQ WKH LQGLFDWLYH PRRG +RZHYHU VXSSRVH WKDW WKH PDLQ FODXVH KDV RQH RI WKH YHUEV DERYH VXFK DV e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http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 228. ,I WKHUH LV RQO RQH VXEMHFW IRU WKH WZR YHUEV LQ D VHQWHQFH WKH VHQWHQFH IROORZV WKH EDVLF VWUXFWXUH WKDW RX KDYH OHDUQHG ([SUHVVLQJ 2UGHUV 5HTXHVWV RU $GYLFH 9HUEV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH WKDW H[SUHVV RUGHUV UHTXHVWV RU DGYLFH ZLOO FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV RUGHUV UHTXHVWV RU DGYLFH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 229. 'HMDU PDQGDU SHUPLWLU DQG SURKLELU FDQ EH XVHG LQ WZR ZDV $V RX KDYH OHDUQHG GHFLU LV XVHG WR UHODWH D IDFW 7KLV LGHD LV H[SUHVVHG ZLWK WKH LQGLFDWLYH +RZHYHU ZKHQ GHFLU LV XVHG DV DQ RUGHU WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LV XVHG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 230. :KHQ (QJOLVK WR WHOO LV XVHG WR RUGHU VRPHRQH WR GR VRPHWKLQJ WKH (QJOLVK FRPPDQG IRUP LV DOZDV WKH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE WR WHOO LQILQLWLYH $Q (QJOLVK FRPPDQG LV H[SUHVVHG DV IROORZV , WHOO KLP WR VWD +H WHOOV PH WR JR RPSDUH WKDW WR VLPSO UHODWLQJ D IDFW +H WHOOV PH WKDW WKH EXV LV KHUH ([SUHVVLQJ 'RXEW RU 8QFHUWDLQW 9HUEV WKDW H[SUHVV GRXEW RU XQFHUWDLQW LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH ZLOO FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )ROORZLQJ DUH YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV GRXEW RU XQFHUWDLQW ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ¢4Xp TXLHUHV TXH R WH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHFLU
  • 231. eO TXLHUH TXH VX DPLJD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD FXHQWD SDJDU
  • 232. (VSHUR TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ VHQWLUVH
  • 233. (OORV VH DOHJUDQ GH TXH HO EHEp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHMDU GH OORUDU
  • 234. (OORV QRV SLGHQ TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHMRU OD LGHD H[SOLFDU
  • 235. $ pO QR OH JXVWD TXH R VLHPSUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UD]yQ WHQHU
  • 236. 5RVD LQVLVWH HQ TXH VX MHIH OH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PiV GLQHUR GDU
  • 237. 1R FUHR TXH $OLFLD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD IHFKD VDEHU
  • 238. (OODV GXGDQ TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKR WUiILFR KR KDEHU
  • 239. /HV VXJLHUR D VXV SDGUHV TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GH YDFDFLRQHV LU
  • 241. 0H DOHJUR GH TXH QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QDGD JUDYH VHU
  • 242. /RV H[SHUWRV QRV DFRQVHMDQ TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HMHUFLFLR KDFHU
  • 243. 3DXOD HVSHUD TXH VX KHUPDQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ HVWDU
  • 244. R GXGR TXH HOOD OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ OD UHXQLyQ EHVDU
  • 245. ([HUFLVH 5HZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ LQGLFDWLYH VHQWHQFHV LQ WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG KRRVH DQ DSSURSULDWH YHUE WKDW FDXVHV WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH (;$03/( 0LV HVWXGLDQWHV HVWiQ HQ FODVH 0H DOHJUR GH TXH HVWpQ HQ FODVH $ PLV SDGUHV OHV JXVWD YLDMDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0L DPLJR WLHQH PDORV VXHxRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OOD QR VH GLYLHUWH PXFKR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1RVRWURV VRPRV EXHQRV HVWXGLDQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R YDPRV D YROYHU D ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6DUD PH WUDH IORUHV D PL FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢RQRFH 8G D PL WtR :ULWH D UHVSRQVH@ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0L KHUPDQR R QR QRV YHPRV PXFKR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢+D FODVH ORV OXQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DUOD HV GH 3RORQLD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH ,QGLFDWLYH RU VXEMXQFWLYH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (;$03/(6 R GXGR TXH ULVWLQD FDQWH ELHQ FDQWDU
  • 246. R Vp TXH HOOD FDQWD ELHQ FDQWDU
  • 247. (VSHUR TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQ EXHQ ILQ GH VHPDQD WHQHU
  • 248. R Vp TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKRV DPLJRV WHQHU
  • 249. 5LFDUGR SUHILHUH TXH R OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ IHEUHUR YLVLWDU
  • 250. eO TXLHUH TXH QRVRWURV OH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UHJDORV WUDHU
  • 251. 1RV JXVWD TXH pO QRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DPDU
  • 253. (V LPSRUWDQWH TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QXHVWURV HUURUHV FRUUHJLU
  • 254. ¢6DEH 8G TXH HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DTXt HVWDU
  • 255. R SLHQVR TXH 5RVDULR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SRFR TXHMDUVH
  • 256. 'XGR TXH (QULTXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXHGDUVH
  • 257. 6DEHPRV TXH HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LUVH
  • 258. (O KRPEUH HVSHUD TXH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRQ pO EDLODU
  • 259. 6DUD QR TXLHUH TXH VX QRYLR OD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DQWHV GH OD ERGD YHU
  • 260. 0H DOHJUR GH TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DTXt HVWDU
  • 261. (V LPSRUWDQWH TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODV GLUHFFLRQHV DQWHV GH HPSH]DU QXHVWUR YLDMH VDEHU
  • 262. R SLHQVR TXH HVWH KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PpGLFR VHU
  • 263. $ PL KHUPDQR QR OH LPSRUWD OR TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R KDFHU
  •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http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 265. ,I WKHUH LV RQH VXEMHFW LQ WKH VHQWHQFH DQ LQILQLWLYH IROORZV WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ 6RPH FRQMXQFWLRQV RI WLPH DOZDV FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH ZKHWKHU WKHUH DUH WZR VXEMHFWV RU RQO RQH LQ WKH VHQWHQFH )ROORZLQJ DUH D IHZ FRQMXQFWLRQV RI WKLV WSH $IWHU FXDQGR 7KH VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP GLUHFWO IROORZV FXDQGR LI WKH IXWXUH LV LPSOLHG :KHQ FXDQGR LQWURGXFHV D TXHVWLRQ WKH LQGLFDWLYH IRUP LV XVHG http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 266. :KHQ FXDQGR LQWURGXFHV D VHQWHQFH WKDW LQYROYHV HLWKHU D UHSHDWHG DFWLRQ RU D JHQHUDO VWDWHPHQW LQ WKH SUHVHQW WKH LQGLFDWLYH PRRG LV XVHG ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRQMXQFWLRQ LQGLFDWHG DQG WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (;$03/( 9DPRV GH YDFDFLRQHV WDQ SURQWR FRPR DV VRRQ DV
  • 267. QRVRWURV SRGDPRV WR EH DEOH WR
  • 268. eO YD D OLPSLDU VX DSDUWDPHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB EHIRUH
  • 269. VX IDPLOLD OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WR YLVLW
  • 271. R BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WR EDWKH PVHOI
  • 272. YR D YHVWLUPH 1R YR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQOHVV
  • 274. WDPELpQ eO YD D LQYLWDU D VX DPLJD D OD ILHVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DV VRRQ DV
  • 276. FRQILDQ]D /HV GR ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VR WKDW
  • 278. OOHJDU 8GV SXHGHQ MXJDU DO EDORQFHVWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DV VRRQ DV
  • 282. D YHUOD 5RVD YD D DUUHJODUVH 7H SUHVWR HO GLQHUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VR WKDW
  • 284. FRPSUDU XQ FDUUR XVDGR 9DPRV D HVWDU DTXt BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQWLO
  • 288. QDGD TXH KDFHU PDxDQD ¢SRGHPRV LU DO FLQH $ 5LFDUGR QR OH JXVWD HVWXGLDU 3HUR YD D HVWXGLDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VR WKDW
  • 292. IUtR HOORV TXLHUHQ GDU XQD YXHOWD 7~ SXHGHV YHQLU D PL FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ZLWKRXW
  • 294. *UDFLHOD YD D GHVFDQVDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DIWHU
  • 298. ¢PH SXHGH DFRPSDxDU DO WUHQ (OHQD PH YD D YHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ZKHQ
  • 302. D ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV YDQ D FRPSUDU XQD FDVD SHTXHxD (O KRPEUH YD D HVWDU FRQWHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ZKHQ
  • 304. D PDQHMDU ,Q HUWDLQ 'HSHQGHQW $GMHFWLYH ODXVHV 7KH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LV XVHG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH LI WKH REMHFW RU SHUVRQ GHVFULEHG LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQGHILQLWH RU QRQH[LVWHQW ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOHV WKH REMHFWV DQG SHUVRQV GHVFULEHG LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH DUH QRW http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 305. NQRZQ $IWHU WKH ([SUHVVLRQV SRU PiV TXH DQG SRU PXFKR TXH $IWHU RMDOi $Q LQWHUMHFWLRQ RI $UDELF RULJLQ RMDOi PHDQV ZRXOG WR *RG WKDW RU PD *RG JUDQW WKDW DQG H[SUHVVHV JUHDW GHVLUH ,W FDQ DOVR EH WUDQVODWHG DV , KRSH $IWHU DFDVR TXL]iV RU WDO YH] $IWHU DXQTXH 7KH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LV XVHG LI WKH DFWLRQ KDV QRW HW RFFXUUHG http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 306. , I DXQTXH LQWURGXFHV D VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ WKDW H[SUHVVHV D NQRZQ IDFW D UHSHDWHG DFWLRQ RU D JHQHUDO VWDWHPHQW LQ WKH SUHVHQW WKH LQGLFDWLYH PRRG LV XVHG $IWHU RPSRXQGV RI TXLHUD RPSRXQGV RI TXLHUD²DGRQGHTXLHUD ZKHUHYHU
  • 310. ²DOO LQGLFDWH XQFHUWDLQW DQG WKHUHIRUH FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH WR IROORZ $IWHU FRPR 7KH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LV XVHG DIWHU FRPR RQO LI WKH PHDQLQJ LV KRZHYHU http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 311. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7DO YH] HOORV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SRU OD FRPLGD HQIHUPDUVH
  • 312. 2MDOi TXH QRVRWURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KR GHVFDQVDU
  • 313. $XQTXH pO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PDxDQD QR TXLHUR ODYDU HO EDxR OOHJDU
  • 314. 3RU PXFKR TXH HOODV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QR YDQ D KDFHU QDGD TXHMDUVH
  • 315. 4XLHQTXLHUD TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ SXHGH VHU H[SHUWR FRFLQDU
  • 316. 2MDOi TXH W~ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ HVWD QRFKH GRUPLU
  • 317. $XQTXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PXFKR WUiILFR TXHUHPRV YLDMDU KDEHU
  • 318. 0L DPLJD EXVFD XQ DSDUWDPHQWR TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WUHV FXDUWRV WHQHU
  • 319. DUORV QHFHVLWD XQD FDVD TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ HO FDPSR HVWDU
  • 320. (O KRPEUH TXLHUH KDFHU HO SURHFWR FRPR 8G OR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXHUHU
  • 321. 1R FRQR]FR D QDGLH TXH PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D OD SODD DFRPSDxDU
  • 322. (OOD EXVFD XQ QRYLR TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LQWHOLJHQWH VHU
  • 323. 4XL]iV pO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD VHPDQD TXH YLHQH YHQLU
  • 324. 3RU PiV TXH 7RPiV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QR VDEH QDGD KDEODU
  • 325. 2WKHU 7HQVHV 7KDW DXVH WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH RX KDYH OHDUQHG VR IDU WKDW WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH FDQ FDXVH WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH VXERUGLQDWH FODXVH 7KLV LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQ XVH RI WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG 7ZR DGGLWLRQDO WHQVHV WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH DQG WKH IXWXUH SHULSKUDVWLF LU D LQILQLWLYH
  • 326. FDQ FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG DV ZHOO 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH DV DXVH IRU WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH FDQ FDXVH WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH 127( 7KH SUHVHQW WHQVH DQG WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH DUH ERWK SUHVHQW WHQVHV )XWXUH LU D LQILQLWLYH
  • 327. DV DXVH IRU WKH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 328. 7KH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH FDQ DOVR EH FDXVHG E WKH IXWXUH WHQVH LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 0DNH VXUH RX NQRZ ZK WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH LV XVHG LQ HDFK FDVH (;$03/( (O GRFWRU PH DFRQVHMD TXH R KDJD PiV H[iPHQHV PpGLFRV KDFHU
  • 329. (VSHUR TXH 8GV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ELHQ HVWDU
  • 330. 1RV DOHJUDPRV PXFKR GH TXH HO VRO QR WH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SLFDU
  • 331. 0H JXVWD TXH PL VREULQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQ EXHQ WUDEDMR REWHQHU
  • 332. 3DXOLQD LQVLVWH HQ TXH VX IDPLOLD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D VX FRPSDxHUR FRQRFHU
  • 333. (V LPSRVLEOH TXH 5REHUWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WRGR VDEHU
  • 334. 'XGDPRV TXH ORV LQTXLOLQRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRQWUD HO GXHxR JDQDU
  • 335. 2MDOi TXH ORV KXpVSHGHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YHQLU
  • 336. ¢+D DOJXLHQ DTXt TXH PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FLHQ GyODUHV SUHVWDU
  • 337. (QVHxR SDUD TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DSUHQGHU
  • 338. 3UHVHQWDPRV OD REUD GH WHDWUR GHVSXpV GH TXH ORV DFWRUHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQVDDU
  • 339. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH (;$03/( /D GRFWRUD HVWi HVSHUDQGR TXH QR VHD QDGD JUDYH VHU
  • 340. DWDULQD HVWi DFRQVHMiQGRQRV TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD SXHUWD DEULU
  • 341. 7H HVWR VXJLULHQGR TXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LUVH
  • 342. ¢3RU TXp PH VLJXHV GLFLHQGR TXH R WH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SHUGRQDU
  • 343. /RV SDGUHV GHO QLxR OH HVWiQ SLGLHQGR TXH QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQ DJXDV SHOLJURVDV QDGDU
  • 344. /HV HVWDPRV HVSHUDQGR TXH HO WUHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D WLHPSR OOHJDU
  • 346. RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH IXWXUH SHULSKUDVWLF LU D LQILQLWLYH
  • 347. (;$03/( (O KRPEUH LGHDOLVWD YD D HVSHUDU TXH OD PXMHU SHUIHFWD YHQJD YHQLU
  • 348. ¢9D D VHU LPSRVLEOH TXH ORV DGROHVFHQWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D VXV SDGUHV HVFXFKDU
  • 349. 9R D SHGLU TXH OD JHQWH QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PiV IXPDU
  • 350. 9DPRV D HVSHUDU TXH HO SLORWR QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SHUGHUVH
  • 351. (O SDFLHQWH QR YD D WRPDU VX PHGLFLQD KDVWD TXH HO GRFWRU OH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXH VH OD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHFLUWRPDU
  • 352. /D REUD GH WHDWUR QR VH YD D DFDEDU KDVWD TXH OD PXMHU JRUGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDQWDU
  • 353. 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (VWLPDGRV OHFWRUHV (VSHUR TXH D 8GV OHV JXVWH OD VLJXLHQWH KLVWRULD (VWi HQ IRUPD GH GLiORJR EDVDGD HQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV GH OD YLGD UHDO ,QWHQWHQ DGLYLQDU TXLHQ HV HO SHUVRQDMH SULQFLSDO VHJ~Q ODV FODYHV TXH DSDUHFHQ HQ HVWD HVFHQD 3DUD TXH JRFHQ GH OR OLQGR SDUD TXH DSUHQGDQ GH OD KLVWRULD HV QHFHVDULR TXH 8GV OHDQ FRQ FXLGDGR /D DXWRUD (O MXLFLR /D HVFHQD WLHQH OXJDU HQ OD FRUWH JULHJD DQWH XQD DVDPEOHD GH FLXGDGDQRV (O SURWDJRQLVWD HQWUD HPSLH]D D KDEODU3527$*21,67$ 7HQJR VHVHQWD DxRV HV OD SULPHUD YH] TXH PH YHQ HQ OD FRUWH ¢XiO HV OD SULPHUD DFXVDFLyQ FRQWUD Pt $86$'25 8G HV FXOSDEOH GH LQYHVWLJDU EDMR OD WLHUUD HQ HO FLHOR GH HQVHxDUOHV D ORV RWURV ODV PLVPDV FRVDV 3527$*21,67$ 1R WHQJR QDGD TXH YHU FRQ HVWDV DFXVDFLRQHV QR HV YHUGDG $86$'25 3HUR ¢FXiO HV HO SUREOHPD HQWRQFHV ¢3RU TXp KD WDQWRV SUHMXLFLRV FRQWUD 8G VL QR KDFH DOJR GLIHUHQWH GH ORV GHPiV 1RV SXHGH GHFLU 8G OR TXH HV SDUD TXH OH GHPRV XQ YHUHGLFWR MXVWR 3527$*21,67$ %XHQR 9R D GHFLUOHV WRGD OD YHUGDG 0H GDQ HVWD UHSXWDFLyQ SRU FLHUWD VDELGXUtD TXH WHQJR 0HQFLRQR HO GLRV GH 'HOIRV SDUD TXH pO VHD PL WHVWLJR ¢6H DFXHUGDQ 8GV GH 4XHUHIyQ eO IXH DO GLRV GH 'HOIRV OH SUHJXQWy VL KD XQD SHUVRQD PiV VDELD TXH R (O GLRV FRQWHVWy TXH QR KD QDGLH 3HUR ¢TXp VLJQLILFD OD LGHD GH TXH R VR HO KRPEUH PiV VDJD] GH WRGRV 0H WRFy LQYHVWLJDU OD FXHVWLyQ R IXL D YHU D XQ KRPEUH TXH WLHQH OD UHSXWDFLyQ GH VHU VDJD] /R H[DPLQp 1R HV QHFHVDULR TXH OHV GLJD VX QRPEUH pO HV XQ SROtWLFR HVWR HV HO UHVXOWDGR XDQGR R KDEOp FRQ pO PH GL FXHQWD TXH pO QR HUD VDELR XDQGR PH IXL SHQVDED ³R VR PiV VDELR TXH HVWH KRPEUH QLQJXQR GH QRVRWURV QR VDEH QDGD TXH YDOJD OD SHQD VDEHU SHUR pO SLHQVD TXH pO WLHQH OD VDELGXUtD FXDQGR pO QR OD WLHQH R VLQ VDEHU QDGD QR SLHQVR TXH R VHD VDJD] 1R SLHQVR TXH Vp OR TXH QR Vp´ 'HVSXpV IXL D YHU D ORV SRHWDV SHQVDQGR TXH HOORV LEDQ D VHU PiV VDJDFHV TXH R 3HUR DYHULJp TXH QR HV SRU OD VDELGXUtD TXH ORV SRHWDV FUHDQ VXV SRHPDV VLQR SRU XQD LQVSLUDFLyQ GLYLQD 3RU ILQ IXL D YHU D ORV DUWHVDQRV (OORV VDEtDQ OR TXH R QR VDEtD SRU HVR HUDQ PiV VDELRV TXH R 3HUR PH SDUHFLy TXH FDGD XQR VH FUHtD H[WUHPDGDPHQWH VDJD] HQ FXHVWLRQHV LPSRUWDQWHV SRUTXH HUDQ KiELOHV HQ VX SURSLR DUWH 0XFKR SUHMXLFLR FRQWUD PL KD UHVXOWDGR GH PL LQYHVWLJDFLyQ R VLJR LQYHVWLJDQGR H[DPLQDQGR D FDGD http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 354. SHUVRQD TXH SLHQVR HV VDJD] VL pO QR HV VDJD] R VH OR GLJR (VWR WDQ RFXSDGR HQ PL LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH QR KH WHQLGR WLHPSR QL SDUD VHUYLU HQ SRVLFLRQHV GHO HVWDGR QL GH JDQDU GLQHUR RPR UHVXOWDGR R VR SREUH (V YHUGDG OR TXH OHV GLMH R Vp TXH SRU HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH OD JHQWH KD PXFKD UDELD FRQWUD Pt 3HUR OR TXH 8GV HVFXFKDQ HV PL GHIHQVD FRQWUD HVWDV SULPHUDV DFXVDFLRQHV 9HUERV 1RPEUHV $GMHWLYRV 3UHJXQWDV ¢(Q TXp VLWLR HPSLH]D OD DFFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢RQWUD TXLpQ VH GHILHQGH HO SURWDJRQLVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 355. ¢XiQWDV SHUVRQDV KD HQ OD DVDPEOHD JULHJD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiO HV OD DFXVDFLyQ FRQWUD pO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp KL]R HO SURWDJRQLVWD GHVSXpV GH HVFXFKDU TXH pO HV HO PiV VDELR GH WRGRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp KDFH HO SURWDJRQLVWD HQ VX YLGD GLDULD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6HJ~Q HO SURWDJRQLVWD ¢TXp VLJQLILFD OD VDELGXUtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢6H GHILHQGH ELHQ HO SURWDJRQLVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(V LQRFHQWH R FXOSDEOH HO SURWDJRQLVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4XLpQ HV HO SURWDJRQLVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4XLpQ HVFULELy HO GLiORJR GH OD GHIHQVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 356. RPPDQGV 7KH FRPPDQG IRUP DOVR FDOOHG WKH LPSHUDWLYH LV XVHG WR WHOO VRPHRQH WR GR RU QRW WR GR VRPHWKLQJ 7KH FRPPDQG IRUP LV FRQVLGHUHG D PRRG DQG H[LVWV RQO LQ WKH LPPHGLDWH SUHVHQW 7KH 6SDQLVK DIILUPDWLYH FRPPDQG LV HTXLYDOHQW WR (QJOLVK FRPPDQGV VXFK DV WXUQ KHUH RU IROORZ WKH GLUHFWLRQV 7KH 6SDQLVK QHJDWLYH FRPPDQG LV HTXLYDOHQW WR (QJOLVK GRQ¶W VFUHDP RU GRQ¶W GULQN WKH ZDWHU IRU H[DPSOH ([FHSW IRU WKH DIILUPDWLYH W~ FRPPDQG DOO WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQV XVH D IRUP WKDW LV WKH VDPH DV WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH VR RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LV D JUHDW KHOS (YHQ WKRXJK WKHUH DUH RWKHU ZDV WR UHTXHVW WKDW SHRSOH GR WKLQJV WKH FRPPDQG IRUP LV QHFHVVDU LQ PDQ VLWXDWLRQV )RU H[DPSOH OHW¶V VD RX QHHG WR JLYH VRPHRQH GLUHFWLRQV *R VWUDLJKW DKHDG DQG WKHQ WXUQ WR WKH ULJKW )ROORZ WKH UHG OLQH :DON LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH WUDIILF 6RPHWLPHV RX QHHG WKH FRPPDQG IRUP WR WHOO SHRSOH QRW WR GR VRPHWKLQJ DQG RX GRQ¶W KDYH YHU PXFK WLPH WR GR LW LQ 'RQ¶W WRXFK WKH OLJKW VRFNHW 'RQ¶W MXPS LQ WKH ZDWHU²WKHUH DUH VKDUNV 'RQ¶W PRYH 'RQ¶W ZRUU $IILUPDWLYH W~ RPPDQGV 7KH DIILUPDWLYH FRPPDQG IRUP LQ WKH IDPLOLDU W~ LV WKH VDPH DV WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH ,I WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ LQGLFDWLYH IRUP LV LUUHJXODU VR LV WKH FRPPDQG IRUP $U 9HUEV (U DQG LU 9HUEV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 357. ,UUHJXODU W~ RPPDQGV 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH RQO LUUHJXODU FRPPDQGV LQ WKH DIILUPDWLYH W~ IRUP ,W LV D JRRG LGHD WR OHDUQ WKHVH LPSHUDWLYHV ULJKW DZD 127( 7KH FRPPDQG IRUP FDQ EH VRIWHQHG E DGGLQJ SRU IDYRU SOHDVH
  • 358. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ UHJXODU W~ FRPPDQGV LQWR (QJOLVK 7RPD WX PHGLFLQD OODPD DO GRFWRU HQ OD PDxDQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6LJXH D OD GHUHFKD SRU IDYRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LHUUD OD SXHUWD SRU IDYRU DEUH OD YHQWDQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RUUH D OD WLHQGD FRPSUD OD OHFKH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3UHSDUD OD FRPLGD HVWD QRFKH GHVSXpV VDFD OD EDVXUD SRU IDYRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /HH 'RQ 4XL[RWH SDUD OD FODVH HVFULEH WX RSLQLyQ DFHUFD GHO WHPD SULQFLSDO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RPH PiV IUXWDV YHUGXUDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XHQWD FRQPLJR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 359. :ULWH WKH DIILUPDWLYH W~ FRPPDQG IRUP IRU WKH IROORZLQJ YHUEV ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH W~ FRPPDQG IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV %RWK UHJXODU DQG LUUHJXODU FRPPDQGV DUH LQFOXGHG (;$03/( ¢3RU TXp QR YLHQHV DFi 9HQ DFi 7~ QXQFD GLFHV OD YHUGDG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD YHUGDG GHFLU
  • 360. 7~ GHEHV SRUWDUWH ELHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQ EXHQ QLxR VHU
  • 362. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO FRUUHR HOHFWUyQLFR HVFULELU
  • 363. +D PXFKR SHOLJUR HQ OD VHOYD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FXLGDGR WHQHU
  • 364. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OD URSD HQ HO FDMyQ SRU IDYRU SRQHU
  • 366. 7~ WH YDV D HQJRUGDU VL QR KDFHV HMHUFLFLRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HMHUFLFLRV SRU OR PHQRV WUHV YHFHV D OD VHPDQD KDFHU
  • 367. 1HFHVLWDPRV DUUR] SDUD SUHSDUDU OD FRPLGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HO DUUR] SRU IDYRU WUDHU
  • 368. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB D WX KHUPDQLWD HVSHUDU
  • 369. 3ODFHPHQW RI 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV ZLWK $IILUPDWLYH W~ RPPDQGV $OO REMHFW SURQRXQV DUH DWWDFKHG WR WKH DIILUPDWLYH IRUP RI WKH LPSHUDWLYH :KHQ WZR REMHFW SURQRXQV RFFXU WRJHWKHU WKH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 370. 127( 7KH ZULWWHQ DFFHQW PDLQWDLQV WKH VWUHVV RQ WKH FRUUHFW VOODEOH LQ WKH LPSHUDWLYH HVFULEH HVFUtEHPH HVFUtEHPHOD IRU H[DPSOH ,Q 6SDQLVK WKH UHIOH[LYH FRPPDQG IRUP LV YHU LPSRUWDQW 7KH UHIOH[LYH REMHFW SURQRXQ LV DWWDFKHG WKH DIILUPDWLYH FRPPDQG IRUP DQG WKH ZULWWHQ DFFHQW LV DJDLQ XVHG WR PDLQWDLQ VWUHVV RQ WKH FRUUHFW VOODEOH 3UDFWLFH WKHVH H[DPSOHV DORXG :KHQ D UHIOH[LYH REMHFW SURQRXQ DQG D GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ RFFXU WRJHWKHU WKH UHIOH[LYH REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 371. ([HUFLVH :ULWH WKH DIILUPDWLYH W~ FRPPDQG IRUP IRU WKH IROORZLQJ YHUEV $OO UHVSRQVHV UHTXLUH D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW WR PDLQWDLQ VWUHVV RQ WKH FRUUHFW VOODEOH H[FHSW LUVH 3URQRXQFH HDFK UHVSRQVH DORXG 1HJDWLYH W~ RPPDQGV 7KH QHJDWLYH W~ FRPPDQG IRUP LV WKH VDPH DV WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP 7R IRUP WKH QHJDWLYH W~ FRPPDQG EHJLQ ZLWK WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WHQVH 'URS WKH ILQDO R WR JHW WKH VWHP RI WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH ‡ )RU DU YHUEV DGG HV WR WKH VWHP ‡ )RU HU DQG LU YHUEV DGG DV WR WKH VWHP $U 9HUEV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 372. (U DQG LU 9HUEV 3URQRXQFH WKH FRPPDQGV OLVWHG DERYH DORXG 7DNH WLPH WR ZULWH GRZQ ERWK WKH DIILUPDWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH FRPPDQGV RX QHHG LQ HYHUGD OLIH SURQRXQFH WKHP DQG WU WR OHDUQ WKHP E PHPRU 7KH QHJDWLYH FRPPDQGV DUH YHU LPSRUWDQW 3ODFHPHQW RI 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV ZLWK 1HJDWLYH W~ RPPDQGV $OO REMHFW SURQRXQV SUHFHGH WKH YHUE LQ D QHJDWLYH FRPPDQG 7KH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ LI WKH DSSHDU WRJHWKHU 7KH UHIOH[LYH REMHFW SURQRXQ DOVR SUHFHGHV WKH YHUE LQ D QHJDWLYH W~ FRPPDQG http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 373. ,I D UHIOH[LYH YHUE DQG D GLUHFW REMHFW DSSHDU LQ WKH VDPH SKUDVH WKH UHIOH[LYH REMHFW SURQRXQ SUHFHGHV WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ 5HYLHZ RI W~ RPPDQGV 5HJXODU W~ RPPDQGV ,UUHJXODU W~ RPPDQGV ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ FRPPDQGV LQWR (QJOLVK http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 374. ([HUFLVH :ULWH WKH FRUUHFW DIILUPDWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH W~ FRPPDQGV IRU WKH IROORZLQJ YHUEV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH H[DPSOH JLYHQ 3URQRXQFH HDFK FRPPDQG DORXG ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK 8VH WKH W~ IRUP IRU FRPPDQGV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 375. 'RQ¶W HDW WKH VDODG LQ *XDWHPDOD 'RQ¶W HDW LW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W UXQ DQRWKHU WUDLQ LV FRPLQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W WHOO PH WKH VHFUHW 'RQ¶W WHOO LW WR PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W GR LW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W WRXFK LW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W EH DIUDLG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W OHQG PRQH WR KHU 'RQ¶W OHQG LW WR KHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W FRPH ODWH WR WKH SDUDGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W JLYH XV EDG QHZV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W EULQJ FDQGLHV WR WKH FKLOG 'RQ¶W EULQJ WKHP WR KLP BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W JR DZD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W ZRUU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W ZDLW IRU PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'RQ¶W EH MHDORXV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8G DQG 8GV RPPDQGV 7KH FRPPDQG IRUPV IRU 8G DQG 8GV DUH LGHQWLFDO WR WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH ‡ 7R IRUP WKH 8G8GV FRPPDQGV IRU DU YHUEV EHJLQ ZLWK WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 'URS WKH R DQG DGG H 8G
  • 377. WR WKH VWHP ‡ 7R IRUP WKH 8G8GV FRPPDQGV IRU HU DQG LU YHUEV EHJLQ ZLWK WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 'URS WKH R DQG DGG D 8G
  • 379. WR WKH VWHP ‡ 7KHUH DUH RQO ILYH LUUHJXODU 8G8GV FRPPDQG IRUPV $OO UHJXODU 8G8GV FRPPDQGV DUH IRUPHG IURP WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH $IILUPDWLYH 8G RPPDQGV $U 9HUEV 127( 7KH FRPPDQG FDQ EH VRIWHQHG E DGGLQJ 8G RU 8GV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 380. (U DQG LU 9HUEV 1HJDWLYH 8G RPPDQGV 7KH YHUE IRUP IRU QHJDWLYH 8G FRPPDQGV LV WKH VDPH DV WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH $IILUPDWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH 8G FRPPDQG IRUPV DUH LGHQWLFDO $IILUPDWLYH 8GV RPPDQGV $GG DQ Q WR WKH 8G IRUP RI WKH LPSHUDWLYH WR IRUP WKH 8GV FRPPDQG $U 9HUEV (U DQG LU 9HUEV 1HJDWLYH 8GV RPPDQGV http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  •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http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 382. 1HJDWLYH 8GV RPPDQGV 5HYLHZ RI 8G8GV RPPDQGV 5HJXODU 8G8GV RPPDQGV ,UUHJXODU 8G8GV RPPDQGV 7KHUH DUH RQO ILYH 8G8GV FRPPDQG IRUPV WKDW DUH QRW IRUPHG IURP WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH 127( 5HPHPEHU WKDW FRPPDQGV VXFK DV GLJD KDJD DQG WHQJD DUH QRW LUUHJXODU 7KH DUH IRUPHG IURP WKH R IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH WHQVH http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 383. 2WKHU :DV RI $VNLQJ 3HRSOH WR 'R 7KLQJV ‡ )DYRU GH LQILQLWLYH HDV WR XVH DQG YHU SROLWH
  • 384. ‡ 7HQHU OD ERQGDG GH LQILQLWLYH ‡ 3XHGH 8G LQILQLWLYH ‡ +DFHU HO IDYRU GH LQILQLWLYH ZLWK LQGLUHFW REMHFW VLPLODU WR IDYRU GH
  • 385. ‡ 3UHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH ZLWK LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ RU GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ $ :RUG $ERXW WKH :RUG ³:LOO´ ,Q DOO RI WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQV PHQWLRQHG DERYH WKH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ XVLQJ WKH ZRUG ³ZLOO´ GRHV QRW LQGLFDWH D IXWXUH WHQVH EXW UDWKHU D YROXQWDU PRRG http://vk.com/espanol_con_amigos
  • 386. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK WKHQ SURQRXQFH WKHVH FRPPDQGV DORXG 1R QDGHQ HQ HVWH ODJR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R FDPLQHQ HQ HO ORGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R VH DFXHVWH WDUGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R QRV OR Gp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R GHMHQ ORV SODWRV VXFLRV HQ OD PHVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R WUDEDMHQ WDQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R YHQJD D FODVH HO OXQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R OOHJXHQ WDUGH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH :ULWH ERWK WKH DIILUPDWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH 8G FRPPDQGV IRU WKH IROORZLQJ YHUEV 3UDFWLFH SURQRXQFLQJ DOO FRPPDQGV DORXG ([HUFLVH :ULWH ERWK WKH DIILUPDWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH 8GV FRPPDQGV IRU WKH IROORZLQJ UHIOH[LYH YHUEV 3UDFWLFH SURQRXQFLQJ DOO FRPPDQGV DORXG
  • 387. 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 3HUGLGD HQ 1LFDUDJXD ³9DD UHFWR KDVWD OOHJDU D OD LJOHVLD XDQGR OOHJXH D OD LJOHVLD GREOH D OD GHUHFKD ³6LJD UHFWR KDVWD OOHJDU DO DXQWDPLHQWR FDPLQH GLH] PLQXWRV PiV VXED XQD FROLQD FUXFH OD FDOOH D HVWi HQ OD XQLYHUVLGDG 6L VDOH DKRUD YD D OOHJDU PXFKR DQWHV GH VX SULPHUD FODVH D ODV GLH]´ (O DxR HUD (UDQ ODV VLHWH GH XQD PDxDQD FDOLHQWH K~PHGD FRPR VLHPSUH HUD HQ DJRVWR HQ 0DQDJXD (PSHFp PL FDPLQDWD FRQ PXFKD FRQILDQ]D DOHJUtD VLHQGR PX LQGHSHQGLHQWH DPLQp FRQ ODV GLUHFFLRQHV HVFULWDV HQ XQ SDSHOLWR 'HVSXpV GH TXLQFH PLQXWRV FRPHQFp D SUHVWDU PXFKD DWHQFLyQ EXVFDQGR OD LJOHVLD EODQFD JUDQGH FRPR HUD OD GHVFULSFLyQ GH HOOD /D WHPSHUDWXUD VLJXLy VXELHQGR 1R YL D QDGLH SDUD SHGLU GLUHFFLRQHV 1R KDOOp QLQJXQD LJOHVLD QL JUDQGH QL SHTXHxD QL EODQFD QL GH RWURV FRORUHV 'HVHVSHUDGD GL OD YXHOWD VHJXt OD PLVPD SLVWD TXH PH WUDMR KDVWD HVWH SXQWR YROYt D OD SHQVLyQ 6XGDGD PLUp DO JUXSR WRGRV DOHJUHV FRPLHQGR HO GHVDXQR FKDUODQGR ³1XQFD YL OD LJOHVLD´ OHV UHODWp D ORV GXHxRV 0LV FROHJDV PH PLUDURQ VLQ SRGHU DJXDQWDU OD ULVD ³$K´ PH FRQWHVWDURQ ³8G QR HV QLFDUDJHQVH QR FRQRFH ELHQ QL OD FLXGDG QL HVWD iUHD /H GLULJLPRV DGRQGH OD LJOHVLD HVWDED DQWHV GH OD JXHUUD´ 9HUERV 1RPEUHV
  • 388. $GMHWLYR 'LUHFFLRQHV 3UHJXQWDV ¢$ TXp KRUD HV OD FODVH GH OD SURWDJRQLVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR VH VLHQWH HOOD DO HPSH]DU HO FDPLQR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(VWDED HOOD VROD R DFRPSDxDGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR YROYLy D OD SHQVLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3RU TXp VH ULHURQ VXV FROHJDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH QRVRWURV RPPDQG ³/HW XV «´ ³/HW¶V GR VRPHWKLQJ´ RU ³/HW¶V QRW GR VRPHWKLQJ´ H[SUHVVHV WKH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG IRUPV 7KH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG IRUPV DUH WKH VDPH DV WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH %HJLQ ZLWK WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH R IRUP RI WKH YHUE DQG GURS WKH R 7KDW JLYHV RX WKH VWHP IRU WKH FRPPDQG IRUP ‡ )RU DU YHUEV DGG HPRV WR WKH VWHP ‡ )RU HU DQG LU YHUEV DGG DPRV WR WKH VWHP ‡ 7KH DIILUPDWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH QRVRWURV FRPPDQGV KDYH WKH VDPH IRUP $U 9HUEV (U DQG LU 9HUEV
  • 389. 7KH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV DQG GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV DUH DWWDFKHG WR WKH DIILUPDWLYH FRPPDQG 7KH QHJDWLYH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG IRUP LV WKH VDPH DV WKH DIILUPDWLYH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG IRUP 7KH REMHFW SURQRXQV UHIOH[LYH LQGLUHFW DQG GLUHFW
  • 390. SUHFHGH WKH FRPPDQG 9DPRV LV XVHG LQVWHDG RI YDDPRV IRU OHW¶V JR ,Q WKH QHJDWLYH YDDPRV LV XVHG ,Q WKH DIILUPDWLYH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG IRUP RI D UHIOH[LYH YHUE WKH ILQDO V LV GURSSHG EHIRUH WKH QRV LV DGGHG
  • 391. 7KH ILQDO V RI WKH FRPPDQG IRUP LV GURSSHG LI WKH LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ VH LV DGGHG 7KH V LV GURSSHG EHIRUH WKH VH LV DGGHG 7KLV LV GRQH WR HOLPLQDWH WKH VV FRPELQDWLRQ ,Q WKH VWHPFKDQJLQJ LU YHUEV WKHUH LV DQ LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG IRUP 9HUEV ZLWK WKH H ! LH RU H ! L FKDQJH LQ WKH VWHP KDYH DQ L LQ WKH VWHP RI WKH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG 9HUEV ZLWK WKH R ! X FKDQJH LQ WKH VWHP KDYH D X LQ WKH VWHP RI WKH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG 7KLV LV WKH VDPH VWHP FKDQJH VHHQ LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH H ! LH H ! L R ! X ([HUFLVH :ULWH WKH DIILUPDWLYH QRVRWURV FRPPDQG IRU WKH IROORZLQJ YHUEV
  • 392. $IILUPDWLYH YRVRWURV RPPDQGV 7KH YRVRWURV IRUP LV XVHG RQO LQ 6SDLQ 7KH DIILUPDWLYH IDPLOLDU SOXUDO YRVRWURV FRPPDQG LV IRUPHG E GURSSLQJ WKH ILQDO U RI WKH LQILQLWLYH DQG DGGLQJ G 7KHUH DUH QR H[FHSWLRQV ,Q WKH DIILUPDWLYH YRVRWURV FRPPDQG ERWK WKH GLUHFW DQG LQGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV DUH DWWDFKHG WR WKH YHUE IRUP ,Q WKH DIILUPDWLYH YRVRWURV FRPPDQG RI D UHIOH[LYH YHUE WKH ILQDO G LV GURSSHG EHIRUH WKH RV LV DGGHG GHVSHUWDG RV í G GHVSHUWDG
  • 394. 1HJDWLYH YRVRWURV RPPDQGV 7KH QHJDWLYH YRVRWURV FRPPDQG LV WKH VDPH DV WKH VXEMXQFWLYH 7KH UHIOH[LYH LQGLUHFW DQG GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV SUHFHGH WKH YHUE
  •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
  • 397. ([HUFLVH 6XEMXQFWLYH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH RU LQILQLWLYH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 4XLHUR TXH 8GBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHGDUVH
  • 398. ¢4Xp TXLHUHV TXH R WHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHFLU
  • 400. (VSHUDPRV TXH -RUJH VX KHUPDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPHMRUDVH
  • 401. 3DXOLQD VDEH TXH R ODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEXVFDU
  • 402. (V FLHUWR TXH D ORV QLxRV OHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBMXJDU JXVWDU
  • 403. 1R PH JXVWD TXH HOODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD YHUPH YHQLU
  • 404. /RV WXULVWDV EXVFDQ XQ KRWHO TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFyPRGR VHU
  • 406. 1R VDEHPRV TXLHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHU SUHVLGHQWH TXHUHU
  • 407. 2MDOi TXH WRGD OD IDPLOLD QRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYLVLWDU
  • 408. +HOHQD QRV GLFH TXH HO WUHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OOHJDU
  • 409. (O SURIHVRU OHV GLFH D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD WDUHD KDFHU
  • 410. 9DPRV D HVWDU DOHJUHV FXDQGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQ EXHQ DSDUWDPHQWR FRPSUDU
  • 411. 0H DOHJURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDTXt 0H DOHJUR GH TXH W~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDTXt WDPELpQ HVWDUHVWDU
  • 412. $QWHV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDO FRQFLHUWR ODV PXMHUHV VH YLVWHQ ELHQ LU
  • 413. ¢(V YHUGDG TXH D OD JHQWH OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXVDU OD FRPSXWDGRUD JXVWDU
  • 414. (VSHUR TXH D 8GV OHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWD OHFFLyQ JXVWDU
  • 415. 0L DPLJR PH YD D HVSHUDU KDVWD TXH R ORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OODPDU
  • 416. %XVFDPRV XQD SLVFLQD TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOLPSLD HVWDU
  • 417. ¢RQRFH 8G D DOJXLHQ TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRFDU HO YLROtQ VDEHU
  • 418. ¢6DEH HOOD GH GRQGHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBW~ VHU
  • 419. R OH DFRQVHMR D $OLFLD TXH HOODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDO GHQWLVWD LU
  • 420. (V LPSRVLEOH TXH OD PDRUtD VLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBUD]yQ WHQHU
  • 422. $V RX UHDG WKH IROORZLQJ VWRU XQGHUOLQH WKH FRPPDQG IRUPV 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D 1RFKH GH %UXMDV ³9HQ DFi P¶KLMD´ GLMR VX SDGUH ³9HQ DFi SDUD TXH R SXHGD YHUWH GH FHUFD 4Xp ERQLWD HVWiV HQ WX GLVIUD]´ ³9XHOYH D ODV QXHYH FRPR QRV SURPHWLVWH´ OH SLGLy VX PDGUH ³ QR KDEOHV FRQ QDGLH VLQR FRQ WX JUXSLWR GH FKLFDV´ ³6t QR VH SUHRFXSHQ´ GHVSXpV OH PXUPXUD D VX SDSi SDUD TXH VX PDPi QR OD RLJD ³7~ VDEHV SDSi TXH PDPi YD D VHJXLUPH HVFRQGLpQGRVH GHWUiV GH ORV iUEROHV´ ³(UHV PX OLVWD R QR VDEtD TXH W~ VDEtDV 7HQ FXLGDGR QLxLWD QR FUXFHV OD FDOOH VLQ PLUDU HQ DPEDV GLUHFFLRQHV´ ³6t Vt SDSi´ /HV FDQWy D VXV SDGUHV HO FDQWR GH OD 1RFKH GH %UXMDV ³7ULTXL WULTXL +DOORZHHQ TXLHUR GXOFHV SDUD Pt´ VH IXH (O SDSi ODV PLUD VDOLU SULPHUR VX KLMD GHVSXpV VX HVSRVD 6XV GRV PXMHUHV XQD PDRU OD RWUD PHQRU eO VH VLHQWD HQ VX VLOOyQ IDYRULWR HQ OD FDVD FyPRGD HQWUH VXV OLEURV 3DVDQ ODV QXHYH SDVDQ ODV GLH] QDGLH OOHJy (PSH]y D RtU WRGRV ORV VRQLGRV GH OD FDVD HO UHORM OD UDGLR HO YLHQWR FRQWUD OD YHQWDQD PHQRV HO VRQLGR TXH pO TXHUtD RtU²ODV YRFHV GH VX HVSRVD H KLMD OOHQDV GH FXHQWRV GH VXV DYHQWXUDV 9HUERV 1RPEUH
  • 423. ([SUHVLRQHV 3UHJXQWDV ¢$GyQGH YDQ OD PDGUH H KLMD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3RU TXp QR YD FRQ HOODV HO SDSi BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3LHQVD 8G TXH HOODV YDQ D UHJUHVDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(V XQD IDPLOLD IHOL] R LQIHOL] BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 424. ,, 1RXQV $UWLFOHV $GMHFWLYHV 3URQRXQV 3UHVHQW DQG 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVHV
  • 425. 1RXQV $UWLFOHV $GMHFWLYHV DQG 3URQRXQV 1RXQV DQG $UWLFOHV $ QRXQ LV D SHUVRQ SODFH RU WKLQJ ,Q 6SDQLVK DOO QRXQV DUH HLWKHU PDVFXOLQH RU IHPLQLQH 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH HO OD ORV ODV
  • 426. DJUHHV ZLWK LWV QRXQ LQ JHQGHU DQG QXPEHU DV GRHV WKH LQGHILQLWH DUWLFOH XQR XQD XQRV XQDV
  • 427. 0RVW RI WKH WLPH LQFOXVLRQ RI WKH DUWLFOH LQ 6SDQLVK LV WKH VDPH DV LW LV LQ (QJOLVK 6LPLODUO RPLVVLRQ RI WKH DUWLFOH LQ 6SDQLVK RIWHQ FRUUHVSRQGV WR (QJOLVK XVDJH $ :RUG $ERXW WKH 'HILQLWH $UWLFOH (YHQ ZLWKRXW PDQ UXOHV RX ZLOO EH DEOH WR XVH WKH DUWLFOHV HIIHFWLYHO ,QFOXVLRQ DQG 2PLVVLRQ RI $UWLFOHV 6SDQLVK GRHV QRW WUDQVODWH DDQ ZKHQ VWDWLQJ DQ XQPRGLILHG SURIHVVLRQ ,I WKH SURIHVVLRQ LV PRGLILHG WKH LQGHILQLWH DUWLFOH XQXQD
  • 429. 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG ZLWK GDV RI WKH ZHHN 7KH (QJOLVK ZRUG RQ LV QRW WUDQVODWHG 7KH RQO WLPH WKH DUWLFOH LV RPLWWHG ZKHQ H[SUHVVLQJ WKH GD RI WKH ZHHN LV IROORZLQJ D IRUP RI VHU 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG ZLWK VHDVRQV RI WKH HDU HYHQ WKRXJK WKH (QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQW PD QRW LQFOXGH LW 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG DIWHU IRUPV RI JXVWDU DQG YHUEV WKDW DUH XVHG OLNH JXVWDU IRU H[DPSOH GROHU HQFDQWDU IDVFLQDU LPSRUWDU
  • 430. ZKHWKHU WKH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ LQFOXGHV LW RU QRW 7KH 6SDQLVK GHILQLWH DUWLFOH QHYHU IROORZV D IRUP RI KDEHU 1RXQV DGMHFWLYHV DQG LQGHILQLWH DUWLFOHV FDQ IROORZ KDEHU EXW QRW WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH HO OD ORV ODV
  • 431. :KHQ WKH YHUE KDEODU LV IROORZHG E WKH QDPH RI D ODQJXDJH WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV RPLWWHG 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG LQ IURQW RI HDFK QRXQ LI WKHUH LV PRUH WKDQ RQH QRXQ VWDWHG DV LQ D VHULHV 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG ZLWK WKH QDPH RI VXEMHFW PDWWHU 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG EHIRUH D QRXQ LQ D JHQHUDO VWDWHPHQW 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG EHIRUH DEVWUDFW QRXQV
  • 432. 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG WR UHIHU WR DOO PHPEHUV RI D FODVV 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG LQ IURQW RI D SHUVRQDO WLWOH LQ 6SDQLVK HYHQ ZKHQ LW LV QRW XVHG LQ WKH (QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQW 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV RPLWWHG EHIRUH D SHUVRQDO WLWOH ZKHQ WKH SHUVRQ LV EHLQJ DGGUHVVHG GLUHFWO 127( 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV QRW XVHG LQ IURQW RI GRQGRxD RU 6DQWR6DQ 6DQWD 6DQWR LV XVHG RQO EHIRUH ZRUGV EHJLQQLQJ ZLWK 'R RU 7R 6DQWR 'RPLQJR DQG 6DQWR 7RPiV IRU H[DPSOH
  • 433. 6DQWR EHFRPHV 6DQ ZKHQ XVHG EHIRUH ZRUGV EHJLQQLQJ ZLWK DQ RWKHU OHWWHUV 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV XVHG EHIRUH QRXQV RI PHDVXUHPHQW ZKHUH LW FDUULHV WKH PHDQLQJ SHU
  • 434. :KHQ WZR QRXQV DUH MRLQHG E GH WR IRUP D FRPSRXQG QRXQ WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV RPLWWHG EHIRUH WKH VHFRQG QRXQ 7KH DUWLFOH LV RPLWWHG EHIRUH RUGLQDO QXPEHUV LQ WKH QDPHV RI NLQJV TXHHQV DQG RWKHU UXOHUV %HIRUH DQ DSSRVLWLRQ ZKLFK LV D QRXQ RU QRXQ SKUDVH WKDW LV XVHG LQ WKH VDPH ZD DQG GHVFULEHV WKH VDPH WKLQJ DV WKH QRXQ EHIRUH LW WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV RPLWWHG ([HUFLVH 'HILQLWH DUWLFOH RU QRW RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW GHILQLWH DUWLFOH ZKHUH LW LV QHFHVVDU 0DUN DQ ; ZKHUH QR DUWLFOH LV QHHGHG 4XLHUR TXH PL KHUPDQR PH GpBBBBBBBBBBBBOLEUR GHBBBBBBBBBBBBPHGLFLQD R VRBBBBBBBBBBBBDERJDGR SHUR QR PH JXVWDBBBBBBBBBBBBOH )UDQFDPHQWH R IXPR SHUR Vp TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBFLJDUULOORV VRQ PDORV SDUDBBBBBBBBBBBBVDOXG ¢4Xp TXLHUH KDFHUBBBBBBBBBBBBYHUDQR TXH YLHQH
  • 435. (O JREHUQDGRU WXYR XQ DFFLGHQWH OH GROLHURQ PXFKRBBBBBBBBBBBBFRVWLOODV ¢6RQ EXHQDVBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPSXWDGRUDV +XJR KiYH]BBBBBBBBBBBBSUHVLGHQWH GH 9HQH]XHOD OH GD JDVROLQD DBBBBBBBBBBBBJHQWH SREUH $BBBBBBBBBBBBIDPLOLD OH HQFDQWDQBBBBBBBBBBBBYDFDFLRQHV 6LQFHUDPHQWH HO PHVHUR QR VDEH VLBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPLGD HVWi EXHQD HQ HVWH UHVWDXUDQWH 3RVVHVVLYH $GMHFWLYHV $ SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYH DJUHHV LQ JHQGHU DQG QXPEHU ZLWK WKH QRXQ LW PRGLILHV 6KRUW)RUP 3RVVHVVLYH $GMHFWLYHV $ VKRUWIRUP SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYH SUHFHGHV WKH QRXQ LW PRGLILHV PL PLV P WX WXV RXU W~ IRUP
  • 436. VX VXV RXU 8G8GV IRUPV
  • 437. KLV KHU WKHLU ,Q 6SDQLVK D VLQJOH IRUP VXVXV
  • 438. H[SUHVVHV WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ SRVVHVVLYH IRU RXU 8G8GV IRUPV
  • 439. KLV KHU DQG WKHLU 7KLV PHDQV WKDW VXVXV FDQ EH DPELJXRXV VR WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ QRXQ GH SURQRXQ LV RIWHQ XVHG WR FODULI WKH PHDQLQJ
  • 440. QXHVWUR QXHVWUD QXHVWURV QXHVWUDV RXU YXHVWUR YXHVWUD YXHVWURV YXHVWUDV RXU YRVRWURV IRUP
  • 441. /LNH YRVRWURV WKLV IRUP LV XVHG RQO LQ 6SDLQ ,W LV H[SODLQHG KHUH VR WKDW RX ZLOO EH DZDUH RI LW EXW ZKHQ RX QHHG WKH ZRUG IRU RXU LQ 6SDQLVK XVH VXVXV ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH PRVW DSSURSULDWH SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYH IURP WKH OLVW EHORZ PL PLV WX WXV VX VXV QXHVWUR QXHVWUD QXHVWURV QXHVWUDV 6R HVWXGLDQWHBBBBBBBBBBBBOLEURV HVWiQ HQ OD PHVD eO HV XQ EXHQ SURIHVRUBBBBBBBBBBBBFXUVRV VRQ LQWHUHVDQWHV (OORV VRQ DERJDGRVBBBBBBBBBBBBFOLHQWHV SXHGHQ VHU FXOSDEOHV R LQRFHQWHV 1XHVWUD DPLJD HV PDHVWUDBBBBBBBBBBBBSDGUHV HQVHxDQ WDPELpQ (OOD HV PL VXHJUDBBBBBBBBBBBBFDVD HVWi HQ 0p[LFR (O FXxDGR GH HFLOLD HV FDUSLQWHURBBBBBBBBBBBBQRPEUH HV 0DQXHO /LOLDQD HVWi HQ 7H[DVBBBBBBBBBBBBIDPLOLD YLYH HQ $UL]RQD 9LYR FRQ FXDWUR DPLJRV XQ JDWR XQ FRQHMRBBBBBBBBBBBBFDVDHV JUDQGH 6RPRV SULQFLSLDQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBWDUHD HV GLItFLO /D KLMD GH %HDWUL] HV GRFWRUDBBBBBBBBBBBBKLMR HV DUTXLWHFWR /RQJ)RUP 3RVVHVVLYH $GMHFWLYHV 6SDQLVK DOVR KDV D VHW RI ORQJIRUP SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYHV WKDW DUH XVHG WR VWUHVV RQH SRVVHVVRU RYHU DQRWKHU 7KLV LV P FDU QRW RXU FDU
  • 442. 7KH DUH XVHG OHVV IUHTXHQWO WKDQ WKH VKRUWIRUP SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYHV ‡ /RQJIRUP SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYHV DUH SODFHG DIWHU WKH QRXQ DQG WKH DJUHH LQ JHQGHU DQG QXPEHU ZLWK WKH QRXQ WKH PRGLI $OO KDYH IRXU IRUPV WKDW LQGLFDWH ERWK JHQGHU DQG QXPEHU ‡ /RQJIRUP SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYHV DUH XVHG WR HPSKDVL]H WKH SRVVHVVRU DQG WKH DUH WKH HTXLYDOHQW RI WKH (QJOLVK RI PLQH RI RXUV RI KLV RI KHUV RI WKHLUV RI RXUV ‡ /RQJIRUP SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYHV DUH XVHG LQ GLUHFW DGGUHVV DQG H[FODPDWLRQV £'LRV PtR IRU H[DPSOH PtR PtD PtRV PtDV P RI PLQH WXR WXD WXRV WXDV RXU W~ IRUP
  • 443. RI RXUV VXR VXD VXRV VXDV RXU 8G8GV IRUPV
  • 444. RI RXUV KLV RI KLV KHU RI KHUV WKHLU RI WKHLUV 5HPHPEHU WKDW LQ 6SDQLVK WKHUH LV RQO RQH IRUP IRU WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYH 7KLV PHDQV WKDW VXRVXDVXRVVXDV FDQ EH DPELJXRXV 7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ QRXQ GH SURQRXQ RU QRXQ LV XVHG WR FODULI WKH PHDQLQJ
  • 445. QXHVWUR QXHVWUD QXHVWURV QXHVWUDV RXU RI RXUV YXHVWUR YXHVWUD YXHVWURV YXHVWUDV RXU YRVRWURV IRUP
  • 446. RI RXUV /RQJIRUP SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYHV FDQ DOVR RFFXU ZLWK WKH LQGHILQLWH DUWLFOH²XQ XQR XQD XQRV XQDV
  • 447. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXH LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 4XHULGR DPLJRBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢YLHQHV D YLVLWDUPH RI PLQH
  • 448. (O OLEURBBBBBBBBBBBBHV PiV SHVDGR TXH HO OLEURBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUVPLQH
  • 449. 7XV ]DSDWRV VRQ YLHMRV ORV ]DSDWRVBBBBBBBBBBBBVRQ FRVWRVRV QXHYRV RI KHUV
  • 450. $ ORV GRV FRPSDxHURV GH FXDUWR VLHPSUH VH OHV SLHUGHQ ODV OODYHV $IRUWXQDGDPHQWH WLHQHQ RWUDV OODYHVBBBBBBBBBBBB RI WKHLUV
  • 451. 8QDV SULPDVBBBBBBBBBBBBTXLHUHQ LU D 0p[LFR OD RWUD QR TXLHUH YLDMDU RI PLQH
  • 452. /D LGHD GH 2IHOLD HV PDOD OD LGHDBBBBBBBBBBBBHV PHMRU RXU
  • 453. )DYRU GH YHQLU DFi KLMRBBBBBBBBBBBB RI PLQH
  • 454. /RV JXDQWHV GH 5HEHFD VRQ GH FXHUR ORV JXDQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBVRQ GH DOJRGyQ RI WKHLUV
  • 455. 3RVVHVVLYH 3URQRXQV $ SURQRXQ WDNHV WKH SODFH RI D QRXQ $ SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ WHOOV ZKR RZQV RU SRVVHVVHV WKH QRXQ LW LV UHSODFLQJ RXU ELFFOH LV HOORZ 0LQH LV UHG 0LQH LV XVHG LQVWHDG RI P ELFFOH DQG LW LV D SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ EHFDXVH LW UHSODFHV WKH QRXQ ELFFOH DQG WHOOV ZKR RZQV WKH QRXQ )RUPDWLRQ DQG 8VHV RI 3RVVHVVLYH 3URQRXQV ‡ $ SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ DJUHHV LQ QXPEHU DQG JHQGHU ZLWK WKH WKLQJ SRVVHVVHG ‡ $ SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ LV VLPLODU WR WKH SRVVHVVLYH DGMHFWLYH ,Q PRVW VHQWHQFHV DQG TXHVWLRQV LW LV XVHG ZLWK WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH ‡ 7KH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LV RPLWWHG EHIRUH WKH SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ RQO ZKHQ WKH SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ LV IROORZHG E D IRUP RI VHU HO PtR OD PtD ORV PtRV ODV PtDV PLQH 1RWLFH KRZ LPSRUWDQW JHQGHU LV LQ WKH XVH RI SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQV LQ 6SDQLVK ,W LV FOHDU WKDW HO PtR UHSODFHV WX FDUUR EHFDXVH LW LV PDVFXOLQH 6LPLODUO OD PtD UHSODFHV VX FDVD EHFDXVH LW LV IHPLQLQH HO WXR OD WXD ORV WXRV ODV WXDV RXUV W~ IRUP
  • 457. HO VXR OD VXD ORV VXRV ODV VXDV RXUV 8G8GV IRUPV
  • 458. KLV KHUV WKHLUV 5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQV ERWK VLQJXODU DQG SOXUDO DUH RIWHQ DPELJXRXV 3UHILHUR OD VXD FDQ EH WUDQVODWHG DV , SUHIHU KLV , SUHIHU RXUV RU , SUHIHU WKHLUV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR , SUHIHU KHUV ,W FDQ EH FODULILHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ PDQQHU 3UHILHUR OD FDVD GH pO GH HOOD GH 8G GH HOORV GH HOODV GH 8GV HO QXHVWUR OD QXHVWUD ORV QXHVWURV ODV QXHVWUDV RXUV HO YXHVWUR OD YXHVWUD ORV YXHVWURV ODV YXHVWUDV RXUV YRVRWURV IRUP
  • 460. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXH LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (O KLPQR QDFLRQDO GH DQDGi HV PiV ERQLWR TXHBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUV
  • 461. 1XHVWURV WtRV YLQLHURQ D YHUQRV DHU ¢XiQGR YLHQHQBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUV
  • 462. (QULTXH TXLHUH YHQGHU VX FiPDUD 0H JXVWDBBBBBBBBBBBB SHUR YR D FRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBB KLVRXUV
  • 463. /D PXMHU TXHUtD OOHYDU VX FKDTXHWD HQ FODVH SHUR R WHQtD FDORU PH TXLWpBBBBBBBBBBBB PLQH
  • 464. /RV KLMRV GH 6RQLD VH GXHUPHQ D ODV RFKR WRGDV ODV QRFKHVBBBBBBBBBBBBVH GXHUPHQ D ODV QXHYH RXUV
  • 465. (VWD DOFRED HV PiV SHTXHxD TXHBBBBBBBBBBBB PLQH
  • 466. (VWH KRWHO GH WUHV HVWUHOODV HV PHQRV FyPRGR TXHBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUV
  • 467. ¢XiO GH ORV SDVWHOHV GHVHD 8G (O SDVWHO TXH GHVHR HV PiV VDEURVR TXHBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUV
  • 468. 2PLVVLRQ RI WKH $UWLFOH )ROORZLQJ VHU ZLWK 3RVVHVVLYH 3URQRXQV :KHQ D SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ IROORZV DQ IRUP RI VHU WKH DUWLFOH HO OD ORV ODV
  • 469. LV RPLWWHG ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXH LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ,Q WKHVH VHQWHQFHV LW DSSHDUV DIWHU D IRUP RI VHU
  • 476. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXH LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ,Q WKHVH VHQWHQFHV LW DSSHDUV DIWHU D ZRUG RWKHU WKDQ D IRUP RI VHU 0L OLEUR HVWi DTXt ¢'yQGH HVWiBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUV
  • 477. (O FKDOHFR JXDWHPDOWHFR FXHVWD YHLQWH SHVRV ¢XiQWR FXHVWDBBBBBBBBBBBB KLV
  • 478. (O PDHVWUR WLHQH VX OLEUR ¢4XLpQ WLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBB PLQH
  • 479. /RV FDUURV GH -DLPH VRQ FRVWRVRV VRQ PHMRUHV TXHBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUV
  • 480. 1R WHQJR XQD EXHQD PDOHWD SDUD PL YLDMH ¢0H SXHGHV SUHVWDUBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUV
  • 481. ¢+D SODWRV SDUD OD ILHVWD ¢1RV SXHGHQ 8GV WUDHUBBBBBBBBBBBB RXUV
  • 482. 5HODWLYH 3URQRXQV 5HODWLYH SURQRXQV DUH UHODWHG WR D QRXQ WKDW KDV EHHQ SUHYLRXVO VWDWHG 4XH 4XH PHDQLQJ WKDW ZKLFK RU ZKR LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQO XVHG DOOSXUSRVH UHODWLYH SURQRXQ LQ 6SDQLVK 5HIHUULQJ WR SHUVRQV SODFHV RU WKLQJV LW FRPHV ULJKW DIWHU WKH QRXQ WR ZKLFK LW UHIHUV 4XH LV DOVR XVHG DIWHU SUHSRVLWLRQV $V WKH REMHFW RI D SUHSRVLWLRQ TXH UHIHUV WR D WKLQJ RU WKLQJV RQO QRW WR D SHUVRQ RU SHUVRQV 4XLHQ 4XLHQ PHDQV ZKR DQG LV XVHG LQVWHDG RI TXH ZKHQ D IRUP RI VHU LV XVHG LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH
  • 483. 4XLHQ DQG TXLHQHV PHDQLQJ ZKRP DUH XVHG DIWHU SUHSRVLWLRQV WR UHIHU WR SHRSOH XR FXD FXRV FXDV XR ZKLFK PHDQV ZKRVH FDQ VHUYH DV D UHODWLYH SURQRXQ RU UHODWLYH DGMHFWLYH ,W PRVW RIWHQ DFWV DV DQ DGMHFWLYH KRZHYHU EHFDXVH LW WSLFDOO SUHFHGHV WKH QRXQ WKDW LW PRGLILHV DQG DJUHHV ZLWK LW LQ JHQGHU DQG QXPEHU /R TXH /R TXH PHDQV WKDW ZKLFK DQG LV RIWHQ WUDQVODWHG DV ZKDW ,W LV D QHXWHU UHODWLYH SURQRXQ DQG UHIHUV WR DQ DEVWUDFW LGHD
  • 484. :KHQ OR TXH LV XVHG WR PHDQ ZKDWHYHU LW LV IROORZHG E WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH DSSURSULDWH UHODWLYH SURQRXQ KRRVH IURP WKH OLVW EHORZ OR TXH TXH TXLHQ TXLHQHV FXR 6DEHPRVBBBBBBBBBBBB/XLVD VDEH /RV KRPEUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBMXJDEDQ WHQLV FRQWUD VXV HVSRVDV SHUGtDQ (VWH KRWHO HQBBBBBBBBBBBBSDVDPRV QXHVWUDV YDFDFLRQHV HV PDUDYLOORVR 6DPXHO VX KHUPDQRBBBBBBBBBBBBYLYHQ HQ HO GpFLPR SLVR VRQ FDUSLQWHURV *UDFLHOD WLHQH GRV QLHWRV FRQBBBBBBBBBBBBYLDMD (OOD WLHQH XQ EDVWyQ FRQBBBBBBBBBBBBFDPLQDU BBBBBBBBBBBB5D~O KDFH QR OH VLUYH ¢(UHV W~BBBBBBBBBBBBEDLOD ELHQ 6RPRV QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBFDQWDQ ELHQ ¢(QWHQGLHURQ 8GVBBBBBBBBBBBBR OHV HQVHxp ¢RPSUDVWH OD FDVDBBBBBBBBBBBBPH JXVWy 1R WHQJR QDGLH FRQBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEODU $ HVWH KRPEUHBBBBBBBBBBBBHVSRVD WLHQH WUHV FRFKHV QR OH JXVWD PDQHMDU 0L PHMRU DPLJRBBBBBBBBBBBBKHUPDQRV EDLODQ FDQWDQ WRFD ELHQHO YLROtQ ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK 5LWD YHQGLy OD FDVD TXH PH JXVWy BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /R TXH 8G GLMR HUD YHUGDG
  • 485. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R Vp VL HVWH KRPEUH FRQRFLGR TXH HVWXGLD OD ILORVRIt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¶OO SUREDEO XVH TXH (O FXDO OD FXDO ORV FXDOHV ODV FXDOHV (O FXDO DQG LWV UHODWHG IRUPV DOVR PHDQ WKDW ZKLFK RU ZKR 7KH DUH LQWHUFKDQJHDEOH ZLWK HO TXH OD TXH ORV TXH DQG ODV TXH /LNH WKH ODWWHU IRUPV WKHVH DUH XVHG PRUH LQ ZULWLQJ WKDQ LQ VSHHFK 7KLV IRUP UHSODFHV TXH ZKHQ WKHUH LV VRPH GRXEW DERXW WKH UHIHUHQFH RU LI WKH UHODWLYH SURQRXQ LV DW D GLVWDQFH IURP WKH DQWHFHGHQW 7KHVH UHODWLYH SURQRXQV DOVR VKRZ JHQGHU DQG QXPEHU VR WKH DUH XVHG WR DYRLG FRQIXVLRQ ZKHQ WKHUH LV PRUH WKDQ RQH SRVVLEOH QRXQ WR ZKLFK WKH PLJKW UHIHU (O FXDO DQG LWV UHODWHG IRUPV DUH PRVW IUHTXHQWO XVHG DIWHU SUHSRVLWLRQV RWKHU WKDQ D GH FRQ DQG HQ 7KH DUH HVSHFLDOO FRPPRQ ZLWK FRPSRXQG SUHSRVLWLRQV
  • 486. 127( /D UD]yQ SRU OD FXDO LV WUDQVODWHG WKH UHDVRQ ZK LQ (QJOLVK /LWHUDOO WKH WUDQVODWLRQ LV WKH UHDVRQ WKURXJK ZKLFK ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH PRVW DSSURSULDWH UHODWLYH SURQRXQ (V HOODBBBBBBBBBBBBOR DPD R VDEtDBBBBBBBBBBBBORV HVWXGLDQWHV HVWDEDQ DOHJUHV 0XFKDV SHUVRQDV PXULHURQ GXUDQWH OD JXHUUDBBBBBBBBBBBBQR HUD QHFHVDULD /D UD]yQ SRUBBBBBBBBBBBB3DXOLQD 5D~O VH HQDPRUDURQ HV REYLD /DV YDFDV ORV E~IDORV FRPHQ KLHUEDBBBBBBBBBBBBGDQ OHFKH 6XVDQD QHFHVLWD XQ EDVWyQ FRQBBBBBBBBBBBBDQGDU (OOD QHFHVLWD XQD SHUVRQD FRQBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWDU (V XQ EXHQ EDUULR HQBBBBBBBBBBBBYLYLU ¢XiO HV HO WHPD GHBBBBBBBBBBBBW~ KDEODV ¢$BBBBBBBBBBBBEXVFDQ 8GV ¢(V pVWD OD SXHUWD SRUBBBBBBBBBBBBHQWUDPRV 'HPRQVWUDWLYH $GMHFWLYHV DQG 3URQRXQV 7KH GHPRQVWUDWLYH DGMHFWLYHV DQG GHPRQVWUDWLYH SURQRXQV ORRN VLPLODU 'HPRQVWUDWLYH $GMHFWLYHV
  • 487. 'HPRQVWUDWLYH 3URQRXQV 'HPRQVWUDWLYH SURQRXQV FDUU D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW 7KH GHPRQVWUDWLYH SURQRXQ UHSODFHV WKH QRXQ :KHUHDV HVWH OLEUR PHDQV WKLV ERRN pVWH UHIHUULQJ WR HO OLEUR
  • 488. PHDQV WKLV RQH DQG UHSODFHV HO OLEUR WKH ERRN
  • 489. 7KH SURQXQFLDWLRQ LV WKH VDPH IRU ERWK IRUPV 7KH GHPRQVWUDWLYH SURQRXQ LV DOVR XVHG WR H[SUHVV IRUPHU DQG ODWWHU 7KHUH DUH WKUHH QHXWHU GHPRQVWUDWLYH SURQRXQV WKDW GR QRW FDUU ZULWWHQ DFFHQWV 7KH UHIHU WR DQ REMHFW WKDW LV QRW NQRZQ D VWDWHPHQW RU D JHQHUDO LGHD
  • 490. 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 0L YLDMH (VWR SUHSDUiQGRPH SDUD PLV YDFDFLRQHV HQ 0p[LFR VH PH SHUGLy HO SDVDSRUWH ¢(V QHFHVDULR TXH R WHQJD XQ SDVDSRUWH 3LHQVR TXH Vt ¢$ TXLpQ OH SUHJXQWR 'HER OODPDU D PL DPLJR -XDQ TXH YLDMD PXFKR 2MDOi TXH VHSD (O DxR SDVDGR YLDMy D 2D[DFD XQD FLXGDG HQ 0p[LFR OD FXDO HVWi D VHLV KRUDV SRU EXV GHVGH OD FDSLWDO /H JXVWy PXFKR R PH GLMR TXH OH JXVWy (VWR SHQVDQGR HQ LU D ORV *DOiSDJRV WDPELpQ GRQGH ODV WRUWXJDV YLYHQ PiV GH FLHQ DxRV ORV DQLPDOHV ORV SiMDURV DFW~DQ FRPR GXHxRV GH OD LVOD SRUTXH QR OHV WLHQHQ PLHGR D ORV WXULVWDV ORV FXDOHV SDVHDQ SRU ODV LVODV WRGR HO GtD GtD WUDV GtD 6L -XDQ QR HVWi HQ FDVD OR YR D OODPDU D VX FHOXODU HO TXH OOHYD FRQVLJR WRGR HO WLHPSR ¢XiO HV VX Q~PHUR GH WHOpIRQR 6H PH ROYLGy 9HUERV 3UHSRVLFLyQ 3UHJXQWDV ¢$GyQGH TXLHUH YLDMDU HO SURWDJRQLVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4XLpQ HV -XDQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3XHGH 8G GHVFULELU ORV *DOiSDJRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR VRQ ORV DQLPDOHV GH OD LVOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH 1HXWHU OR $GMHFWLYH 8VHG DV D 1RXQ 7KH QHXWHU DUWLFOH OR IROORZHG E WKH PDVFXOLQH IRUP RI DQ DGMHFWLYH DFWV DV D QRXQ
  • 491. 7KH QHXWHU DUWLFOH OR IROORZHG E GH PHDQV WKH PDWWHU RI WKH LVVXH RI ([SUHVVLRQV ZLWK OR ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH DUWLFOH HO OD ORV ODV RU OR ,Q VRPH FDVHV WKH DUWLFOH LV SDUW RI WKH FRQWUDFWLRQ DO 5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH DUWLFOH PD DOVR EH RPLWWHG ,I QR DUWLFOH LV QHHGHG PDUN DQ ; +R HV
  • 493. BBBBBBBBBBBB GH MXQLR (GXDUGR IXH
  • 496. BBBBBBBBBBBBS~EOLFR OH JXVWy PXFKR WDPELpQ 0H GLMR TXH
  • 497. BBBBBBBBBBBBEXHQR GH OD SHOtFXOD HUD
  • 503. BBBBBBBBBBBBQRFKH XDQGR WLHQH WLHPSR HVWXGLD
  • 505. BBBBBBBBBBBBSHOtFXODV TXH YH VRQ PDODV SHUR QR OH LPSRUWD
  • 506. BBBBBBBBBBBBLPSRUWDQWH HV TXH (GXDUGR JR]D PXFKR GH
  • 510. BBBBBBBBBBBBDFWRUHV DFW~DQ DQWH QRVRWURV XDQGR R IXL MRYHQ TXHUtD VHU
  • 511. BBBBBBBBBBBBDFWUL] SHUR D OD HGDG GH FXDUHQWD GHFLGt KDFHUPH
  • 512. BBBBBBBBBBBBGLUHFWRUD ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK HO FXDO OD FXDO ORV FXDOHV ODV FXDOHV FXR FXD FXRV FXDV
  • 513. TXLHQ RU TXLHQHV 8VH HDFK UHODWLYH SURQRXQ RQO RQH WLPH /D UDGLR GH PL KHUPDQRBBBBBBBBBBBBPH JXVWy HUD XQ UHJDOR GH PL DPLJR 2OLYLD HV OD SHUVRQD GHBBBBBBBBBBBBKDEOiEDPRV /D FLXGDG FRQVWUXy XQ QXHYR UDVFDFLHORV GHVGHBBBBBBBBBBBBKD YLVWDV PDUDYLOORVDV /RV HVWXGLDQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBPDHVWUR HV H[FHOHQWH JDQDURQ WRGRV ORV SUHPLRV DFDGpPLFRV RQR]FR D HVD PXMHUBBBBBBBBBBBBPDGUH HV GH RORPELD 5REHUWR -RUJH YLQLHURQ D YHUQRVBBBBBBBBBBBBVRQ GH 0p[LFR /RV PXFKDFKRV FRQBBBBBBBBBBBBHO MHIH KDEODED VRQ ORV PHMRUHV HVWXGLDQWHV GH OD FODVH (VWH KRPEUHBBBBBBBBBBBBRSLQLRQHV VRQ LQWHUHVDQWHV VH OODPD 7HRGRUR 7HQJR EXHQDV JDIDV SRUBBBBBBBBBBBBSXHGR YHU ELHQ $ /HRQDUGR OH PROHVWD VX YHFLQRBBBBBBBBBBBBSHUURV ODGUDQ WRGD OD QRFKH $GMHFWLYHV 8VHG DV 1RXQV 6SDQLVK DGMHFWLYHV FDQ EH XVHG DV QRXQV ZKHQ WKH QRXQ WKH PRGLI LV RPLWWHG ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW DGMHFWLYH XVHG DV D QRXQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH FXH LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ¢3RU TXp QR WH JXVWD HVWH QXHYR UHVWDXUDQWH FKLQR ¢3UHILHUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WKH ROG RQH
  • 514. /RV GRV FDUURV VRQ HFRQyPLFRV XQR HV YHUGH HO RWUR HV EODQFR 9R D FRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WKH ZKLWH RQH
  • 515. $O KRPEUH OH JXVWDQ GRV DSDUWDPHQWRV XQ DSDUWDPHQWR JUDQGH FRVWRVR RWUR DSDUWDPHQWR PHGLDQR EDUDWR
  • 517. 3URQRXQV 8VHG DV 1RXQV 3URQRXQV DUH ZRUGV WKDW UHIHU WR D QRXQ RU WDNH WKH SODFH RI D QRXQ (O GH OD GH ORV GH ODV GH 7KH DUWLFOHV HO OD ORV ODV IROORZHG E GH FDQ UHSODFH D QRXQ ZKHQ WKDW QRXQ LV RPLWWHG (O TXH OD TXH ORV TXH ODV TXH 7KH DUWLFOHV HO OD ORV ODV IROORZHG E TXH FDQ UHSODFH D QRXQ ZKHQ WKDW QRXQ LV RPLWWHG 3URQXQFLDWLRQ 3UDFWLFH
  • 518. 3UDFWLFH WKH IROORZLQJ VHOHFWLRQ DORXG /RV PDGHURV GH 6DQ -XDQ 8Q SRHPD SRU -RVp $VXQFLyQ 6LOYD -RVp $VXQFLyQ 6LOYD QDFLy HQ VH PXULy HQ HQ %RJRWi RORPELD eO FRPSDUWH FRQ 5XEpQ 'DUtR RWURV OD HVWpWLFD OLWHUDULD FRQRFLGD EDMR HO QRPEUH GH PRGHUQLVPR DVHUUtQ DVHUUiQ ORV PDGHURV GH 6DQ -XDQ SLGHQ TXHVR SLGHQ SDQ ORV GH 5RTXH $OIDQGRTXH ORV GH 5LTXH $OIHxLTXH ORV GH 7ULTXH 7ULTXLWUiQ £7ULTXH WULTXH WULTXH WUDQ £7ULTXH WULTXH WULTXH WUDQ 1RPEUHV 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /R IDWDO 8Q SRHPD SRU 5XEpQ 'DUtR 5XEpQ 'DUtR QDFLy HQ HQ 0HWDSD 1LFDUDJXD VH PXULy HQ VX SDtV HQ (V FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR OD ILJXUD PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYD GHO PRGHUQLVPR 'LFKRVR HO iUERO TXH HV DSHQDV VHQVLWLYR PiV OD SLHGUD GXUD SRUTXH pVD D QR VLHQWH SXHV QR KD GRORU PiV JUDQGH TXH HO GRORU GH VHU YLYR QL PDRU SHVDGXPEUH TXH OD YLGD FRQVFLHQWH 6HU QR VDEHU QDGD VHU VLQ UXPER FLHUWR HO WHPRU GH KDEHU VLGR XQ IXWXUR WHUURU« HO HVSDQWR VHJXUR GH HVWDU PDxDQD PXHUWR VXIULU SRU OD YLGD SRU OD VRPEUD SRU
  • 519. OR TXH QR FRQRFHPRV DSHQDV VRVSHFKDPRV OD FDUQH TXH WLHQWD FRQ VXV IUHVFRV UDFLPRV OD WXPED TXH DJXDUGD FRQ VXV I~QHEUHV UDPRV £ QR VDEHU DGyQGH YDPRV QL GH GyQGH YHQLPRV « 9HUERV 1RPEUHV ([SUHVLRQHV 3UHJXQWDV 6HJ~Q HO SRHPD ¢SRU TXp VRQ GLFKRVRV HO iUERO OD SLHGUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢'H TXp VXIUH HO SRHWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiO HV HO WHPD GHO SRHPD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiO HV OD RSLQLyQ GH 8G DFHUFD GH ODV LGHDV GHO SRHPD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 520. 7KH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH H[SUHVVHV SDVW DFWLRQ FORVHO UHODWHG WR WKH SUHVHQW 7KH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH IRUPHG ZLWK WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH RI WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU DQG WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 7KH (QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQW RI KDEHU SDVW SDUWLFLSOH LV WR KDYH GRQH VRPHWKLQJ ,Q WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH LW FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW LQ (QJOLVK , KDYH HDWHQ WKHUH PDQ WLPHV IRU H[DPSOH 7KH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH H[SUHVVHV WKH IROORZLQJ ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW ZH DUH ZDLWLQJ IRU EXW WKDW KDVQ¶W HW KDSSHQHG ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW EHJDQ LQ WKH SDVW DQG FRQWLQXHV WR WKH SUHVHQW ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW KDV KDSSHQHG DW YDULRXV WLPHV LQ WKH SDVW DQG PD KDSSHQ DJDLQ )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH $U 9HUEV 7R IRUP WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI DOO DU YHUEV GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG DGR WR WKH VWHP (U DQG LU 9HUEV 7R IRUP WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI PRVW HU DQG LU YHUEV GURS WKH HQGLQJ DQG DGG LGR WR WKH VWHP (U 9HUEV
  • 521. ,U 9HUEV 3URQXQFLDWLRQ 5HPLQGHU ,Q DOO UHJXODU SDVW SDUWLFLSOHV WKH 6SDQLVK G LV SURQRXQFHG OLNH WKH VRIW WK VRXQG LQ (QJOLVK RWKHU 3UDFWLFH WKH SURQXQFLDWLRQ RI SDVW SDUWLFLSOHV ZLWK D WK VRXQG (U DQG LU YHUEV ZKRVH VWHP HQGV LQ D YRZHO KDYH D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW DERYH WKH L LQ WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH WR PDLQWDLQ WKH LGR VRXQG 9HUEV WKDW HQG LQ XLU GR QRW FDUU D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW LQ WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH ,UUHJXODU 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOHV )ROORZLQJ DUH WKH EDVLF LUUHJXODU SDVW SDUWLFLSOHV LQ 6SDQLVK 3URQRXQFH HDFK RI WKHP DV RX OHDUQ WKHP
  • 522. :KHQ D SUHIL[ LV DGGHG WR DQ RI WKH LUUHJXODU YHUEV DERYH WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH VKRZV WKH VDPH LUUHJXODULW ([HUFLVH :ULWH WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH IROORZLQJ YHUEV 3URQRXQFH HDFK SDVW SDUWLFLSOH DORXG DQG PDNH VXUH RX NQRZ WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH YHUE MXJDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB EXVFDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRQRFHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQWUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHYROYHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVWDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVFULELUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB URPSHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WHQHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXHUHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDFHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHFLUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DEULUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 523. FHUUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PRULUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DPDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7R IRUP WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK FRQMXJDWH WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU WKH (QJOLVK DX[LOLDU YHUE WR KDYH
  • 524. LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 127( 7KH YHUE KDEHU LV XVHG DV DQ DX[LOLDU RU KHOSLQJ YHUE WR IRUP WKH SHUIHFW WHQVHV 7KH YHUE WHQHU PHDQV WR KDYH LQ WKH VHQVH RI SRVVHVVLRQ R WHQJR GRV OLEURV 7HQHU LV QHYHU XVHG DV DQ DX[LOLDU YHUE 7KH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU FDQQRW EH VHSDUDWHG IURP WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH ,Q D TXHVWLRQ SODFH WKH VXEMHFW DIWHU WKH YHUE IRUP ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ SKUDVHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 3UDFWLFH SURQRXQFLQJ HDFK SKUDVH DORXG R KHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHU
  • 537. RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ SKUDVHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRUPLU
  • 543. 8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DQ DFWLRQ FORVHO UHODWHG WR WKH SUHVHQW ,WV (QJOLVK HTXLYDOHQW FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH LQ (QJOLVK 7KH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH H[SUHVVHV WKH IROORZLQJ ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW ZH DUH ZDLWLQJ IRU EXW WKDW KDVQ¶W HW KDSSHQHG ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW EHJDQ LQ WKH SDVW DQG FRQWLQXHV WR WKH SUHVHQW ‡ $Q DFWLRQ WKDW KDV KDSSHQHG DW YDULRXV WLPHV LQ WKH SDVW DQG PD KDSSHQ DJDLQ 127( 7KH ZRUGV MDPiV PHDQLQJ HYHU LQ DQ DIILUPDWLYH VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ
  • 546. IUHTXHQWO RFFXU LQ VHQWHQFHV XVLQJ WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH $FWLRQ :DLWHG IRU RU +RSHG IRU RPSDUH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV 7KH ILUVW VHQWHQFH RI HDFK SDLU LV LQ WKH SUHWHULW DQG WKH VHFRQG LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW
  • 547. $FWLRQ 7KDW %HJDQ LQ WKH 3DVW DQG RQWLQXHV WR WKH 3UHVHQW $FWLRQ 7KDW +DSSHQHG LQ WKH 3DVW DQG 0D +DSSHQ $JDLQ 2IWHQ WKH DFWLRQV H[SUHVVHG FDQ EH FRXQWHG 3ODFHPHQW RI 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV ZLWK WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH UHIOH[LYH LQGLUHFW DQG GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV DUH SODFHG GLUHFWO EHIRUH WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE 7KLV LV WKH RQO SRVVLEOH SRVLWLRQ IRU REMHFW SURQRXQV XVHG ZLWK WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH 7KH REMHFW SURQRXQV DUH QHYHU DWWDFKHG WR WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH
  • 548. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV /DXUD QRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD FDUWD WUDHU
  • 549. 1RVRWURV WRGDYtD QR ODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UHFLELU
  • 550. /RV KRWHOHURV QR PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OODPDU
  • 551. 6XV KHUPDQRV QXQFD OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGLQHUR SUHVWDU
  • 552. ¢3RU TXp MDPiV PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBW~ DPDU
  • 553. 3RU ILQ PLV DPLJRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YROYHU
  • 554. (O ELVDEXHOR TXH WHQtD FLHQ DxRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PRULUVH
  • 558. ,UHQH VX KHUPDQR MDPiVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YLDMDU
  • 563. 8VH RI WKH ,QILQLWLYH KDEHU DQG WKH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH 7KH LQILQLWLYH IRUP RI WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU LV XVHG DIWHU D SUHSRVLWLRQ
  • 564. %HFDXVH REMHFW SURQRXQV FDQ QHYHU EH DWWDFKHG WR WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH ZKHQ WKH DUH QHHGHG LQ DQ LQILQLWLYH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH PXVW EH DWWDFKHG WR WKH LQILQLWLYH LQ WKLV FDVH KDEHU ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI KDEHU 'HVSXpV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHtGR HO SiUUDIR ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HVWiQ FRQWHQWRV 1RVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRUULGR D FDVD 6XV SDGUHV OHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGDGR XQD ELHQYHQLGD 'HVSXpV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPLGR JDOOHWDV OHFKH ORV QLxRV HVWiQ OLVWRV SDUD DFRVWDUVH 1RVRWURV DBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHtGR HO OLEUR (O PXFKDFKRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQWHQGLGR OD OHFFLyQ 6XV SURIHVRUHV OHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQVHxDGR ELHQ 'HVSXpV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDSUREDGR HO H[DPHQ HOORV VH VLHQWHQ VDWLVIHFKRV ¢BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKHFKR ELHQ ORV QLxRV /RV DOXPQRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHPSH]DGR D DSUHQGHU PXFKR ([HUFLVH 5HZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQ WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH RX PD LQFOXGH DGGLWLRQDO ZRUGV RU H[SUHVVLRQV LQ WKH VHQWHQFH LI RX ZLVK (;$03/( -XOLD QR WRPD PXFKD FHUYH]D -XOLD QR KD WRPDGR PXFKD FHUYH]D WRGDYtD
  • 565. UX]R OD FDOOH D OD HVFXHOD
  • 566. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB -DPiV HQWUR HQ OD FODVH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0LV FRPSDxHURV HQWUDQ WDPELpQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /H GHFLPRV ³KROD´ DO SURIHVRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1RV VHQWDPRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (VFULER FRQ OiSL] BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0LV DPLJRV XVDQ XQD FRPSXWDGRUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RQWHVWDPRV ODV SUHJXQWDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $OPRU]DPRV MXQWRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1RV GHVSHGLPRV GHO SURIHVRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 9DPRV HQ EXV D FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /HV VDOXGDPRV D QXHVWURV SDGUHV DO OOHJDU D FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK +RZ KDYH RX EHHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :KHUH KDYH DOO WKH IORZHUV JRQH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :KR KDV MXVW FDOOHG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :KDW KDYH RX GRQH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H KDYH VHQW WKH GRFXPHQW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +DYH WKH KDG EUHDNIDVW WRGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB , KDYH WXUQHG RQ WKH RYHQ DQG KDYH SXW LQ WKH FKLFNHQ , KDYH WR FRRN LW IRU DQ KRXU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,W LV QR ORQJHU KRW EHFDXVH WKH VWXGHQWV KDYH RSHQHG DOO WKH ZLQGRZV LQ WKH FODVVURRP BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH H[WHUPLQDWRUV KDYH NLOOHG DOO WKH FRFNURDFKHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /DXUD DQG KHU GDXJKWHU KDYH MXVW DUULYHG LQ ,WDO
  • 567. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $ :RUG $ERXW DFDEDU GH 5HPHPEHU :KHQ RX ZDQW WR VD WR KDYH MXVW GRQH VRPHWKLQJ XVH WKH H[SUHVVLRQ DFDEDU GH LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH QRW WKH YHUE KDEHU ZLWK WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O DSDUWDPHQWR ¢'HVGH FXiQGR YLYHQ ORV LQTXLOLQRV HQ HVWH HGLILFLR HQ OD FDOOH FXDUHQWD VHLV FRQ OD QRYHQD DYHQLGD ¢4XLpQ VDEH /D JHQWH QR VH PHWH HQ OD YLGD GH QDGLH 3HUR R Vt Vp SRUTXH PH JXVWD REVHUYDU OD LGD YXHOWD GH OD PXFKHGXPEUH (V YHUGDG TXH KD PXFKRV LQTXLOLQRV TXH D VH KDQ LGR R OHV KDQ DOTXLODGR VX DSDUWDPHQWR D RWURV /RV DSDUWDPHQWRV VRQ SHTXHxRV SHUR DJUDGDEOHV EDVWDQWH EDUDWRV HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ D RWURV OXJDUHV HQ OD FLXGDG 3RU PL SDUWH VLJR ILUPDQGR HO FRQWUDWR GH DUUHQGDPLHQWR DxR GH SRU PHGLR FRQ PXFKtVLPDV JDQDV GH TXHGDUPH /RV SRUWHURV VRQ DJUDGDEOHV HO VXSHULQWHQGHQWH TXH YLYH VROR HQ HO SULPHU SLVR QRV WUDWD ELHQ 8QD SDUHMD GHO RFWDYR SLVR KD WHQLGR XQ EHEp KDFH RFKR PHVHV HVWiQ YLYLHQGR IHOLFHV (Q HO GpFLPR SLVR GRV SHUVRQDV XQD PXMHU TXH HVWi YLHMD D DXQTXH WLHQH VRODPHQWH FXDUHQWD FLQFR DxRV VX FRPSDxHUR QXQFD VH KDQ FDVDGR
  • 568. VH SHOHDQ JULWDQ FRPHQ PXFKD FRPLGD UiSLGD GH UHVWDXUDQWHV 9HR D ORV PHQVDMHURV FRQ SL]]D R FRQ FRPLGD FKLQD WRGR HO WLHPSR
  • 569. 8QD PXMHU PX VLPSiWLFD GHO WHUFHU SLVR VH KD PXHUWR RWUD PXMHU GHO FXDUWR SLVR SHOLUURMD FXR SHUUR VH KD GHVDSDUHFLGR YLYH GHVHVSHUDGD WULVWH (Q HO SLVR RQFH XQ KRPEUH DPDUJDGR VLQ DPLJRV VXEH EDMD HQ HO DVFHQVRU WRGRV ORV GtDV XDQGR YR YDJDQGR SRU HO HGLILFLR HVFXFKR D YHFHV VRQLGRV GH DPRU SRU OD QRFKH HQ HO VH[WR HO VpSWLPR (Q HO TXLQWR SLVR YLYH XQ KRPEUH D TXLHQ OH JXVWD SDWLQDU +DFH PXFKRV DxRV pO WHQtD XQD QRYLD ERQLWD H LQWHOLJHQWH 6H VHSDUDURQ GH UHSHQWH HVWH KRPEUH WDQ IXHUWH JXDSR HQ GtDV SDVDGRV QXQFD KD WHQLGR RWUD FRPSDxHUD 8Q GtD YR D HVFULELU XQ OLEUR SHUR SRU DKRUD HVWR VDWLVIHFKD PLUDQGR D OD JHQWH HVFXFKiQGROD LU YHQLU HQ OD YLGD FRWLGLDQD 9HUERV 1RPEUHV
  • 570. $GMHWLYRV ([SUHVLyQ 3UHJXQWDV ¢6H FRQRFH OD JHQWH HQ HVWH HGLILFLR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiQWRV SLVRV KD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiQWDV SHUVRQDV HVWiQ IHOLFHV HQ HO HGLILFLR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR VDEH WDQWR GH OD JHQWH OD SURWDJRQLVWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 571. 7KH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH SDVW SHUIHFW WHQVH UHIHUV WR DFWLRQ WKDW RFFXUUHG LQ WKH SDVW SULRU WR DQRWKHU SDVW DFWLRQ ,W LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH 7KH SDVW SHUIHFW WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH VDPH WHQVH LQ (QJOLVK , KDG HDWHQ IRU H[DPSOH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7R IRUP WKH SDVW SHUIHFW WHQVH LQ 6SDQLVK FRQMXJDWH WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 8VHV RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH SDVW SHUIHFW WHQVH RFFXUV LQ VHQWHQFHV DQG TXHVWLRQV WKDW DUH GLUHFWO OLQNHG WR WKH SDVW ,W H[SUHVVHV DQ DFWLRQ WKDW SUHFHGHV DQRWKHU DFWLRQ $ VHQWHQFH PD EHJLQ ZLWK WKH LPSHUIHFW RU SUHWHULW DQG FRQWLQXH ZLWK WKH SDVW SHUIHFW 7KH UHIOH[LYH LQGLUHFW DQG GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV SUHFHGH WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU
  • 572. 7KH LQILQLWLYH IRUP RI WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU LV XVHG DIWHU D SUHSRVLWLRQ ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK 7KH FKLOGUHQ WKRXJKW WKDW WKHLU SDUHQWV KDG OHIW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB , KDG DOUHDG VHW WKH WDEOH ZKHQ P IDPLO DUULYHG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5REHUWR ZHQW WR D FRXQWU WKDW KH KDG QHYHU YLVLWHG EHIRUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0 FROOHDJXHV WROG PH WKDW WKH KDG ILQLVKHG WKHLU ZRUN ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK (O SURIHVRU VDEtD TXH R KDEtD HVWXGLDGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D QLxD SHQVDED TXH VX SHUUR KDEtD YXHOWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OORV GLMHURQ TXH KDEtDQ GHYXHOWR ORV OLEURV D OD ELEOLRWHFD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UHtDPRV TXH QXHVWURV DPLJRV QRV KDEtDQ HVFULWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (VWXYLPRV VHJXUDV TXH ORV MyYHQHV KDEtDQ WHQLGR p[LWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3HQViEDPRV TXH ORV ODGURQHV KDEtDQ HVWDGR HQ HO EDQFR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O SROLFtD FUHtD TXH QRVRWURV ORV KDEtDPRV YLVWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /HV GLMLPRV D ORV GHWHFWLYHV TXH QR KDEtDPRV VLGR EXHQRV WHVWLJRV ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV
  • 573. 7RGR HO PXQGR KDEtDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDUD HO YHUDQR LU
  • 574. ¢+DEtDQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB8GV PXFKR WLHPSR DQWHV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDO GRFWRU HVSHUDUYHU
  • 576. $QWHV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $QLWD KDEtDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVXV GHXGDV MXELODUVHSDJDU
  • 577. ¢3RU TXp QR OH KDEtDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDO FDPDUHUR XQD EXHQD SURSLQD DQWHV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHO UHVWDXUDQWH GDUVDOLU
  • 578. 1DGLH OH KDEtDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD OD VHQDGRUD TXH HOOD KDEtDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD HOHFFLyQ GHFLUSHUGHU
  • 579. 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O VXHxR 'HVSXpV GH KDEHU OHtGR VX OLEUR GH KDEHU DSDJDGR OD WHOH 2FWDYLR VH DFRVWy /DV QRFKHV DQWHULRUHV pO QR KDEtD SRGLGR GRUPLU ELHQ SRU VXV VXHxRV GLJDPRV SHVDGLOODV SHUR HVWD QRFKH pO WHQtD OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH VRxDU FRQ EXHQDV FRVDV 7UDWy GH SHQVDU HQ DOJR EXHQR ¢4Xp VHUi SHQVDED (O PDUWHV KDEtD SHQVDGR HQ HO DPRU HVR OH FRJLy PDO HO PLpUFROHV KDEtD SHQVDGR HQ HO GLQHUR SHUR WDPSRFR OH VDOLy ELHQ HO VXHxR (O MXHYHV SHQVy HQ WRPDU DOJXQDV YDFDFLRQHV HQ +DZiL PXFKRV WLEXURQHV OOHQDEDQ VXV VXHxRV 6H GHVSHUWy H[KDXVWR OXFKDQGR FRQWUD ORV SHFHV +R VLHQGR YLHUQHV VH TXHGy GHVSLHUWR WRGD OD QRFKH OD ~QLFD VROXFLyQ HQ OD FXDO 2FWDYLR SRGtD SHQVDU 9HUERV 1RPEUHV $GMHWLYRV
  • 580. ([SUHVLyQ 3UHJXQWDV ¢(Q TXp WUDWD GH SHQVDU 2FWDYLR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR VRQ VXV VXHxRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiO HV VX VROXFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 5HFRUGDQGR 1LFDUDJXD (Q HO DxR 1LFDUDJXD HVWDED VXIULHQGR ORV ILQHV GH VX JXHUUD FLYLO /RV VDQGLQLVWDV OXFKDEDQ FRQWUD HO HMpUFLWR GH 6RPR]D ORV FRQWUDV OXFKDEDQ FRQWUD ORV VDQGLQLVWDV 'DQLHO 2UWHJD HUD SUHVLGHQWH OtGHU GH ORV VDQGLQLVWDV HO QRPEUH HO PRYLPLHQWR LQVSLUDGRV SRU $XJXVWR pVDU 6DQGLQR KpURH QDFLRQDO GH 1LFDUDJXD TXH KDEtD PXHUWR PXFKRV DxRV DWUiV (UD PXFKR TXH HQWHQGHU²TXLHQ HVWDED OXFKDQGR FRQWUD TXLHQ SRU TXp )XL D 0DQDJXD FDSLWDO GH 1LFDUDJXD FRQ XQ JUXSR GH LQWpUSUHWHV FLHQWtILFRV /OHJDPRV HQ DJRVWR D XQD FDVD DJUDGDEOH HQWUH JHQWH DPDEOH 'HVGH HO SULQFLSLR QRV VHQWtDPRV FyPRGRV HQ QXHVWUD SHQVLyQ ORV GXHxRV QLFDUDJHQVHV QRV WUDWDEDQ ELHQ QRV VHUYtDQ ODV FRPLGDV QRV PRVWUDEDQ VX SRHVtD 1RV SDUHFtD TXH WRGD OD JHQWH HUD SRHWD
  • 581. 'HVSXpV GH KDEHU HVWDGR HQ 0DQDJXD GRV GtDV HPSH]DPRV QXHVWUR WUDEDMR HQ OD XQLYHUVLGDG HQVHxiQGROHV D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DYDQ]DGRV ODV PDWHPiWLFDV OD FLHQFLD OD PHGLFLQD OD DVWURItVLFD 3RU OD QRFKH YROYtDPRV D OD FDVD SDViEDPRV PXFKDV QRFKHV DJUDGDEOHV FRQ DPLJRV KDEOiEDPRV GH OD JXHUUD GH ODV GURJDV GH OD IHOLFLGDG /R LQFUHtEOH HUD TXH D SHVDU GH WRGR ORV QLFDUDJHQVHV KDEtDQ PDQWHQLGR XQ DPRU SURIXQGR SRU OD YLGD 0LHQWUDV WDQWR OD JXHUUD FRQWLQXDED 3UHJXQWDV ¢3RU TXp HVWDED VXIULHQGR 1LFDUDJXD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR HUDQ ORV QLFDUDJHQVHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4XLpQ HVFULEtD SRHVtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢'H TXp KDEODEDQ HQ ODV QRFKHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH DV DQ $GMHFWLYH
  •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
  • 597. 7KH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH DV DQ $GMHFWLYH ZLWK HVWDU 7KH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH DV DQ DGMHFWLYH LV XVXDOO XVHG ZLWK HVWDU
  • 598. :KHQ WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH LV XVHG DV DQ DGMHFWLYH ZLWK HVWDU LW LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH LGHD H[SUHVVHG LV WKH UHVXOW RI DQ DFWLRQ 127( :KHWKHU RX DUH DZDUH RI WKLV FRQFHSW RU QRW RX FDQ VWLOO XVH HVWDU SDVW SDUWLFLSOH ZLWK FRQILGHQFH ZKHQ RX DUH GHVFULELQJ VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI HVWDU SDVW SDUWLFLSOH DV DQ DGMHFWLYH
  • 599. (O GXHxR YD D FHUUDU OD WLHQGD (VWi FHUUDQGR OD WLHQGD /D WLHQGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (Q OD PDxDQD HVWH KRPEUH YD D DEULU OD WLHQGD (VWi DEULpQGROD /D WLHQGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6KDNLUD YD D HVFULELU XQD FDQFLyQ (VWi HVFULELpQGROD /D FDQFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 9DPRV D FRQVWUXLU XQD FDVD (VWDPRV FRQVWUXpQGROD /D FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV HVWXGLDQWHV YDQ D KDFHU VX WDUHD (VWiQ KDFLpQGROD /D WDUHD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /DV DEHMDV YDQ D PRULU (VWiQ PXULHQGR /DV DEHMDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV SDGUHV YDQ D IUHtU XQRV KXHYRV (VWiQ IULpQGRORV /RV KXHYRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 9DPRV D UHVROYHU QXHVWURV SUREOHPDV (VWDPRV UHVROYLpQGRORV /RV SUREOHPDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH :ULWH WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOHV WKDW DSSHDU LQ WKH IROORZLQJ UKPHV 5HSHDW WKHVH UKPHV DORXG WR SUDFWLFH RXU SURQXQFLDWLRQ /D PXMHU HVWi WULVWH 7ULVWH HVWi OD PXMHU /D WLHQGD HVWi FHUUDGD QR VDEH TXp KDFHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O GRFWRU HVWi KHULGR +HULGR HVWi HO GRFWRU /RV PpGLFRV SUHRFXSDGRV /R FXLGDQ FRQ DPRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O FLHOR HVWi QXEODGR 3DUHFH TXH YD D OORYHU /D JHQWH QR TXLHUH PRMDUVH HPSLH]D D FRUUHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O ED~O HVWi DUUHJODGR $UUHJODGR HVWi HO ED~O /D SDUHMD YD DO DULEH $ QDGDU HQ HO DJXD D]XO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D SDUHMD HVWi VHSDUDGD 'LYLGLGR HVWi HO KRJDU /RV DPDQWHV QR VH DFXHUGDQ XDQGR VH GHMDURQ GH DPDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH 3DVW 3DUWLFLSOH ZLWK VHU DQG WKH 3DVVLYH 9RLFH
  • 600. 7KH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH LV DOVR XVHG ZLWK VHU :KHQ XVHG ZLWK VHU WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH H[SUHVVHV WKH DFWLRQ LWVHOI LQ WKLV FDVH WKH SDVVLYH YRLFH UDWKHU WKDQ WKH UHVXOW RI DQ DFWLRQ 7KH SDVVLYH YRLFH FRQVLVWV RI VHU SDVW SDUWLFLSOH DQG LV RIWHQ IROORZHG E SRU 7KH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH DJUHHV LQ JHQGHU DQG QXPEHU ZLWK WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH VHQWHQFH ‡ ,Q WKH SUHWHULW ‡ ,Q WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW DQG SDVW SHUIHFW ,Q VSHHFK LW LV JHQHUDOO PXFK EHWWHU WR XVH WKH DFWLYH YRLFH 7KH SDVVLYH YRLFH LV XVHG LQIUHTXHQWO LQ 6SDQLVK )RU H[DPSOH WKH SDVVLYH YRLFH LV XVHG LQ WKLV VHQWHQFH ([HUFLVH 5HZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ SDVVLYH VHQWHQFHV DV VHQWHQFHV LQ WKH DFWLYH YRLFH (;$03/( /D FDUWD IXH HVFULWD SRU DUOD
  • 601. DUOD HVFULELy OD FDUWD /RV YDVRV IXHURQ KDOODGRV SRU ORV DQWURSyORJRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O SDtV KD VLGR JREHUQDGR SRU XQ GLFWDGRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D FODVH IXH HQVHxDGD SRU HO PDHVWUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O FULPLQDO IXH UHFRQRFLGR SRU OD YtFWLPD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV UHJDORV IXHURQ RIUHFLGRV SRU ORV SDGUHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /DV FDPLVDV KDEtDQ VLGR SODQFKDGDV SRU DWDOLQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /DV OXFHV IXHURQ DSDJDGDV SRU ORV LQTXLOLQRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6H GLFH TXH ODV $PpULFDV IXHURQ GHVFXELHUWDV SRU ROyQ HQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O FRQGH /XFDQRU SRU 'RQ -XDQ 0DQXHO 'RQ -XDQ 0DQXHO QDFLy HQ (VFDORQD 7ROHGR VH PXULy HQ HQ 3HxDILHO 9DOODGROLG eO SHUWHQHFH D OD WUDGLFLyQ OLWHUDULDGLGiFWLFD GH OD (GDG 0HGLD +DEtD HQ OD FRUWH GH DVWLOOD XQ KRPEUH GH JUDQ LQWHOLJHQFLD YLUWXG OODPDGR GRQ 6DQFKR HO FXDO HUD PX HVWLPDGR SRU HO UH 8QD GH ODV H[SUHVLRQHV IDYRULWDV GH GRQ 6DQFKR HUD OD VLJXLHQWH ³7RGR OR TXH QRV SDVD HV VLHPSUH SDUD OR PHMRU´ $OJXQRV QREOHV OH WHQtDQ HQYLGLD OR DFXVDURQ GH TXH SUHSDUDED XQD UHYROXFLyQ (O UH OHV FUHy HQYLy XQ PHQVDMHUR SDUD TXH GRQ 6DQFKR YLQLHUD LQPHGLDWDPHQWH D OD FRUWH $O PLVPR WLHPSR HO UH GDED yUGHQHV SDUD PDWDUOR HQ FDPLQR 'RQ 6DQFKR VH DSUHVXUy D REHGHFHU SHUR DO EDMDU GH SULVD ODV HVFDOHUDV GH VX FDVD VH FDy VH URPSLy XQD SLHUQD (Q PHGLR GHO GRORU UHSHWtD ³7RGR OR TXH QRV SDVD HV VLHPSUH SDUD OR PHMRU´ $ FDXVD GHO DFFLGHQWH QR SXGR LU D OD FRUWH GHO UH 0LHQWUDV WDQWR pVWH GHVFXEULy OD IDOVHGDG GH ODV DFXVDFLRQHV FRQWUD GRQ 6DQFKR FDVWLJy D ORV FXOSDEOHV 'RQ 6DQFKR VH GLULJLy SRU ILQ D OD FRUWH GRQGH IXH UHFLELGR FRQ JUDQGHV KRQRUHV 9HUERV
  • 602. 3UHJXQWDV ¢(Q TXp DxR QDFLy HO DXWRU GHO FXHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3RU TXp OR DFXVDURQ D GRQ 6DQFKR GH VHU UHYROXFLRQDULR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3RU TXp QR OR PDWDURQ ORV PHQVDMHURV GHO UH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiO HV OD PRUDOHMD GHO FXHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 603. ,,, )XWXUH DQG RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVHV 3DVW 6XEMXQFWLYH ,GLRPV
  • 604. 7KH )XWXUH 7HQVH 7KH IXWXUH WHQVH LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV DFWLRQV WKDW WDNH SODFH LQ WKH IXWXUH ,W UHIHUV WR ERWK WKH LPPHGLDWH DQG WKH UHPRWH IXWXUH 7KLV LV D VLPSOH WHQVH LQ WKDW LW KDV QR KHOSLQJ YHUE LQ 6SDQLVK ,Q (QJOLVK WKH DX[LOLDULHV ZLOO RU VKDOO DUH XVHG ,UHQH ZLOO GULQN WKH ZDWHU IRU H[DPSOH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH )XWXUH 7HQVH 0RVW YHUEV LQ WKH IXWXUH WHQVH DUH UHJXODU 7R IRUP WKH IXWXUH WHQVH XVH WKH LQILQLWLYH DV WKH VWHP DQG DGG WKH IROORZLQJ HQGLQJV WR WKH LQILQLWLYH p iV i HPRV pLV iQ 7KH HQGLQJV DUH WKH VDPH IRU DOO DU HU DQG LU YHUEV 1RWLFH WKDW RQO WKH QRVRWURV IRUP GRHV QRW FDUU D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW 7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW LQFOXGHV QHZ YHUEV VR WKDW RX FDQ H[SDQG RXU YRFDEXODU DV RX SUDFWLFH WKH SURQXQFLDWLRQ 5HJXODU 9HUEV $U 9HUEV
  • 605. $ :RUG $ERXW 3URQXQFLDWLRQ :KHQ D ZRUG FDUULHV D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW RX ZLOO VWUHVV WKDW VOODEOH 0DNH VXUH RX SURQRXQFH WKH YHUEV LQ WKLV ZD R FDQWDUp W~ FDQWDUiV pO FDQWDUi QRVRWURV FDQWDUHPRV YRVRWURV FDQWDUpLV HOORV FDQWDUiQ 3UDFWLFH SURQRXQFLQJ WKHVH YHUE IRUPV DORXG ZLWK FRQILGHQFH
  • 608. $ :RUG $ERXW LU 9HUEV ZLWK D :ULWWHQ $FFHQW LQ WKH ,QILQLWLYH ,U YHUEV WKDW KDYH D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW LQ WKH LQILQLWLYH VXFK DV RtU WR KHDU
  • 611. ORVH WKH ZULWWHQ DFFHQW LQ WKH VWHP LQ RUGHU WR IRUP WKH IXWXUH RLUp UHLUp VRQUHLUp ,UUHJXODU 9HUEV 7KHUH DUH RQO EDVLF LUUHJXODU YHUEV LQ WKH IXWXUH WHQVH 7KHVH YHUEV VKRZ D FKDQJH LQ WKH VWHP EXW WKH HQGLQJV DUH WKH VDPH DV WKRVH RX KDYH MXVW OHDUQHG $GG p iV i HPRV pLV iQ WR WKH LUUHJXODU VWHP 3UDFWLFH VDLQJ WKHVH YHUE IRUPV DORXG DQG OHDUQ WKHP VR WKDW RX ZLOO EH DEOH WR XVH WKH IXWXUH WHQVH IUHHO
  • 613. 5HPLQGHU 9DOHU LV PRVW IUHTXHQWO XVHG LQ WKH WKLUG SHUVRQ $ :RUG $ERXW KDEHU +DEUi PHDQV WKHUH ZLOO EH DQG ZLOO WKHUH EH ,W LV WKH IXWXUH WHQVH RI WKH YHUE KDEHU RPSRXQG IRUPV RI YHUEV DUH FRQMXJDWHG LQ WKH VDPH ZD DV WKH PDLQ YHUE
  • 614. 8VHV RI WKH )XWXUH 7HQVH 7KH IXWXUH WHQVH LV XVHG LQ ERWK 6SDQLVK DQG (QJOLVK WR H[SUHVV D IXWXUH WLPH 7KH VLPSOH IXWXUH WUDQVPLWV PRUH RI D FRPPLWPHQW RU D VWURQJ GHFLVLRQ WKDQ GRHV WKH IXWXUH SHULSKUDVWLF LU D LQILQLWLYH
  • 615. 7KH GLIIHUHQFH DOVR H[LVWV LQ (QJOLVK , ZLOO DUULYH DW 30 LV D OLWWOH VWURQJHU LQ WHUPV RI FRPPLWPHQW WKDQ , DP JRLQJ WR DUULYH DW 30 ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IXWXUH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV $OO YHUEV LQ WKLV H[HUFLVH DUH UHJXODU 6L ,VDEHO YD D ,WDOLD RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWDPELpQ LU
  • 619. (O SURIHVRU VDEH TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGXUDQWH ODV YDFDFLRQHV HVWXGLDU
  • 620. (O DPLJR QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD SURQXQFLDFLyQ GH 0DQXHO FRUUHJLU
  • 621. /RV DUWLVWDV SLHQVDQ TXH OD JHQWHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVXV SLQWXUDV FRPSUDU
  • 622. (O KRPEUH QRV SURPHWH TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH IXPDU GHMDU
  • 623. 1DGLH PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD 0p[LFR RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVROR DFRPSDxDUYLDMDU
  • 625. /RV SHULRGLVWDV L]TXLHUGLVWDV GLFHQ TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WULXQIDU
  • 626. 'HVSXpV GH OD HVFXHOD VHFXQGDULD ORV HVWXGLDQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD OD XQLYHUVLGDG DVLVWLU
  • 629. 6L R WH KDJR XQD SUHJXQWD ¢PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UHVSRQGHU
  • 630. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IXWXUH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV $OO YHUEV LQ WKLV H[HUFLVH DUH LUUHJXODU R ORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDFHU
  • 631. (O QRYLR SLHQVD TXH HOODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD YHUOR YHQLU
  • 634. ¢BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBW~ LU GH YDFDFLRQHV HQ MXOLR SRGHU
  • 635. 6L ORV SDGUHV QR ORV YLJLODQ VXV KLMRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD URSD HQ HO SLVR SRQHU
  • 638. (O HVStD QR VDEH QDGD KR SHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKR PDxDQD VDEHU
  • 639. ¢BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKD JHQWH HQ HO JLPQDVLR HO SULPHUR GH HQHUR KDEHU
  • 640. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK XVLQJ YHUEV IURP WKH OLVW EHORZ 8VH HDFK YHUE RQO RQH WLPH DSUHQGHU FRPSUDU GHFLU ILMDUVH JXVWDU SHUGHUVH SRGHU SUDFWLFDU TXHMDUVH UHtUVH UHSHWLU VHU WHQHU FXLGDGR ,I VKH LV QRW FDUHIXO VKH ZLOO JHW ORVW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,I -RUJH WHOOV LW WR PH , ZLOO QRW UHSHDW LW WR DQRQH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,I ZH SUDFWLFH ZH ZLOO EH DEOH WR OHDUQ D QHZ ODQJXDJH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ZLOO EX WKH KRXVH LI WKH OLNH WKH JDUGHQ DQG WKH EDOFRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,I WKH SOD LV IXQQ WKH DXGLHQFH ZLOO ODXJK BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +H ZLOO QHYHU QRWLFH DQWKLQJ +H ZLOO QHYHU FRPSODLQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 641. ([HUFLVH 5HZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQ WKH IXWXUH WHQVH 7KLV H[HUFLVH LQFOXGHV ERWK UHJXODU DQG LUUHJXODU YHUEV (;$03/( RPR PXFKR HO GtD GH DFFLyQ GH JUDFLDV RPHUp PXFKR HO GtD GH DFFLyQ GH JUDFLDV eO YLHQH D YHUPH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7HQJR XQD FLWD FRQ HO GHQWLVWD HQ IHEUHUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiQWR YDOH HO FDUUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp PH GLFHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6DOLPRV SDUD 0p[LFR HQ MXOLR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7UDEDMR HQ XQ WHDWUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +D RQFH HVWXGLDQWHV DTXt BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (PSH]DPRV D HVWXGLDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O PXFKDFKR WLHQH p[LWR /RV GHSRUWLVWDV WLHQHQ VHGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiQWR PH FREUD 8GBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R SDWLQR SRUTXH PH JXVWDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OOD QR VH PHWH HQ OD YLGD GH ORV RWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O SXHEOR YHQFHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7ULXQIDPRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D PXFKDFKD FXPSOH GLH] DxRV HO PLpUFROHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 2OLYLD YLYH HQ 3HU~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D PDHVWUD FRUULJH OD WDUHDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R DVLVWR D OD XQLYHUVLGDGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OHQD VXHxD TXH WH YLRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK 6DEUp PiV PDxDQD GH OR TXH Vp KR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7UHV VLOODV RFKR HVWXGLDQWHV QR FDEUiQ HQ HO VDOyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV PpGLFRV QR GRUPLUiQ KDVWD ODV FXDWUR GH OD PDxDQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3URQWR YROYHUp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'H YH] HQ FXDQGR WH YLVLWDUp HQ %UDVLO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6L 8GV TXLHUHQ LU GH FRPSUDV R ORV OOHYDUp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6L pO VH SRQH QHUYLRVR KDEODUi HQ YR] EDMD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6L FRUUHV PXFKR SRGUiV SHUGHU SHVR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 642. 6L 8G SLHUGH VXV OODYHV ¢TXp KDUi BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OORV PH GLFHQ TXH 8GV VH FDVDUiQ HO DxR TXH YLHQH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([SUHVVLQJ 'RXEW RU 3UREDELOLW LQ WKH 3UHVHQW 7KH HTXLYDOHQW LQ (QJOLVK FDQ EH , ZRQGHU RU LW LV SUREDEO WR LQGLFDWH GRXEW RU SUREDELOLW RX ZLOO NQRZ IURP FRQWH[W ZKHWKHU WKH VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ H[SUHVVHV WKH VLPSOH IXWXUH RU SUREDELOLW LQ WKH SUHVHQW ([SUHVVLQJ WKH )XWXUH 8VLQJ WKH 3UHVHQW 7HQVH ‡ 7KH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH LV RIWHQ XVHG ZKHQ WKHUH LV DQRWKHU HOHPHQW LQ WKH VHQWHQFH WKDW LQGLFDWHV IXWXUH WLPH ‡ 7KH SUHVHQW WHQVH QRW WKH IXWXUH LV XVHG ZKHQ DVNLQJ IRU LQVWUXFWLRQV ‡ 7KH SUHVHQW WHQVH QRW WKH IXWXUH LV XVHG ZKHQ RX¶UH DVNLQJ IRU WKLQJV 7KHVH DUH QRW DFWLRQV WKDW WDNH SODFH LQ WKH IXWXUH LQ WKHVH FDVHV ZLOO LV D KHOSLQJ YHUE H[SUHVVLQJ D YROXQWDU PRRG
  • 643. ([HUFLVH 5HZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV WR LQGLFDWH SUREDELOLW (;$03/( (O OLEUR QR FDEH HQ PL EROVD (O OLEUR QR FDEUi HQ PL EROVD ¢7LHQH KDPEUH HO QLxR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp KDFH OD PXMHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4XLpQ SRQH OD PHVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OOD VDEH ODV GLUHFFLRQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiQWR YDOH HVWH DSDUWDPHQWR OXMRVR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3ODFHPHQW RI 5HIOH[LYH ,QGLUHFW DQG 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV 5HYLHZ REMHFW SURQRXQV DV RX FRQWLQXH DGGLQJ WR RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WHQVHV 7KH UHIOH[LYH LQGLUHFW DQG GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV KDYH WZR SRVVLEOH SRVLWLRQV ZKHQ XVHG ZLWK WKH IXWXUH WHQVH ‡ 2EMHFW SURQRXQV FDQ EH SODFHG GLUHFWO EHIRUH WKH FRQMXJDWHG YHUE ‡ 2EMHFW SURQRXQV FDQ EH DWWDFKHG WR DQ LQILQLWLYH LI RQH LV XVHG LQ WKH SKUDVH RU VHQWHQFH
  • 644. 7KH )XWXUH 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH IXWXUH SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH HPSKDVL]HV DFWLRQ WKDW ZLOO EH LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH IXWXUH :KHQ RX GRQ¶W QHHG WR H[SUHVV DFWLRQ WKDW ZLOO EH LQ SURJUHVV LQ WKH IXWXUH XVH WKH VLPSOH IXWXUH WHQVH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH )XWXUH 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH IXWXUH SURJUHVVLYH LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH 7R IRUP WKLV WHQVH FRQMXJDWH HVWDU LQ WKH IXWXUH DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 8VHV RI WKH )XWXUH 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH IXWXUH SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH HPSKDVL]HV DFWLRQ WKDW ZLOO WDNH SODFH LQ WKH IXWXUH , ZLOO EH DUULYLQJ E R¶FORFN IRU H[DPSOH ,I RX GRQ¶W QHHG WR HPSKDVL]H WKH DFWLRQ XVH WKH VLPSOH IXWXUH , ZLOO DUULYH E R¶FORFN 7KH )XWXUH 3HUIHFW 7HQVH ,Q 6SDQLVK DV LQ (QJOLVK WKH IXWXUH SHUIHFW WHQVH UHIHUV WR DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZLOO EH FRPSOHWHG LQ WKH IXWXUH EHIRUH DQRWKHU DFWLRQ RFFXUV RU EHIRUH VRPH SRLQW RI WLPH LQ WKH IXWXUH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH )XWXUH 3HUIHFW 7HQVH
  • 645. 7KH IXWXUH SHUIHFW LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH 7R IRUP WKLV WHQVH FRQMXJDWH KDEHU LQ WKH IXWXUH DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 8VHV RI WKH )XWXUH 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH IXWXUH SHUIHFW WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ WKDW ZLOO KDYH WDNHQ SODFH E D VSHFLILF WLPH LQ WKH IXWXUH ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK ¢$GyQGH KDEUiV LGR GHVSXpV GH VDOLU GH WX FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +DEUHPRV FRPSUDGR QXHVWURV WLTXHWHV SDUD HO ViEDGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +DEUp YLVWR D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DQWHV GH TXH YLDMHQ D 0p[LFR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (Q XQ PHV KDEUp YLYLGR DTXt SRU GLH] DxRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢+DEUiV WHUPLQDGR WX WUDEDMR SDUD OD VHPDQD TXH YLHQH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ
  • 646. (O SRUYHQLU ³9ROYHUp´ GLFH HO DPDQWH ³FRPHUp´ GLFH HO JORWyQ ³EDLODUp´ GLFH HO FRMR ³WUDEDMDUp´ GLFH pO VLQ SURIHVLyQ ³9RWDUp´ GLFH HO FLXGDGDQR ³PH UHLUp´ GLFH HO MXJODU ³GRUPLUp´ GLFH HO LQVRPQH ³WH FXLGDUp´ GLFH VX PDPi ³3URPHWHUp´ GLFH HO SROtWLFR ³FXUDUp´ GLFH HO GRFWRU ³UHFRUGDUp´ GLFH HO DPQpVLFR ³HQVHxDUp´ GLFH HO SURIHVRU WRGRV VH HQFRQWUDUiQ WRGRV VH KDEODUiQ 7RGRV GLUiQ OD YHUGDG PHQWLUDV WRGRV VH PRULUiQ 9HUERV 1RPEUHV 3UHJXQWDV ¢XiOHV SHUVRQDV GLFHQ OD YHUGDG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiOHV PLHQWHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢RQ TXLpQHV VH LGHQWLILFD 8G BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 647. 7KH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH LV XVHG WR GHVFULEH DFWLRQV WKDW DUH XQFHUWDLQ LQ WKH IXWXUH 8QOLNH WKH IXWXUH WHQVH ZKLFK H[SUHVVHV IXWXUH FHUWDLQW WKH FRQGLWLRQDO H[SUHVVHV DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZRXOG KDSSHQ LI DQRWKHU FRQGLWLRQ ZHUH PHW 7KLV LV D VLPSOH WHQVH LQ WKDW LW XVHV QR KHOSLQJ YHUE LQ 6SDQLVK ,W FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH LQ (QJOLVK ZKLFK XVHV ZRXOG DV DQ DX[LOLDU YHUE , ZRXOG JR EXW , GRQ¶W KDYH WLPH IRU H[DPSOH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH 0RVW YHUEV DUH UHJXODU LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH 7R IRUP WKH FRQGLWLRQDO XVH WKH LQILQLWLYH DV WKH VWHP DQG DGG WKH IROORZLQJ HQGLQJV WR WKH LQILQLWLYH tD tDV tD tDPRV tDLV tDQ 7KHVH HQGLQJV DUH XVHG IRU DOO YHUEV ERWK UHJXODU DQG LUUHJXODU LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH 3UDFWLFH SURQRXQFLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ FRQGLWLRQDO YHUE IRUPV DORXG DQG EH VXUH WR VWUHVV WKH DFFHQWHG VOODEOH 3URQXQFLDWLRQ 5HPLQGHU 3UDFWLFH SURQRXQFLQJ WKH G ZLWK D VRIW WK VRXQG 5HJXODU 9HUEV $U 9HUEV
  • 649. 7KH U DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI D EUHDWK JURXS LV SURQRXQFHG DV DQ UU WULOO 3UDFWLFH SURQRXQFLQJ WKHVH IRUPV RI UHFRUGDU ZLWK WKH WULOOHG U (U 9HUEV ,U 9HUEV
  • 650. 3URQXQFLDWLRQ 5HPLQGHU 7KH J EHIRUH DQ L LV SURQRXQFHG OLNH WKH (QJOLVK K DV LQ KRW ,UUHJXODU 9HUEV 7KHUH DUH EDVLF LUUHJXODU YHUEV LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO DQG IXWXUH WHQVHV KDYH WKH VDPH VWHPV LQ WKHLU LUUHJXODU YHUEV $GG tD tDV tD tDPRV tDLV tDQ WR WKH LUUHJXODU VWHP 3UDFWLFH SURQRXQFLQJ WKHVH YHUE IRUPV DORXG DQG OHDUQ WKHP VR WKDW RX ZLOO EH DEOH WR XVH WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH IUHHO
  • 652. 5HPLQGHU $V QRWHG YDOHU LV PRVW RIWHQ XVHG LQ WKH WKLUG SHUVRQ $ :RUG $ERXW KDEHU +DEUtD PHDQV WKHUH ZRXOG EH DQG ZRXOG WKHUH EH ,W LV WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH RI WKH YHUE KDEHU RPSRXQG IRUPV RI YHUEV DUH FRQMXJDWHG LQ WKH VDPH ZD DV WKH PDLQ YHUE GHFLU
  • 653. KDFHU SRQHU WHQHU YHQLU 8VHV RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ WKDW LV XQFHUWDLQ LQ WKH IXWXUH 7KLV WHQVH FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH (QJOLVK FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH , ZRXOG JR IRU H[DPSOH
  • 654. $ :RUG $ERXW (QJOLVK ZRXOG ,Q (QJOLVK WKH WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKH 6SDQLVK LPSHUIHFW WHQVH VRPHWLPHV XVHV WKH ZRUG ZRXOG DV D KHOSLQJ YHUE ZKHQ H[SUHVVLQJ UHSHDWHG DFWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW )ROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI WKH LPSHUIHFW WHQVH ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW FRQGLWLRQDO IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SURGXFLU
  • 660. /RV QLxRV VXV SDGUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSURQWR UHJUHVDU
  • 667. R VDEtD TXH HOODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HQWHQGHU
  • 669. ¢3RU TXpBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB6DPXHO DO WHDWUR VL VLHPSUH VH GXHUPH LU
  • 670. 3ODFHPHQW RI 5HIOH[LYH ,QGLUHFW DQG 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 3URQRXQV 7KH UHIOH[LYH LQGLUHFW DQG GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV KDYH WZR SRVVLEOH SRVLWLRQV ZKHQ XVHG ZLWK WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH ‡ 2EMHFW SURQRXQV FDQ EH SODFHG GLUHFWO EHIRUH WKH FRQMXJDWHG YHUE ‡ 2EMHFW SURQRXQV FDQ EH DWWDFKHG WR DQ LQILQLWLYH LI RQH LV XVHG LQ WKH SKUDVH RU VHQWHQFH
  • 671. ([HUFLVH 5HZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH %H VXUH WR LQFOXGH DOO QHFHVVDU ZULWWHQ DFFHQWV 3URQRXQFH RXU DQVZHUV DORXG (;$03/( 1DGLH GXHUPH DTXt 1DGLH GRUPLUtD DTXt R OD DXGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OOD YD GH FRPSUDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢0LUDV W~ WHOHYLVLyQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OORV YHQGHQ OD FRPLGDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV PR]RV OHV GDQ OD FRPLGD D ORV FOLHQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7HQHPRV PXFKR TXH KDFHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O FRQGXFWRU PDQHMD UiSLGDPHQWHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢DQWDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢9LHQHQ 8GV D PL FDVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R OR KDJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R OH GLJR QDGDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7H FREUR FLHQ GyODUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV QLxRV QR OHHQ PXFKRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6p QDGDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +D PXFKD JHQWH HQ ORV WUHQHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R FDEHQ PiVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /H WUDLJR ODV IORUHV D VX KHUPDQD 1RV SRQHPRV ORV ]DSDWRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3XHGH 8G DFRPSDxDUPH DO EXVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢$ 8GV OHV JXVWD LU DO FLQH ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW FRQGLWLRQDO IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (OODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRFDU HO SLDQR SHUR QXQFD SUDFWLFD SRGHU
  • 672. /D HQIHUPHUD OH SURPHWLy DO SDFLHQWH TXH pOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHMRUDUVH
  • 673. R QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH OD VLWXDFLyQ TXHMDUVH
  • 676. (QULTXH VX HVSRVD VDEtDQ TXH VXV KLMRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ VXV YDFDFLRQHV GLYHUWLUVH
  • 677. (PDQXHO VX KHUPDQR QRV DVHJXUDURQ TXH WRGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ HVWDU
  • 678. /RV JHPHORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQD ILHVWD SHUR QR HV VX FXPSOHDxRV WHQHU
  • 679. /D WHUDSHXWD ItVLFD PH GLMR TXH QR PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV ORV SLHV GROHU
  • 680. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK -RVp ZRXOG OLNH WR OHDUQ WR VZLP EXW KH LV DIUDLG RI WKH ZDWHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB , ZRXOG QRW VD DQWKLQJ WR KLP EHFDXVH , GR QRW NQRZ KLP ZHOO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 2XU 0H[LFDQ IULHQGV ZRXOG FRPH WR DOLIRUQLD WR YLVLW WKHLU IDPLO EXW WKH SUHIHU WR WUDYHO WR (XURSH WKLV HDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB -XDQ WROG PH WKDW KH ZRXOG JLYH WKH ERRN WR RX LI RX ZDQW WR VWXG LW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H ZRXOG JR WR -XOLD¶V SDUW EXW ZH GRQ¶W NQRZ ZKHUH VKH OLYHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH PD EH XVHG WR H[SUHVV VSHFXODWLRQ RU FRQMHFWXUH LQ WKH SDVW 7KH WUDQVODWLRQ , ZRQGHU RU ,W ZDV SUREDEO LQGLFDWHV GRXEW RU FRQMHFWXUH RX ZLOO NQRZ IURP FRQWH[W ZKHWKHU WKH VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ H[SUHVVHV WKH VLPSOH FRQGLWLRQDO RU SUREDELOLW LQ WKH SDVW 7KH RQGLWLRQDO 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH H[SUHVVHV GRXEW DERXW DFWLRQ LQ WKH IXWXUH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO SURJUHVVLYH LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH 7R IRUP WKLV WHQVH FRQMXJDWH HVWDU LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RI WKH PDLQ YHUE
  • 681. 8VHV RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH H[SUHVVHV GRXEW LQ WKH IXWXUH DQG HPSKDVL]HV WKH DFWLRQ :KHQ RX GRQ¶W QHHG WR HPSKDVL]H WKH DFWLRQ XVH WKH VLPSOH FRQGLWLRQDO RX¶OO ILQG WKDW WKH VLPSOH FRQGLWLRQDO LV XVHG PRUH IUHTXHQWO LQ HYHUGD VSHHFK 7KH RQGLWLRQDO 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO SHUIHFW WHQVH LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZRXOG KDYH WDNHQ SODFH EXW GLG QRW , ZRXOG KDYH SDLG RX EXW , OHIW P PRQH DW KRPH IRU H[DPSOH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO SHUIHFW LV D FRPSRXQG WHQVH 7R IRUP WKLV WHQVH FRQMXJDWH WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 8VHV RI WKH RQGLWLRQDO 3HUIHFW 7HQVH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO SHUIHFW WHQVH ZKLFK LV XVHG WR UHIHU WR DQ DFWLRQ WKDW ZRXOG KDYH RFFXUUHG EXW GLG QRW LV RIWHQ IROORZHG E (QJOLVK EXW
  • 682. 5HPHPEHU WKDW UHIOH[LYH LQGLUHFW DQG GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV SUHFHGH WKH YHUE IRUP 7KH REMHFW SURQRXQV DUH QHYHU DWWDFKHG WR WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO SHUIHFW WHQVH PD DOVR H[SUHVV VSHFXODWLRQ RU FRQMHFWXUH LQ WKH SDVW ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK +H ZRXOG KDYH DUULYHG RQ WLPH EXW KH ORVW WKH GLUHFWLRQV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H ZRXOG QRW KDYH WROG RXU VHFUHW WR DQRQH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB -XDQ DQG KLV FRPSDQLRQ ZRXOG KDYH JRQH WR 0H[LFR EXW WKH GHFLGHG WR VDYH WKHLU PRQH IRU WKH IROORZLQJ HDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $QWRQLR DQG , ZRXOG KDYH WUDYHOHG WR RORPELD EXW WKH IOLJKW FRVW WRR PXFK
  • 683. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (QULTXH ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ D JRRG SUHVLGHQW EXW KH ZDQWHG WR KDYH PRUH WLPH WR VSHQG ZLWK KLV IDPLO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OYLUD ZRXOG KDYH UHWXUQHG WKH PRQH WKDW VKH IRXQG EXW VKH JDYH LW WR KHU VRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ ¢4Xp KDUtD 8G HQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV VLWXDFLRQHV $QVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV RUDOO ¢'LUtD 8G XQD PHQWLUD SDUD SURWHJHU D VX DPLJR ¢RPSUDUtD 8G DOJR DQWHV GH YHUOR 6L YDV D XQ FDVLQR ¢FXiQWR GLQHUR DSRVWDUtDV DQWHV GH LUWH 8G HVWi HQ XQD FODVH GH YHLQWH HVWXGLDQWHV WRGRV HVWiQ FRSLDQGR H[FHSWR 8G (OORV UHFLEHQ HO H[DPHQ GH DQWHPDQR DSUHQGHQ GH PHPRULD ODV UHVSXHVWDV VLQ VDEHU QDGD 8G HVWi HVWXGLDQGR
  • 684. ¢/H GLUtD 8G DO PDHVWUR OR TXH HVWi SDVDQGR HQ OD FODVH 6X KLMR WLHQH FDWRUFH DxRV TXLHUH MXJDU DO I~WERO DPHULFDQR SDUD VX HVFXHOD 8G VDEH TXH HV SHOLJURVR TXH PXFKRV QLxRV VH OHVLRQDQ ¢/R GHMDUtD MXJDU R ILUPDUtD HO GRFXPHQWR SURKLELpQGROH TXH MXHJXH 6X PHMRU DPLJR HVWi SDUD FDVDUVH 8G HVWi HQ XQ UHVWDXUDQWH YH D VX SURPHWLGD EHVDU D RWUR KRPEUH ¢6H OR GLUtD D VX DPLJR 8G HQFXHQWUD XQD FDQWLGDG GH GLQHUR HQ ODV PRQWDxDV FRQ OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH XQD SHUVRQD TXH VH KDEtD PXHUWR HQ XQ DFFLGHQWH ¢/H GHYROYHUtD 8G HO GLQHUR D OD IDPLOLD ¢9LDMDUtD 8G VROR ¢7RPDUtD 8G FUpGLWR SRU XQ OLEUR TXH QR KDEtD HVFULWR 6X PHMRU DPLJR HV SLQWRU ¢/H GLUtD 8G OD YHUGDG VL D 8G QR OH JXVWD VX SLQWXUD 9HUERV
  • 685. 7KH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG UHIHUV WR WKH UHFHQW SDVW DQG LV WUDQVODWHG DV WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW LQ (QJOLVK WKH WUDLQ KDV DUULYHG IRU H[DPSOH /LNH DOO VXEMXQFWLYH PRRGV WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH PXVW EH FDXVHG 7KH PDLQ FODXVH PXVW KDYH D YHUE RU H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW FDOOV IRU WKH XVH RI WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH 7KH SUHVHQW RU IXWXUH WHQVH RI FHUWDLQ YHUEV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH ZLOO FDXVH WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LV D FRPSRXQG YHUE IRUP 7R IRUP WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH FRQMXJDWH WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH RI WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 8VHV RI WKH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH FDQ EH XVHG WR H[SUHVV D SDVW DFWLRQ LI WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW RU IXWXUH WHQVH 7KH PDLQ FODXVH PXVW FRQWDLQ D YHUE RU H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW FDXVHV WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ XVH LV WKH SUHVHQW LQGLFDWLYH LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH DQG WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
  • 686. 127( 7KH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH LV WKH VDPH ZKHWKHU WKH 6SDQLVK YHUE LV LQ WKH LQGLFDWLYH RU WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG ‡ 0DLQ FODXVH LQ WKH SUHVHQW GHSHQGHQW FODXVH LQ SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK ,V LW SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH KDYH IDOOHQ DVOHHS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,W LV SUREDEOH WKDW ZH KDYH KDG D ORW RI RSSRUWXQLWLHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H DUH JODG WKDW RXU WZR IULHQGV KDYH PHW HDFK RWKHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,¶P VDG WKDW WKH KRWHO KDVQ¶W FDOOHG WR FRQILUP P UHVHUYDWLRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB -RVp KRSHV WKDW ZH KDYH IHOW ZHOO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ODZHU LV JODG WKDW KLV FOLHQWV KDYH UHDG WKH FRQWUDFW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH HQJLQHHUV UHJUHW WKDW WKH EXLOGLQJV KDYH KDG SUREOHPV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ZRUNHU LV VDG WKDW KLV ERVV KDV QRW FDOOHG WR ILQG RXW ZKHUH KH LV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 687. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (;$03/( (O KRPEUH HVWi WULVWH GH TXH VX IDPLOLD QR OR KDD YLVLWDGR YLVLWDU
  • 689. 1RV DOHJUDPRV PXFKR GH TXH HO EDxHUR OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD YLGD D OD QDGDGRUD VDOYDU
  • 690. 0LJXHO GXGD TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD VXELU OD PRQWDxD DWUHYHUVH
  • 691. ¢RQRFHV D DOJXLHQ TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRGDV ODV REUDV GH 6KDNHVSHDUH OHHU
  • 692. /D UH TXLHUH TXH VX UHLQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIHOL] VHU
  • 693. /RV YLDMDQWHV HVSHUDQ TXH ORV WUHQHV QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHPRUDUVH
  • 694. 6RQ ODV VHLV GH OD PDxDQD /D PDPi QR SLHQVD TXH VXV KLMRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OHYDQWDUVH
  • 695. 6RQ ODV RQFH GH OD QRFKH HO ViEDGR 3DWULFLD HVSHUD TXH VXV DPLJRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKR HQ OD ILHVWD GLYHUWLUVH
  • 696. 0H DOHJUR PXFKR GH TXH 8GVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD OD FODVH YHQLU
  • 697. (V XQD OiVWLPD TXH HO YDVRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB URPSHUVH
  • 698. ‡ 0DLQ FODXVH LQ WKH IXWXUH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH LQ WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ,I WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV HLWKHU WKH IXWXUH SHULSKUDVWLF LU D LQILQLWLYH
  • 699. RU WKH VLPSOH IXWXUH WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH FDQ EH XVHG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH 7KLV VWUXFWXUH LV XVHG LQIUHTXHQWO LQ HYHUGD VSHHFK 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ /D LVOD HQ HO DULEH 0H DOHJUR PXFKR GH TXH PLV DPLJRV VH KDDQ SXHVWR WDQ FRQWHQWRV DQWHV GH PL JUDQ YLDMH D YHUORV 6H OODPDQ 6DPXHO 7HUHVD YLYHQ HQ XQD LVOD TXH VH OODPD 6DED 1RV HQFRQWUDPRV SRU SULPHUD YH] HQ HO XFDWiQ GRQGH YLDMDPRV MXQWRV 6HJ~Q HOORV 6DED HV HO PHMRU VLWLR GHO PXQGR (VWR PX HPRFLRQDGD GH TXH HOORV PH KDDQ LQYLWDGR D VX KRJDU WDQ HVSHFLDO (OOD HV IUDQFHVD pO HV GH ,QJODWHUUD +DQ SDVDGR PiV GH YHLQWH DxRV IXHUD GH VXV SDtVHV 1R Vp SRU TXp KDQ HVFRJLGR HVWD LVOD HQ HO PHGLR GHO DULEH 1XQFD PH KDQ GDGR OD UD]yQ QDGLH VDEH HO SRUTXp H[FHSWR HOORV
  • 700. (VWR FRQWHQWD GH TXH KDDPRV SRGLGR HVWDU HQ FRQWDFWR SRU WDQWR WLHPSR FRPXQLFiQGRQRV SRU FRUUHR HOHFWUyQLFR $UUHJOR PL PDOHWD SHQVDQGR HQ OR TXH PLV DPLJRV PH KDQ GLFKR RQ FXLGDGR PHWR HQ HOOD EORTXHDGRU DQWHRMRV GH VRO FDPLVDV GH DOJRGyQ 0H GLFHQ TXH OOXHYH PXFKR DVt TXH LQFOXR XQ SDUDJXDV SHTXHxR XQ LPSHUPHDEOH (Q FDVR GH TXH KDD VRO HVSHUiQGROR WUDLJR GRV WUDMHV GH EDxR XQD EDWD VDQGDOLDV JDIDV SDUD QDGDU $ HOORV OHV JXVWD EXFHDU D Pt WDPELpQ 'HMR HQ FDVD PL DEULJR HVFRMR XQD FKDTXHWD XQ FKDOHFR TXH FRPSUp HQ *XDWHPDOD 0H JXVWD OOHYDU SDQWDORQHV SHUR YR D WUDHU XQD IDOGD WDPELpQ 1R Vp VL QHFHVLWDUp FDOFHWLQHV R ERWDV SHUR ORV WUDHUp GH WRGRV PRGRV 6HUi PL SULPHU YLDMH D OD LVOD PLV DPLJRV OD GHVFULEHQ FRPR XQ SDUDtVR SHUR XQ SDUDtVR VLQ PXFKDV SURYLVLRQHV 0H SLGHQ TXH OHV OOHYH PXFKRV YtYHUHV FRPR QXHFHV TXHVR FHUHDO FKRFRODWH 0L SREUH PDOHWD FDPELDGD D PDOHWyQ SHVD PXFKR FRQ WRGD OD FRPLGD SHUR OOHYDUp WRGR FRQ PXFKDV JDQDV 0H UHFRJLHURQ HQ HO DHURSXHUWR IXLPRV D 6DED D VX KRJDU (OORV VH VHQWDURQ HQ HO VRIi 6DPXHO HPSH]y D WUDEDMDU HQ OD FRPSXWDGRUD HOOD QR KL]R QDGD DTXHOOD SULPHUD QRFKH (VWD SDUHMD TXH VLHPSUH KDEODED GHMy GH KDEODU 'RUPt EDVWDQWH ELHQ OD SULPHUD QRFKH D SHVDU GH ORV LQVHFWRV UHHV GH OD FDVD TXH DQGDEDQ SRU WRGD OD FDVD HO VRQLGR GH OD UDQDV PiV DOOi GH PL YHQWDQD 6DPXHO 7HUHVD PLV TXHULGRV DPLJRV QR Vp OR TXH OHV KDEtD SDVDGR 3DVp PLV YDFDFLRQHV D VRODV (OORV QR VH DWUHYtDQ D VDOLU GH OD FDVD KDVWD VDFDU OD EDVXUD 6DPXHO OOHJDED DO OLQGHUR GH OD FDVD VXVSLUDED YROYtD D OD VDOD PLHQWUDV 7HUHVD FRFLQDED 3RU ILQ PH OOHYDURQ DO DHURSXHUWR PH GHMDURQ DOOt QRV GHVSHGLPRV QRV VHSDUDPRV )XH OD ~OWLPD YH] TXH ORV YL 9HUERV 1RPEUHV
  • 701. ([SUHVLRQHV 3UHJXQWDV ¢'yQGH HVWi 6DED BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢yPR HV OD LVOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp SRQH OD SHUVRQD HQ VX PDOHWD ¢3RU TXp SHVD WDQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢6H OOHYDURQ ELHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢9DQ D YHUVH GH QXHYR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢/D SHUVRQD TXH YLDMD HV PXMHU X KRPEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 702. 7KH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG H[SUHVVHV SDVW DFWLRQ 6R IDU RX KDYH VWXGLHG WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH DQG WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH 1H[W LV WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ,I WKH PDLQ FODXVH EHJLQV LQ WKH SDVW LW FDQ FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH SDVW 5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG FDQQRW H[LVW DORQH $QRWKHU HOHPHQW LQ WKH VHQWHQFH DOZDV FDXVHV LW WR EH XVHG 7KH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LV XVHG DIWHU WKH IROORZLQJ HOHPHQWV ‡ HUWDLQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV ‡ HUWDLQ YHUEV ‡ HUWDLQ FRQMXQFWLRQV ‡ HUWDLQ GHSHQGHQW DGMHFWLYH FODXVHV ‡ HUWDLQ H[SUHVVLRQV )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7R IRUP WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRU DOO YHUEV ILUVW GURS WKH HQGLQJ RI WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHWHULW :KDW UHPDLQV LV WKH VWHP RI WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRU DOO IRUPV $Q LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH VWHP RI WKH SUHWHULW WHQVH ZLOO KDYH WKH VDPH LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH RI DU 9HUEV 7R FRQMXJDWH DOO EXW WKUHH DU YHUEV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH EHJLQ ZLWK WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU pO HOOD 8G
  • 703. RI WKH SUHWHULW WHQVH 'URS WKH SUHWHULW HQGLQJ DQG DGG DUD DUDV DUD iUDPRV DUDLV DUDQ WR WKH VWHP
  • 704. 7KH RQO DU YHUEV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW HQGLQJV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH DUH YHUEV WKDW DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKH SUHWHULW DQGDU HVWDU GDU ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH RI HU DQG LU 9HUEV 7R FRQMXJDWH ERWK HU DQG LU YHUEV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH GURS WKH HQGLQJ IURP WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHWHULW WR JHW WKH VWHP 7KHQ DGG LHUD LHUDV LHUD LpUDPRV LHUDLV LHUDQ WR WKH VWHP (U 9HUEV ,U 9HUEV
  • 705. ,U YHUEV WKDW DUH LUUHJXODU LQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHWHULW VKRZ WKH VDPH LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH VWHP RI WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH $ :RUG $ERXW 3URQXQFLDWLRQ 7KH VWUHVV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LV RQ WKH VHFRQGWRODVW RU SHQXOWLPDWH VOODEOH $V RX SUDFWLFH PDNH VXUH RX SURQRXQFH WKH YHUEV LQ WKLV ZD R FDQWDUD W~ FDQWDUDV pO FDQWDUD QRVRWURV FDQWiUDPRV YRVRWURV FDQWDUDLV HOORV FDQWDUDQ ,I D ZRUG FDUULHV D ZULWWHQ DFFHQW VWUHVV WKH DFFHQWHG VOODEOH QRVRWURV FDQWiUDPRV 7KH PRUH RX SUDFWLFH WKH PRUH QDWXUDO WKLV VRXQG EHFRPHV
  • 706. ,UUHJXODU 6WHPV LQ WKH 3UHWHULW 9HUEV ZLWK LUUHJXODU VWHPV LQ WKH SUHWHULW KDYH WKH VDPH LUUHJXODULW LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH 'URS WKH HQGLQJ IURP WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU DQG DGG LHUD LHUDV LHUD LpUDPRV LHUDLV LHUDQ WR WKH VWHP
  • 707. ,UUHJXODU SUHWHULWV ZKRVH VWHP HQGV LQ M KDYH HUDQ QRW LHUDQ LQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ SOXUDO 7DNH D ORRN DW GHFLU SURGXFLU DQG WUDHU 7KH FRQMXJDWLRQV IRU LU DQG VHU DUH LGHQWLFDO LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH 7KH PHDQLQJ ZLOO EH FODULILHG LQ FRQWH[W $ :RUG $ERXW KDEHU
  • 708. +XELHUD LV WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI KDEHU IRUPHG IURP WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU RI WKH SUHWHULW KXER PHDQLQJ WKHUH ZDV WKHUH ZHUH RPSRXQG IRUPV RI YHUEV DUH FRQMXJDWHG LQ WKH VDPH ZD DV WKH PDLQ YHUE GHFLU KDFHU SRQHU WHQHU SURGXFLU WUDHU YHQLU
  • 709. 8VHV RI WKH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH :KHQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH FRQWDLQV D YHUE RU H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW FDXVHV WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH WKH SUHVHQFH RI DQ HOHPHQW LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH WKDW EHJLQV LQ WKH SDVW PDNHV LW PDQGDWRU WR XVH WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH RX GR QRW KDYH WR PDNH DQ GHFLVLRQV QRU GR RX KDYH D FKRLFH DERXW ZKHWKHU RU QRW WR XVH LW 7KH FRQGLWLRQDO FDQ DOVR FDXVH WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH $IWHU HUWDLQ ,PSHUVRQDO ([SUHVVLRQV HUWDLQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH ZLOO FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH ,I WKH LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV DUH LQ WKH SUHWHULW WKH LPSHUIHFW RU WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH WKH ZLOO FDXVH WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH 1RWH WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQV IRU WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVHV EHORZ GHSHQGLQJ RQ ZKDW LV H[SUHVVHG E WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH ‡ 3UHWHULW ‡ ,PSHUIHFW ‡ RQGLWLRQDO
  • 710. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV WKHQ WUDQVODWH WKH VHQWHQFH (;$03/(6 )XH IDQWiVWLFR TXH QRVRWURV WXYLpUDPRV p[LWR WHQHU
  • 711. ,W ZDV IDQWDVWLF WKDW ZH ZHUH VXFFHVVIXO (UD LPSRVLEOH TXH 2FWDYLR GXUPLHUD ELHQ DQRFKH GRUPLU
  • 712. ,W ZDV LPSRVVLEOH WKDW 2FWDYLR VOHSW ZHOO ODVW QLJKW ¢6HUtD SRVLEOH TXH HOORV PH YLHUDQ HQ HO WHDWUR YHU
  • 713. :RXOG LW EH SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH VDZ PH LQ WKH WKHDWHU )XH LPSRUWDQWH TXH -DLPH PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDEODU
  • 714. (UD XQD OiVWLPD TXH HOOD QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ DQRFKH VHQWLUVH
  • 715. ¢)XH SRVLEOH TXH 8GVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD PL KHUPDQD FRQRFHU
  • 716. )XH QHFHVDULR TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHMHUFLFLRV KDFHU
  • 717. (UD LPSRVLEOH TXH QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWUiILFR KR KDEHU
  • 718. )XH XUJHQWH TXH OD DPEXODQFLDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHQWUR GH FLQFR PLQXWRV OOHJDU
  • 719. (UD SRVLEOH TXH QRVRWURV OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQ UHJDOR D OD PDHVWUD GDU
  • 720. )XH GXGRVR TXH PL VREULQD PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD YHUGDG IXH SRVLEOH TXH PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHFLUPHQWLU
  • 721. 6HUtD EXHQR TXH 8GVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHMRUDUVH
  • 722. (UD SUREDEOH TXH WRGD OD FODVHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB JUDGXDUVH
  • 723. 6HUtD LPSRVLEOH TXH 6DUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVLQ GHFLUQRV QDGD LUVH
  • 724. )XH EXHQR TXH QRVRWURV ODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB OODPDU
  • 725. 6HUtD QHFHVDULR TXH ORV WXULVWDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKD DJXD HQ ODV PRQWDxDV WRPDU
  • 726. 6HUtD GXGRVR TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD 0p[LFR HVWH DxR YLDMDU
  • 727. )XH SRVLEOH TXH %HDWUL] H ,VDEHOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ ,WDOLD TXHGDUVH
  • 728. $IWHU HUWDLQ 9HUEV 5HYLHZ WKH YHUEV WKDW FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH QDPHO YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV ZLVKHV DQG SUHIHUHQFHV YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV KRSH UHJUHW DQG HPRWLRQ YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV RUGHUV DQG YHUEV WKDW H[SUHVV XQFHUWDLQW 7KHVH YHUEV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH ZLOO FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH ,I WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHWHULW WKH LPSHUIHFW RU WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH ZLOO EH LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ‡ 3UHWHULW
  • 729. ‡ ,PSHUIHFW ‡ RQGLWLRQDO $ :RUG $ERXW WKH (QJOLVK 7UDQVODWLRQV RX FDQ VHH WKDW (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQV RI WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH DUH QRW H[DFW -XVW UHPHPEHU WKDW LI RX VWDUW RXW LQ HLWKHU WKH SDVW SUHWHULW RU LPSHUIHFW
  • 730. RU WKH FRQGLWLRQDO LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH WKH YHUE RU LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQ ZLOO FDXVH WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK ,Q WKHVH VHQWHQFHV WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHWHULW DQG WKH YHUE LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH LV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH 4XLVH TXH HOODV PH HVFULELHUDQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0L YHFLQR SUHILULy TXH R QR OH WUDMHUD QDGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1RV DOHJUDPRV GH TXH pO OOHJDUD WHPSUDQR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OOD QRV URJy TXH QR QRV IXpUDPRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 731. 0H DOHJUp GH TXH WH PXGDUDV D XQD FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O GXHxR LQVLVWLy HQ TXH SDJiUDPRV OD UHQWD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R OH GLMH D PL DPLJR TXH PH OODPDUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O WXULVWD OH VXJLULy DO WD[LVWD TXH QR FRQGXMHUD WDQ UiSLGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ,Q WKHVH VHQWHQFHV WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHWHULW (;$03/( (O DERJDGR LQVLVWLy HQ TXH OD PXMHU IXHUD D OD FRUWH VHU
  • 732. R TXLVH TXH -XOLR PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HVSDxRO KDEODU
  • 733. -XOLR PH DFRQVHMy TXH RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV HVWXGLDU
  • 734. 6XVDQD LQVLVWLy HQ TXH VX SULPRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQ VX KHUPDQR EDLODU
  • 735. 0DQXHO QR TXLVR TXH VX HVSRVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO FDEDUHW FDQWDU
  • 736. 0H DOHJUp GH TXH 8GVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD OD FODVH YHQLU
  • 737. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ,Q WKHVH VHQWHQFHV WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW (OOD TXHUtD TXH VXV SDGUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ 1XHYD RUN TXHGDUVH
  • 738. /D PDGUH QR TXHUtD TXH QRVRWURV OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIORUHV WUDHU
  • 739. /D GRFWRUD OH DFRQVHMDED DO SDFLHQWH TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPHQRV FRPHU
  • 740. (O KRPEUH OH VXJHUtD TXH 8G PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHO OLEUR SUHVWDU
  • 741. /D PXMHU HVSHUDED TXH QRVRWURV OD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DXGDU
  • 742. /RV FDQGLGDWRV QRV URJDEDQ TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRU HOORV YRWDU
  • 743. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ,Q WKHVH VHQWHQFHV WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO (O GHQWLVWD HVSHUDUtD TXH VXV SDFLHQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ VX RILFLQD D ODV QXHYH GH OD PDxDQD HVWDU
  • 744. 0H JXVWDUtD TXH W~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDOODUVH
  • 745. (OOD VH DOHJUDUtD GH TXH QRVRWURV ORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KDFHU
  • 746. 7H JXVWDUtD TXH R WHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDO WUHQ HVWD QRFKH DFRPSDxDU
  • 748. 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK (O PXFKDFKR TXHUtD TXH VXV SDGUHV OH WUDMHUDQ XQ UHJDOR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV DPLJRV GH 0LJXHO TXHUtDQ TXH pO SHUGLHUD SHVR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3DUD TXp TXHUtDQ 8GV TXH R OHV SUHVWDUD GLQHUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )HGHULFR HVSHUDED TXH /LQGD VH FDVDUD FRQ pO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D HVWXGLDQWH HQ (VSDxD VH DOHJUy GH TXH VXV SDGUHV HVWXYLHUDQ RUJXOORVRV GH HOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R TXLVH TXH HOORV VH TXHGDUDQ FRQPLJR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (VSHUiEDPRV TXH QR IXHUD QDGD JUDYH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O PDULGR QR TXHUtD TXH VX HVSRVD VH MXELODUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK HLWKHU WKH LQILQLWLYH RU WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 5HDG WKH VHQWHQFHV DQG TXHVWLRQV FDUHIXOO (;$03/( (O KRPEUH IODFR QR TXHUtD FRPHU HO KHODGR FRPHU
  • 749. R QR TXHUtDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO WUHQ 0H JXVWDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD GXFKD FDQWDUFDQWDU
  • 751. )XH LPSRUWDQWH TXH ORV GRFWRUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD ORV SDFLHQWHV FXLGDU
  • 752. (O KRPEUH HVSHUDED TXH VXV YHFLQRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH HVFXFKDU P~VLFD HQ DOWR YROXPHQ GHMDU
  • 753. ¢3RU TXp PH GLMLVWH TXH R WHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVSHUDU
  • 754. 6XVDQD OH SLGLy D VX KLMR TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DFRVWDUVH
  • 755. /D PXMHU QR TXLVRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO DVFHQVRU EDMDU
  • 756. $QWHV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD 0p[LFR $QWRQLR OODPy D VXV DPLJRV YLDMDU
  • 757. R QR FUHtD TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD YHUGDG VHU
  • 758. ¢4Xp TXHUtDV W~ TXH R WHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHFLU
  • 759. 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O EDUFR HFRQyPLFR /XFtD VLHPSUH WHQtD JDQDV GH LU D ODV ,VODV *DOiSDJRV TXHUtD TXH VX EXHQ DPLJR OD DFRPSDxDUD SHUR QR TXLVR 'HVSXpV GH KDEHUOR SHQVDGR ELHQ GHFLGLy LU VROD SULPHUR D 4XLWR FDSLWDO GH (FXDGRU (OOD FRQRFLy D PXFKD JHQWH HQ OD FLXGDG H[SORUy ORV YHFLQGDULRV GXUDQWH HO GtD SRU OD QRFKH YROYtD D VX KRWHO TXH OH FRVWDED FLQFR GyODUHV (OOD FRPtD HO GHVDXQR HQ XQD FDIHWHUtD HO DOPXHU]R HQ RWUD FHQDED HQ XQ EXHQ UHVWDXUDQWH HQ HO FHQWUR (VSHUDED TXH DOJXLHQ SDVDUD SRU DOOt TXH OD YLHUD VHQWDGD TXH HQWUDUD HQ HO UHVWDXUDQWH TXH KDEODUD
  • 760. FRQ HOOD (VSHUDED TXH ORV GRV VH OOHYDUDQ ELHQ TXH pO TXLVLHUD LU FRQ HOOD D OD LVOD $O ILQ DO FDER /XFtD YLDMy D *XDDTXLO OD HQWUDGD GH ODV LVODV OD VDOLGD GH ORV EDUFRV FUXFHURV (Q OD DJHQFLD GH YLDMHV OH VXJLULHURQ TXH IXHUD HQ EDUFR HFRQyPLFR FRQ XQ JUXSR SHTXHxR GH DYHQWXUHURV ³RVWDUtD PHQRV´ GLMR OD DJHQWH ³ VHUtD PiV GLYHUWLGR HO YLDMH´ /D DJHQWH OD FRQYHQFLy /D PXMHU WRPy OD GHFLVLyQ FRPSUy VX SDVDMH GH LGD YXHOWD SDUD HO SUy[LPR GtD GHVSXpV GH XQD QRFKH LQTXLHWD H LQGHFLVD DERUGy HO EDUFR FKLTXLWR $TXHOOD SULPHUD QRFKH HO EDUFR VDOLy HQWUH ODV RODV OD WRUPHQWD HO KXUDFiQ ORV RFKR SDVDMHURV SDVDURQ OD QRFKH PDUHDGRV EDMR ODV HVWUHOODV FHQWHOOHDQWHV GHO FLHOR 9HUERV 1RPEUHV $GMHWLYRV ([SUHVLRQHV 3UHJXQWDV ¢XiQWRV SDVDMHURV KD HQ HO EDUFR HFRQyPLFR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢$GyQGH IXH /XFtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 761. ¢$ HOOD OH JXVWy 4XLWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4XLpQ KDEOy FRQ HOOD HQ HO UHVWDXUDQWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp GHFLGLy KDFHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢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‡ RMDOi $Q LQWHUMHFWLRQ RI $UDELF RULJLQ RMDOi PHDQV ZRXOG WR *RG WKDW RU PD *RG JUDQW WKDW DQG H[SUHVVHV JUHDW
  • 762. GHVLUH ,W FDQ DOVR EH WUDQVODWHG DV , KRSH ‡ FRPR VL $ YHUE WKDW IROORZV FRPR VL DV LI
  • 763. ZLOO EH LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH FDQ EH LQ WKH SUHVHQW WKH SDVW RU WKH FRQGLWLRQDO ‡ TXLVLHUD 7KH YHUE TXHUHU FDQ EH XVHG LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ D PDLQ FODXVH ZKHUH LW LV XVHG WR VRIWHQ VWDWHPHQWV DQG TXHVWLRQV 7KLV IRUP FKDQJHV WKH WUDQVODWLRQ RI , ZDQW IRU H[DPSOH WR , ZRXOG OLNH RPSDUH WKH PHDQLQJV RI WKH IROORZLQJ SDLUV RI VHQWHQFHV ‡ SXGLHUD
  • 764. 7KH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI SRGHU FDQ EH XVHG LQGHSHQGHQWO LQ D PDLQ FODXVH ,W LV XVHG WR VRIWHQ VWDWHPHQWV IRU H[DPSOH SXHGR , FDQ , DP DEOH
  • 765. WR R SXGLHUD , FRXOG , ZRXOG EH DEOH
  • 766. RPSDUH WKH PHDQLQJV RI WKH IROORZLQJ SDLUV RI VHQWHQFHV ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK HLWKHU WKH LQILQLWLYH RU WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 6DUD KDEOD VLQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQDGD VDEHU
  • 767. /D PDPi SUHQGLy ODV OXFHV SDUD TXH VXV KLMRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYHU SRGHU
  • 768. eO EDLOD FRPR VLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQ EDLODUtQ SURIHVLRQDO VHU
  • 770. ¢+DEtD DOJXLHQ TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRGDV ODV FDSLWDOHV GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV VDEHU
  • 771. 'RORUHV SUHSDUy OD FRPLGD DQWHV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GXFKDUVH
  • 772. (OOD SUHSDUy OD FRPLGD DQWHV GH TXH VX KLMRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDUD OD HVFXHOD VDOLU
  • 773. (O QLxR QR TXLHUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODV PDQRV DQWHV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODYDUVHFRPHU
  • 774. (OHQD VX KHUPDQD YLDMDQ FRPR VLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKR GLQHUR WHQHU
  • 775. 2MDOi TXH )HUQDQGR QRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD YHUGDG GHFLU
  • 776. ,VDEHO QRV FRQWy WRGR FRPR VL HOODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDOOt HVWDU
  • 777. $QWHV GHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD (VSDxD pO HVWXGLy SRU GRV DxRV LU
  • 778. ËEDPRV D MXJDU WHQLV KDVWD TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD OORYHU HPSH]DU
  • 779. /D HQIHUPHUD QR OH GDUtD PHGLFLQD D OD SDFLHQWH D PHQRV TXH HOOD ODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB QHFHVLWDU
  • 780. ([HUFLVH 5HZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQ WKH SDVW WHQVH 0DNH VXUH RX UHDG WKH PDLQ FODXVH FDUHIXOO WR VHH ZKHWKHU WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LV QHFHVVDU LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH (;$03/(6 R Vp TXH HO WUHQ YLHQH R VDEtD TXH HO WUHQ YHQtD
  • 781. R GXGR TXH HO WUHQ YHQJD R GXGDED TXH HO WUHQ YLQLHUD /DXUD TXLHUH TXH VX HVSRVR OD DFRPSDxH D KLOH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (V QHFHVDULR TXH OD JHQWH QR IXPH HQ ORV HGLILFLRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB -XOLD HVWi FRQWHQWD GH TXH 8GV HVWpQ DTXt BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R Vp TXH VX QLHWD TXLHUH LU D OD XQLYHUVLGDG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0H DOHJUR GH TXH SXHGDV FRUUHU HQ HO PDUDWyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp TXLHUHV TXH R KDJD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5D~O R HVSHUDPRV TXH 8GV VH HQFXHQWUHQ ELHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢(V LPSRUWDQWH TXH HO FDUSLQWHUR VHSD OR TXH HVWi KDFLHQGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (VSHUR TXH HO YXHOR GH PLV DPLJRV OOHJXH D WLHPSR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV GHSRUWLVWDV GXGDQ TXH JDQHPRV HO SDUWLGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1XHVWURV DPLJRV QRV UXHJDQ TXH QR VXEDPRV D OD FXPEUH GH OD PRQWDxD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV HQWUHQDGRUHV LQVLVWHQ HQ TXH OD JHQWH KDJD PiV HMHUFLFLR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK ,W ZDV QHFHVVDU WKDW VKH EHJLQ WKH OHVVRQV RQ WLPH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,W ZDV D SLW WKDW KH GLGQ¶W NQRZ KRZ WR H[SUHVV KLPVHOI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :RXOG LW EH SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH KDG DOUHDG OHIW WKH UHXQLRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB -RDQQ¶V FKLOGUHQ EHJJHG KHU QRW WR VPRNH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :RXOG RX OLNH PH WR VSHDN ZLWK RXU ERVV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0 EURWKHU GRXEWHG WKDW , VDQJ ZHOO HVWHUGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0 GDXJKWHU¶V WHDFKHU VXJJHVWHG WKDW , FDOO KHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB , ZDQWHG WKHP WR VWD ZLWK PH 7KH ZDQWHG PH WR JR ZLWK WKHP BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB , ZRXOG OLNH WR PDNH D GRFXPHQWDU WKDW LV DERXW WKH ,QFDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 782. , ZDQW WR WDNH RXU SKRWR LI RX GRQ¶W PLQG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $IWHU VL LQ D RQWUDUWR)DFW VLFODXVH :KHQ RX H[SUHVV WKH LGHD WKDW DQ DFWLRQ ZRXOG KDSSHQ FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH
  • 783. LI DQRWKHU DFWLRQ RFFXUUHG LQ WKH SDVW WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LV XVHG LQ WKH FODXVH WKDW EHJLQV ZLWK VL $ :RUG $ERXW WKH VLFODXVH LQ WKH 3UHVHQW $ VLFODXVH XVHG ZLWK D SUHVHQW WHQVH YHUE QHYHU FDXVHV WKH VXEMXQFWLYH :KHQ RX H[SUHVV WKH LGHD WKDW DQ DFWLRQ ZLOO KDSSHQ IXWXUH WHQVH
  • 784. LI DQRWKHU DFWLRQ RFFXUV LQ WKH SUHVHQW WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LV QRW XVHG ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOHV D FODXVH ZKRVH YHUE LV LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH EHJLQV WKH VHQWHQFH 1RWH WKDW WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IROORZV WKH ZRUG VL ,W GRHVQ¶W PDWWHU ZKHWKHU WKH VHQWHQFH EHJLQV ZLWK WKH FRQGLWLRQDO WHQVH RU WKH VLFODXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH DOZDV IROORZV VL
  • 785. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW IRUP RI WKH YHUEV LQ SDUHQWKHVHV (DFK VHQWHQFH UHTXLUHV ERWK WKH FRQGLWLRQDO DQG WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH YHUE IRUPV 5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IROORZV WKH VL FODXVH (;$03/(6 ¢4Xp KDUtD 8G VL VXV DPLJRV OH GLMHUDQ XQD PHQWLUD KDFHUGHFLU
  • 786. 6L QR KXELHUD WUiILFR SRGUtDPRV VDOLU PiV WDUGH KDEHUSRGHU
  • 788. 6L D 0DUtD OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEDLODUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD ILHVWDV JXVWDULU
  • 789. 6L QRVRWURV OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDUWDV QXHVWUR DPLJR QRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HVFULELUUHVSRQGHU
  • 791. /RV DUWLVWDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV GLQHUR VLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVXV SLQWXUDV JDQDUYHQGHU
  • 792. /RV PpGLFRV GLFHQ TXH ORV LQVRPQHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPHMRU VLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD OD PLVPD KRUD FDGD QRFKH GRUPLUDFRVWDUVH
  • 794. /D PXFKDFKD QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIUtR VLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD FKDTXHWD WHQHUSRQHUVH
  • 795. (O QLxR QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWDQWR VL QR OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHO HVWyPDJR OORUDUGROHU
  • 797. ,I WKH VHQWHQFH RU TXHVWLRQ LQFOXGHV WKH ZRUG VL LQ D VHQWHQFH WKDW LV QRW FRQWUDUWRIDFW EXW UDWKHU LV VLPSO D VWDWHPHQW WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LV QRW XVHG
  • 799. 6L /HRQRUD SXGLHUD YLDMDU DO SDVDGR HOOD YLDMDUtD DO GpFLPR VLJOR SDUD DYHULJXDU SRU TXp FDVL WRGRV ORV FHQWURV GH ORV PDDV VH KDEtDQ GHVDSDUHFLGR DFHUFD GHO DxR $' 1DGLH VDEH OD FDXVD VHJ~Q HOOD 3LHQVR TXH HOOD KDEUtD VLGR XQD EXHQD DUTXHyORJD SRU VX FXULRVLGDG SHUR PH GLMR TXH MDPiV OH JXVWDED OD LGHD GH H[FDYDU OD WLHUUD QL FRQ PiTXLQDV QL FRQ ODV PDQRV 3UHILHUH DQGDU SRU ODV UXLQDV VLQWLHQGR FRPR HUD OD YLGD HQ OD HGDG GH ORV PDDV ¢+DV RtGR GH ;RFKLFDOFR FHUFD GH XHUQDYDFD 0p[LFR 6XSRQJR TXH QR (V SRFR FRQRFLGR SHUR PDJQtILFR GLFH HOOD /D HVWUXFWXUD SULQFLSDO VH OODPD µOD VHUSLHQWH HPSOXPDGD¶ HOOD VH TXHGDED KRUDV PLUiQGROD WUDWDQGR GH HQWHQGHU OR TXH VLJQLILFD HO DUWH GHO WHPSOR 0H FRQWy TXH TXHUtD VXELU OD SLUiPLGH GH 4XHW]DOFyDWO SHUR QR SXGR 8Q JXtD OD YLR LQWHQWDU OD PRVWUy FRPR VH KDFH (Q YH] GH DVFHQGHU UHFWR FRPR KDFH FDVL WRGD OD JHQWH pO OH GLMR TXH VXELHUD EDMDUD ]LJ]DJXHDQGR 'H HVWD PDQHUD HVFDOy UiSLGD IiFLOPHQWH ¢+DV RtGR GH HLEDO HQ *XDWHPDOD 3RU ILQ /HRQRUD IXH FRQ RWUR IDQiWLFR GH ORV PDDV HVWDED PX IHOL] FRQ VX FRPSDxHUR 9LDMDURQ SRU EDUFR SRU HO 5tR 3DVLyQ 0H KDEUtD JXVWDGR DFRPSDxDUOD WDPELpQ SHUR HOOD QR SHQVDED HQ Pt 'H WRGRV PRGRV HOOD VX DPLJR VH HQWHUDURQ TXH HLEDO SREODGR HQ % DEDQGRQDGR HQ $' KDEUtD SRGLGR VHU HO FHQWUR GH OD FLYLOL]DFLyQ PDD (Q XQ VLWLR ELHQ HVFRQGLGR YLHURQ HVWDWXDV GH KRPEUHV QHJURV RWUDV TXH SDUHFtDQ VHU MXGtRV (VWR VHJXUR TXH VH GLYLUWLHURQ PXFKR /HRQRUD TXHUtD TXH R WH UHFRPHQGDUD RWURV VLWLRV IDQWiVWLFRV SDUD H[SORUDU (Q HO XFDWiQ VHUtD XQD PDUDYLOOD TXH YLVLWDUDV ODV UXLQDV GH 7XOXP HQ OD FRVWD GH 0p[LFR R KLW]pQ ,W]i HQWUH DQF~Q 0pULGD 8[PDO GRQGH VH YH HVWDWXDV GH KDF HO GLRV GH OD OOXYLD R 7LNDO HQ *XDWHPDOD XQD GH ODV PiV JUDQGHV GH WRGDV VL YDV QR WH ROYLGHV GH Pt HO VHFUHWR GHO ]LJ]DJ 9HUERV 3UHJXQWDV ¢(V KRPEUH R PXMHU HO QDUUDGRUOD QDUUDGRUD
  • 800. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiQWDV SHUVRQDV KD HQ HO FXHQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiQWDV UXLQDV PHQFLRQD OD SHUVRQD SULQFLSDO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'H ODV UXLQDV PHQFLRQDGDV HQ HVWD QDUUDFLyQ ¢FXiO HV OD PiV DQWLJXD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 801. 7KH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH DOVR FDOOHG WKH SOXSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LV RIWHQ WUDQVODWHG WKH VDPH DV WKH LQGLFDWLYH SDVW SHUIHFW WHQVH LQ (QJOLVK IRU H[DPSOH , KDG HDWHQ /LNH DOO VXEMXQFWLYHV WKLV IRUP PXVW EH FDXVHG E D YHUE RU H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW FDXVHV WKH XVH RI WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LV D FRPSRXQG YHUE IRUP 7R IRUP WKH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH XVH WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH RI WKH KHOSLQJ YHUE KDEHU DQG IROORZ LW ZLWK WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH RI WKH PDLQ YHUE 8VHV RI WKH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH 7KH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH H[SUHVVHV DFWLRQ WKDW KDSSHQHG EHIRUH DQRWKHU DFWLRQ RFFXUUHG $V RX NQRZ WKH VXEMXQFWLYH PRRG FDQQRW H[LVW DORQH $Q HOHPHQW LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH FDXVHV WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH $IWHU HUWDLQ 9HUEV HUWDLQ YHUEV FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH ,I WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SDVW LPSHUIHFW RU SUHWHULW
  • 802. WKHVH YHUEV FDQ FDXVH WKH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
  • 803. , ZDV JODG SUHWHULW
  • 804. WKDW VKH KDG UHWXUQHG SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH
  • 805. $IWHU HUWDLQ ,PSHUVRQDO ([SUHVVLRQV HUWDLQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH FDXVH WKH VXEMXQFWLYH LQ D GHSHQGHQW FODXVH ,I WKHVH H[SUHVVLRQV DUH LQ WKH SDVW WKH FDQ FDXVH WKH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH ‡ $IWHU RMDOi 7KH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV D FRQWUDUWRIDFW ZLVK LQ WKH SDVW ZLWK RMDOi ‡ TXLVLHUD 7KH XVH RI WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH RI TXHUHU PRVW RIWHQ TXLVLHUD LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH FDQ FDXVH WKH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH
  • 806. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV ,Q WKHVH VHQWHQFHV WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW RU SUHWHULW 1RWH WKH HOHPHQW WKDW FDXVHV WKH XVH RI WKLV PRRG -RUJH QR HVWDED VHJXUR TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD FXHQWD SDJDU
  • 807. (OOD HVSHUDED TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQD FLWD FRQ VX KLMD KDFHU
  • 808. R QR SRGtD FUHHU TXH PL DPLJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWDO FRVD GHFLU
  • 809. 1R KDEtD QDGLH HQ OD ILHVWD TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRU WRGR HO PXQGR YLDMDU
  • 810. /D SULQFHVD QXQFD FUHtD TXH VX SUtQFLSHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YHQLU
  • 812. (OHQD VH DOHJUy PXFKR GH TXH 8GVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHMRUDUVH
  • 813. 6XV SDULHQWHV VLQWLHURQ PXFKR TXH ,UHQH *XVWDYR QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDVDUVH
  • 814. 5REHUWR GXGDED TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRGR HO GLQHUR JDVWDU
  • 815. R QR SHQVDED TXH ODV IORUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YLYLU
  • 816. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK 2MDOi TXH QR VH OR KXELpUDPRV GLFKR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 2MDOi TXH 8GV KXELHUDQ HVWDGR ELHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 2MDOi TXH KXELpUDPRV LGR GH YDFDFLRQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )XH QHFHVDULR TXH HO FDUSLQWHUR OR KXELHUD FRQVWUXLGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )XH XUJHQWH TXH QRVRWURV KXELpUDPRV OOHYDGR DO KRPEUH HQIHUPR DO KRVSLWDO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (UD XQD OiVWLPD TXH QDGLH KXELHUD HVWDGR HQ HO WHDWUR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (VSHUiEDPRV TXH WRGR HO PXQGR VH KXELHUD DSURYHFKDGR GH OD VLWXDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV SRUWHURV GXGDEDQ TXH ORV LQTXLOLQRV QXHYRV KXELHUDQ SLQWDGR ODV SDUHGHV
  • 817. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O DERJDGR QR SHQVDED TXH VXV FOLHQWHV KXELHUDQ JDQDGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )XH SRVLEOH TXH ORV ODGURQHV KXELHUDQ UREDGR HO EDQFR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH RQWUDUWR)DFW RQGLWLRQDO VLFODXVH LQ WKH 3DVW :KHQ RX H[SUHVV WKH LGHD WKDW DQ DFWLRQ ZRXOG KDYH KDSSHQHG FRQGLWLRQDO SHUIHFW WHQVH
  • 818. LI DQRWKHU DFWLRQ KDG RFFXUUHG LQ WKH SDVW WKH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IROORZV WKH FODXVH WKDW EHJLQV ZLWK VL 5HYLHZ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO SHUIHFW WHQVH 7KH VLFODXVH H[SUHVVHV WKH LGHD WKDW VRPHWKLQJ ZRXOG KDYH KDSSHQHG LI VRPHWKLQJ HOVH KDG KDSSHQHG 5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP IROORZV VL $ :RUG $ERXW WKH VLFODXVH ,Q HYHUGD VSHHFK WKH SHUIHFW FRQGLWLRQDO IRU H[DPSOH KDEUtD KHFKR
  • 819. LV VRPHWLPHV UHSODFHG E WKH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH KXELHUD KHFKR
  • 820. ,Q WKHVH VHQWHQFHV ZKHQ D VLFODXVH LV SUHVHQW ERWK FODXVHV ZLOO FRQWDLQ WKH VDPH WHQVH²WKH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH RPSDUH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV WR WKH RQHV RX KDYH MXVW VWXGLHG 1RWH WKDW WKH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQV DUH WKH VDPH %RWK IRUPV DUH FRUUHFW
  • 821. ([HUFLVH 5HYLHZ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO SHUIHFW WHQVH WKHQ WUDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK 5HPHPEHU WKDW REMHFW SURQRXQV DUH SODFHG GLUHFWO EHIRUH WKH YHUE IRUP DQG DUH QHYHU DWWDFKHG WR WKH SDVW SDUWLFLSOH (;$03/( :H ZRXOG KDYH HDWHQ +DEUtDPRV FRPLGR , ZRXOG KDYH JRQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RX ZRXOG KDYH HDWHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H ZRXOG KDYH ODXJKHGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ZRXOG KDYH WROG RXBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH WHDFKHUV ZRXOG KDYH WDXJKWBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0DULVD ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ KDSSBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +LOODU ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SUHVLGHQWBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,W ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SRVVLEOHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ZRPHQ ZRXOG KDYH OHDUQHG LWBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH PHQ ZRXOG KDYH OHIWBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK 7KHVH VHQWHQFHV LQFOXGH D FRQWUDUWRIDFW VL FODXVH
  • 822. +DEUtDPRV FRPLGR HQ HO UHVWDXUDQWH VL KXELpUDPRV LGR DOOi DQWHV , ZRXOG KDYH JRQH WR WKH SDUW LI , KDG QRW EHHQ DIUDLG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RX 8G
  • 823. ZRXOG KDYH HDWHQ WKH ILVK LI ZH KDG FRRNHG LW DW KRPH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB :H ZRXOG KDYH ODXJKHG LI WKH PRYLH KDG EHHQ IXQQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ZRXOG KDYH WROG RX WKH WUXWK LI RX W~
  • 824. KDG ZDQWHG WR NQRZ LW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH WHDFKHUV ZRXOG KDYH WDXJKW LI WKH VWXGHQWV KDG DUULYHG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0DULVD ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ KDSS LI VKH KDG NQRZQ KRZ WR VNDWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +LOODU ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SUHVLGHQW LI PRUH SHRSOH KDG YRWHG IRU KHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,W ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH KDG VHHQ PH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH ZRPHQ ZRXOG KDYH OHDUQHG LW LI WKH KDG ERXJKW WKH ERRN BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH PHQ ZRXOG KDYH OHIW WKH KRXVH LI WKH KDG KDG VRPHZKHUH WR JR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HIHUHQFH KDUW 6HTXHQFH RI 7HQVHV ZLWK WKH 6XEMXQFWLYH 0RRG ,I WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW RU IXWXUH WKH YHUE LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH FDQ EH LQ WKH SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH ,I WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW RU IXWXUH WKH YHUE LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH FDQ EH LQ WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH PHDQLQJ RX ZDQW WR H[SUHVV
  • 825. ,I WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SDVW LPSHUIHFW RU SUHWHULW
  • 826. RU FRQGLWLRQDO WKH YHUE LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH FDQ EH LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ,I WKH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SDVW LPSHUIHFW RU SUHWHULW
  • 827. RU FRQGLWLRQDO WKH YHUE LQ WKH GHSHQGHQW FODXVH FDQ EH LQ WKH SDVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH (;$03/( 7H GLJR TXH WH FXLGHV FXLGDUVH
  • 830. 1RV DOHJUDPRV PXFKR GH TXH HO KRPEUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO PDUDWyQ FRUUHU
  • 831. (O FRFLQHUR HVSHUD TXH WHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVX FRPLGD JXVWDU
  • 832. 7H GLJR TXH QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB TXHMDUVH
  • 833. (V LPSRVLEOH TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRGR VDEHU
  • 834. 'XGDPRV TXH ORV LQTXLOLQRV OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDO GXHxR JDQDU
  • 835. 2MDOi TXH ORV KXpVSHGHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YHQLU
  • 836. ¢+D DOJXLHQ DTXt TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFLHQ GyODUHV WHQHU
  • 838. /D SDUHMD VXJLHUH TXH ORV LQYLWDGRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ YHVWLUVH
  • 839. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH LPSHUDWLYH 'LOH DO QLxR TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DFRVWDUVH
  • 840. 'tJDOH DO WD[LVWD TXH QRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD QXHVWUR GHVWLQR OOHYDU
  • 841. 3tGHOH DO KRPEUH PDOR TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LUVH
  • 842. $FRQVpMHQOHV D ORV DFXVDGRV TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQ EXHQ DERJDGR FRQVHJXLU
  • 844. 1R SHUPLWDV TXH ORV QLxRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDHUVH
  • 845. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH VLPSOH IXWXUH RU IXWXUH SHULSKUDVWLF LU D LQILQLWLYH
  • 846. ¢6HUi LPSRVLEOH TXH ORV DGROHVFHQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD VXV SDGUHV HVFXFKDU
  • 847. 6XVDQD QR LUi D PHQRV TXH VX PHMRU DPLJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LU
  • 848. 9R D SHGLU TXH OD JHQWH QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV IXPDU
  • 849. 0DUJDULWD LQVLVWLUi TXH VX FRPSDxHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHO RILFLR GH OD FDVD KDFHU
  • 850. (O MXHJR QR VH DFDEDUi KDVWD TXH OD PXMHU JRUGDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FDQWDU
  • 851. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW R KH TXHULGR TXH 8GVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD PL QRYLR FRQRFHU
  • 852. ¢+DV GHVHDGR TXH WX IDPLOLDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYLDMDU FRQWLJR SRGHU
  • 853. /H KHPRV GLFKR D OD MXYHQWXG TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBRFKR KRUDV FDGD QRFKH GRUPLU
  • 854. -XDQD OHV KD VXJHULGR D VXV SDGUHV TXH QR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWDQWR WUDEDMDU
  • 855. /DV GRV IDPLOLDV KDQ HVSHUDGR VLHPSUH TXH VXV KLMRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIHOLFHV VHU
  • 856. ¢4XLpQ VH KD DOHJUDGR GH TXH VXV HQHPLJRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBp[LWR WHQHU
  • 857. +D VLGR GLItFLO TXH OD JHQWHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQVWUXLU XQD FDVD QXHYD ORJUDU
  • 858. +D VLGR EXHQR TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRGR DSUHQGHU
  • 860. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH SUHWHULW )XH QHFHVDULR TXH ORV ERPEHURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ OD FDVD TXHPDGD HQWUDU
  • 861. (O VROGDGR GXGy TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKR SHOLJUR KDEHU
  • 862. 0DQGp TXH HO FDPDUHUR PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOD FXHQWD WUDHU
  • 863. (OOD VDOLy VLQ TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ILMDUVH
  • 864. R WH URJXp TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD PL ODGR VHQWDUVH
  • 865. (O GXHxR PDQGy TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHO HGLILFLR HQ VHJXLGD VDOLU
  • 866. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH LPSHUIHFW -XOLD HVSHUDED TXH VX DPLJRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB PHMRUDUVH
  • 867. (OORV WHPtDQ TXH 8G QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UHJUHVDU
  • 868. /RV SURIHVRUHV VH DOHJUDEDQ GH TXH D VXV DOXPQRV OHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVX FODVH HQFDQWDU
  • 869. (VWiEDPRV FRQWHQWRV GH TXH 0LJXHO OH HOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDQLOOR GDU
  • 870. -RVp OR VHQWtD TXH QRVRWURV QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DQLPDUVH
  • 871. R QR FUHtD TXH W~ PHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB YHU
  • 872. ([HUFLVH RPSOHWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ SDUHQWKHVHV 7KH YHUE LQ WKH PDLQ FODXVH LV LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQDO ¢6HUtD SRVLEOH TXH OD JXHUUD QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB HPSH]DU
  • 873. ¢6HUtD SRVLEOH TXH OD JHQWH SRGHURVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH OD JXHUUD GHVLVWLU
  • 874. 6HUtD SUREDEOH TXH ORV WXULVWDV GH OD FLXGDGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO FDPSR SHUGHUVH
  • 875. (OOD OR KDUtD VLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQHFHVDULR VHU
  • 876. /D PXMHU YLDMDUtD VLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDPLQDU SRGHU
  • 877. (O KRPEUH WRFDUtD HO YLROtQ FRPR VLBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQ HO FRQFLHUWR HVWDU
  • 878. ¢7H JXVWDUtD TXH QRVRWURVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQ WX MHIH KDEODU
  • 879. R LUtD D %ROLYLD VL RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBELHQ HO HVSDxRO VDEHU
  • 880. ¢4Xp KDUtD 8G VL VX PHMRU DPLJR QR OHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQDGD GHFLU
  • 881. ¢DPELDUtDV WX PDQHUD GH YLYLU VL W~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKR GLQHUR JDQDU
  • 882. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK (O DXWRU OHy HO DUWtFXOR SDUD TXH SXGLpUDPRV HQWHQGHUOR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $QWHV GH TXH VX QRYLD IXHUD D (VSDxD )HGHULFR HVWXGLy HO HVSDxRO SRU GRV DxRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 883. ËEDPRV D MXJDU DO WHQLV KDVWD TXH HPSH]DUD D OORYHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O GRFWRU VDEtD TXH DO SDFLHQWH VH OH KDEtD KLQFKDGR OD URGLOOD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OHQD DSUHQGHUtD D KDEODU HVSDxRO SHUR QR OH JXVWD HVWXGLDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )XH QHFHVDULR TXH HO PHMRU DUTXLWHFWR GLVHxDUD HO PXVHR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R VHUtD SRVLEOH TXH VXFHGLHUD WDO GHVDVWUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O MXH] HVSHUy TXH ORV WHVWLJRV KXELHUDQ YLVWR WRGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV WXULVWDV OOHJDUtDQ D ODV GRV VL ORV WUHQHV QR VH GHPRUDUDQ WDQWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB R KXELHUD LGR GH YDFDFLRQHV FRQ HOOD VL HOOD PH KXELHUD LQYLWDGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢/H KDEUtDV KHFKR HO IDYRU VL $QGUpV WH KXELHUD SHGLGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢6HUtD SRVLEOH TXH 8GV DSUHQGLHUDQ HQWHQGLHUDQ WRGDV ODV OHFFLRQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ 6X SXQWR GH YLVWD /R FRQILHVR QR SLHQVR PXFKR HQ OD FRPLGD 6L R KXELHUD VLGR PHMRU FRFLQHUD VL KXELHUD WHQLGR HO WDOHQWR SDUD FRPELQDU LQJUHGLHQWHV WDO YH] R KXELHUD SRGLGR GLVIUXWDU PiV ODV FHOHEUDFLRQHV GH JORWRQHUtD (UD XQ GtD QXEODGR GH QRYLHPEUH /R UHFXHUGR ELHQ R YLYtD FRQ FXDWUR PXMHUHV HQ XQ DSDUWDPHQWR JUDQGH DOHJUH GH FRORUHV H[XEHUDQWHV DGD QRYLHPEUH KDFtDPRV SODQHV SDUD HO GtD GH DFFLyQ GH JUDFLDV 0L FRPSDxHUD GH FXDUWR FRFLQDED XQ SDYR GH GLHFLRFKR OLEUDV VH GHVSHUWDED GXUDQWH OD QRFKH SDUD ODUGHDUOR 2WUD DPLJD KRUQHDED XQ SDVWHO GH FDODED]D 8Q DPLJR TXH YLYtD FHUFD WUDtD YHUGXUDV IUXWDV TXHVR 3DUD OD JHQWH D TXLHQ QR OH JXVWDED HO SDYR FRFLQiEDPRV MDPyQ FKXOHWDV SHVFDGR SROOR DVDGR SDWR ,QYLWiEDPRV D WRGRV QXHVWURV DPLJRV $ ODV FLQFR GH OD WDUGH HPSH]iEDPRV QXHVWUD FHQD FRQ OD EHELGD WUDGLFLRQDO²HO SRQFKH GH KXHYR $TXHOOD QRFKH GHMp PL SODWR GH FHEROODV MXGtDV YHUGHV PH IXL +Xt D XQ UHVWDXUDQWH FHQp VROD SHUR QR PH LPSRUWy 3RU OR PHQRV QR PH WRFy FRPHU SDYR +XER PXFKDV WHQWDFLRQHV FRPR PHMLOORQHV HQ YLQR EODQFR FDPDURQHV ODQJRVWD HQ VDOVD YHUGH FDODPDUHV IULWRV 2IUHFLHURQ XQD HQVDODGD FRQ PDQ]DQDV QXHFHV SDVDV DFHLWXQDV WRPDWHV 3DUD HO SODWR IXHUWH RUGHQp OD SDHOOD SDUD GRV SRUTXH OOHYD PDULVFRV JXLVDQWHV FKRUL]R 'HVSXpV GH GHVFDQVDU XQ UDWR FRPt HO IODQ GH (VSDxD HO KHODGR GH IUHVDV %HEt DJXD PLQHUDO QR WRPp QL YLQR QL FHUYH]D QL FKDPSDxD QL OLFRU QR PH HPERUUDFKp 9ROYt D FDVD PLV DPLJRV HVWXYLHURQ FRQWHQWRV GH YHUPH OHV KDEtD JXVWDGR PL SODWR GH YHUGXUDV WRGRV VH DFRVWDURQ DJUDGHFLGRV 9HUERV
  • 885. 3UHJXQWDV $QVZHU WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV RUDOO ¢(V KRPEUH R PXMHU OD SHUVRQD SULQFLSDO GHO FXHQWR ¢(VWiQ HQIDGDGDV FRQ HOOD VXV FRPSDxHUDV GH FXDUWR ¢7H JXVWD FHOHEUDU HO GtD GH DFFLyQ GH JUDFLDV ¢XiO HV WX FRPLGD IDYRULWD ¢7H PROHVWD FRPHU VRORVROD ¢RFLQDV ELHQ
  • 886. ,GLRPV $ PRGLVPR LV D ZRUG RU SKUDVH WKDW GRHV QRW WUDQVODWH H[DFWO LQWR (QJOLVK 0RGLVPRV DUH LGLRPV WKH DUH QRW VODQJ ,GLRPV ZLWK 3UHSRVLWLRQV
  • 887. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK $O SULQFLSLR WRGR HUD PDUDYLOORVR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7H SXVLVWH OD FDPLVD DO UHYpV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $ IXHU]D GHO HVWXGLR HOOD DSUHQGLy ELHQ OD KLVWRULD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )XLPRV D 0DGULG D SLH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R PH KDEOHV DKRUD HVWR GH PDO JHQLR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OORV QR HQFRQWUDURQ VXV OODYHV SRU QLQJXQD SDUWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1R Vp TXp KDFHU HQ FXDQWR D VXV SUREOHPDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'H GtD WUDEDMR GH QRFKH GXHUPR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6L TXHUHPRV OOHJDU D WLHPSR WHQHPRV TXH LU D OD GHUHFKD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D PXFKDFKD SXHGH HVFXFKDU P~VLFD HVWXGLDU D OD YH] BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3LHQVR HVWDU HQ 0p[LFR D SULQFLSLRV GH MXOLR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB eO PH SUHVWy VX FDUUR GH PDOD JDQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /HV JXVWD FHQDU DO DLUH OLEUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (Q HIHFWR 3DEOR OR VXSR DHU SHUR QR PH GLMR QDGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8Q EDUFR QRV OOHYy D WUDYpV GHO UtR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 888. (VWR GH PX EXHQ KXPRU KR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8G GHEH FDPLQDU D OD L]TXLHUGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $ OR PHMRU (QULTXH 6DORPp YHQGUiQ OD VHPDQD TXH YLHQH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /R KDFHPRV GH EXHQD JDQD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O KRPEUH SUHILHUH FDPLQDU GHUHFKR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $ OR OHMRV OD YHR YHQLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0H JXVWD GHVFDQVDU $ PL DPLJD HQ FDPELR OH JXVWD WUDEDMDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /HV GLJR TXH OR KDJDQ GH HVWD PDQHUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (VFULER JXLRQHV SDUD OD WHOHYLVLyQ ¢'H YHUDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0LJXHO QR WLHQH PXFKR GLQHUR SHUR GHFLGLy YLDMDU GH WRGRV PRGRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7~ QR WXYLVWH p[LWR OD SULPHUD YH] SHUR WUDWDVWH GH QXHYR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'H KR HQ DGHODQWH YDPRV D FRUUHU FDGD GtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $VLVWLPRV D ODV FODVHV GtD GH SRU PHGLR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'H UHSHQWH HPSH]y D OORYHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6H YH OR EXHQR OR PDOR SRU WRGDV SDUWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,GLRPV ZLWK 9HUEV :LWK WHQHU
  • 891. :LWK OOHYDU :LWK PHWHU :LWK SRQHU :LWK TXHGDU :LWK WRPDU ([HUFLVH 0DWFK HDFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH LGLRP WKDW EHVW GHVFULEHV LW
  • 892. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK ULVWLQD OH KDFH FDVR D VX PDHVWUR SRUTXH OH DJUDGD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (OLVD VH OOHYD ELHQ FRQ VX VXHJUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $O QLxR OH JXVWDED GDU GH FRPHU D ORV SiMDURV HQ HO SDUTXH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O KRWHO GD D OD SOD]D BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB *XLOOHUPR VH KL]R DERJDGR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +DFH PXFKR WLHPSR TXH OD YLVLWDQWH QR YH D VX SDWULD /D H[WUDxD PXFKR TXLHUH GDUOHV XQ DEUD]R D WRGRV VXV DPLJRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0H JXVWy HO FKDOHFR JXDWHPDOWHFR OH GL GRVFLHQWRV SHVRV DO YHQGHGRU PH OR OOHYp BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0H GL FXHQWD GH TXH WRGR QR HVWDED ELHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /D QLxD VH HFKy D OORUDU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /RV PDULVFRV PH KDFHQ GDxR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7LPH ([SUHVVLRQV 3UHVHQW 7KH LGHD RI KRZ ORQJ VRPHRQH KDV EHHQ GRLQJ VRPHWKLQJ FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG E WKUHH GLIIHUHQW 6SDQLVK FRQVWUXFWLRQV DOO XVLQJ WKH VLPSOH SUHVHQW WHQVH 7KH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ LV H[SUHVVHG EHVW E WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH 7KH DFWLRQ EHJLQV LQ WKH SDVW DQG FRQWLQXHV LQWR WKH SUHVHQW $OO WKUHH FRQVWUXFWLRQV EHORZ VKRZQ ZLWK WKHLU OLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQV H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQ LQ WKH SUHVHQW
  • 893. +RZ ORQJ KDV RXU SURIHVVRU EHHQ ZULWLQJ KHU ERRN 7KH VDPH WKUHH FRQVWUXFWLRQV VKRZQ ZLWK WKHLU OLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQV H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ VWDWHPHQW LQ WKH SUHVHQW 6KH KDV EHHQ ZULWLQJ KHU ERRN IRU IRXU HDUV 3DVW 7R H[SUHVV KRZ ORQJ VRPHRQH KDG EHHQ GRLQJ VRPHWKLQJ 6SDQLVK XVHV WKH LPSHUIHFW WHQVH 7KH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKLV FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV H[SUHVVHG EHVW E WKH SDVW SHUIHFW WHQVH 7KH DFWLRQ ZDV FRQWLQXLQJ LQ WKH SDVW ZKHQ VRPHWKLQJ HOVH KDSSHQHG 7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQV EHORZ VKRZQ ZLWK WKHLU OLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQV H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQ LQ WKH SDVW +RZ ORQJ KDG /RUHQD EHHQ ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH EXV ZKHQ LW DUULYHG 7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQV EHORZ VKRZQ ZLWK WKHLU OLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQV H[SUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ VWDWHPHQW LQ WKH SDVW 6KH KDG EHHQ ZDLWLQJ IRU PLQXWHV ZKHQ WKH EXV DUULYHG
  • 894. ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR 6SDQLVK XVLQJ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH DQG RQH RI WKH IRUPV RI H[SUHVVLQJ ³KRZ ORQJ´ 7U WR SUDFWLFH DOO WKUHH SRVVLEOH IRUPV DV RX FRPSOHWH WKH H[HUFLVH +RZ ORQJ KDV WKH FKLOG EHHQ ZDWFKLQJ WHOHYLVLRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +RZ ORQJ KDV $GDP EHHQ VOHHSLQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +RZ ORQJ KDYH RX EHHQ ZHDULQJ JODVVHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +RZ ORQJ KDYH ,VDEHO DQG DUORV EHHQ ZDLWLQJ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +RZ ORQJ KDYH WKH EHHQ IULHQGV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +H KDV EHHQ VOHHSLQJ IRU HLJKW KRXUV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,¶YH EHHQ ZHDULQJ JODVVHV IRU WZR HDUV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KH KDYH EHHQ ZDLWLQJ IRU PLQXWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ([HUFLVH 7UDQVODWH WKH IROORZLQJ VHQWHQFHV LQWR (QJOLVK ¢XiQWR WLHPSR KDFtD TXH 8G HVWDED HQ KLOH FXDQGR WXYR TXH VDOLU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢'HVGH FXiQGR QDGDEDQ ORV QLxRV FXDQGR HO EDxHUR OOHJy BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiQWR WLHPSR OOHYDED $QWRQLR OHHQGR FXDQGR VH GXUPLy
  • 895. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB +DFtD GRV PHVHV TXH R HVWDED HQ 3DUDJXD FXDQGR GHFLGt YROYHU D FDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB (O KRPEUH IUXVWUDGR HVSHUDED HO WUHQ GHVGH KDFH YHLQWH PLQXWRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB /OHYiEDPRV TXLQFH PHVHV YLYLHQGR HQ 3DULV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5HDGLQJ RPSUHKHQVLRQ (O ILQ GHO MXHJR 4XHULGRV OHFWRUHV (VSHUR TXH D 8GV OHV KDD JXVWDGR HO OLEUR +D VLGR XQ EXHQ YLDMH PH DOHJUR GH TXH 8GV KDDQ OOHJDGR KDVWD HO ILQ /HV GHMR FRQ XQD SDUWH LQWHUHVDQWH GH OD KLVWRULD GH 6yFUDWHV HQ OD FXDO pO H[SOLFD SRU TXp QR OH YD D PROHVWDU HO ILQ GH VX YLGD $KRUD PH GHVSLGR GH 8GV OHV GHVHR WRGR OR PHMRU +DVWD HO SUy[LPR /D DXWRUD /D GHIHQVD GH 6yFUDWHV HVFULWR SRU 3ODWyQ /D DVDPEOHD YRWD SRU OD LQRFHQFLD R OD FXOSDELOLGDG GH 6yFUDWHV /R FRQGHQD D OD SHQD GH PXHUWH /R VLJXLHQWH HV OD UHVSXHVWD GH 6yFUDWHV DQWH OD DVDPEOHD DQWHV GH TXH VH OR OOHYH D OD FiUFHO 6Ï5$7(6 /D JHQWH GLUi TXH 8GV FRQGHQDQ D PXHUWH D 6yFUDWHV XQ KRPEUH VDELR 'LUiQ TXH VR VDELR VL OR VR R QR 6L 8GV KXELHUDQ HVSHUDGR SRU XQ UDWR VXV GHVHRV KXELHUDQ VLGR UHDOL]DGRV HQ HO FDPLQR GH OD QDWXUDOH]D 3XHGHQ YHU TXH VR XQ KRPEUH YLHMR 0H JXVWDUtD GLVFXWLU FRQ 8GV ORV FXDOHV PH KDQ DEVXHOWR OR TXH KD SDVDGR RQFpGDQPH OHV VXSOLFR XQ PRPHQWR GH DWHQFLyQ SRUTXH QDGD LPSLGH TXH FRQYHUVHPRV MXQWRV SXHVWR TXH TXHGD WLHPSR 4XLHUR GHFLUOHV FRPR DPLJRV OR TXH DFDED GH VXFHGHUPH H[SOLFDUOHV OR TXH VLJQLILFD 6t MXHFHV PtRV PH KD VXFHGLGR KR XQD FRVD PDUDYLOORVD 1RV HQJDxDPRV WRGRV VLQ GXGD VL FUHHPRV TXH OD PXHUWH HV XQ PDO 8QD SUXHED HYLGHQWH GH HOOR HV TXH VL R KXELHUD GH UHDOL]DU KR DOJ~Q ELHQ HO GLRV QR KXELHUD GHMDGR GH DGYHUWtUPHOR FRPR DFRVWXPEUD /D PXHUWH HV XQ WUiQVLWR GHO DOPD GH XQ OXJDU D RWUR ¢4Xp PDRU YHQWDMD SXHGH SUHVHQWDU OD PXHUWH 6L OD PXHUWH HV XQD FRVD VHPHMDQWH OD OODPR FRQ UD]yQ XQ ELHQ SRUTXH HQWRQFHV HO WLHPSR WRGR HQWHUR QR HV PiV TXH XQD ODUJD QRFKH 3HUR VL OD PXHUWH HV XQ WUiQVLWR GH XQ OXJDU D RWUR VL VHJ~Q VH GLFH DOOi HQ XQ OXJDU HVWi HO SDUDGHUR GH WRGRV ORV TXH KDQ YLYLGR ¢TXp PDRU ELHQ VH SXHGH LPDJLQDU MXHFHV PtRV ¢4Xp WUDQVSRUWH GH DOHJUtD QR WHQGUtD R FXDQGR PH HQFRQWUDUD FRQ ORV KpURHV GH OD DQWLJHGDG TXH KDQ VLGR ODV YtFWLPDV GH OD LQMXVWLFLD ¢4Xp SODFHU HO SRGHU FRPSDUDU PLV DYHQWXUDV FRQ ODV VXDV 3HUR D~Q VHUtD XQ SODFHU PiV JUDQGH SDUD Pt SDVDU DOOt ORV GtDV LQWHUURJDQGR H[DPLQDQGR D WRGRV HVWRV SHUVRQDMHV SDUD GLVWLQJXLU ORV TXH VRQ YHUGDGHUDPHQWH VDELRV GH ORV TXH FUHHQ VHUOR QR OR VRQ ¢+D DOJXQR MXHFHV PtRV TXH QR GLHUD WRGR OR TXH WLHQH HQ HO PXQGR
  • 896. SRU H[DPLQDU DO TXH FRQGXMR XQ HMpUFLWR FRQWUD 7URD X 2GLVHR R 6tVLIR WDQWRV RWURV KRPEUHV PXMHUHV FXD FRQYHUVDFLyQ H[DPHQ VHUtDQ XQD IHOLFLGDG LQH[SOLFDEOH eVWD HV OD UD]yQ MXHFHV PtRV SDUD TXH QXQFD SLHUGDQ ODV HVSHUDQ]DV D~Q GHVSXpV GH OD WXPED IXQGDGDV HQ HVWD YHUGDG TXH QR KD QLQJ~Q PDO SDUD HO KRPEUH GH ELHQ QL GXUDQWH OD YLGD QL GHVSXpV GH VX PXHUWH TXH ORV GLRVHV WLHQHQ VLHPSUH FXLGDGR GH FXDQWR WLHQH UHODFLyQ FRQ pO SRUTXH OR TXH HQ HVWH PRPHQWR PH VXFHGH D Pt QR HV REUD GH D]DU HVWR FRQYHQFLGR GH TXH HO PHMRU SDUWLGR SDUD Pt HV PRULU DKRUD OLEHUDUPH GH WRGRV ORV GLVJXVWRV GH HVWD YLGD /D KRUD GH SDUWLU KD OOHJDGR QRV YDPRV FDGD FXDO SRU VX FDPLQR²R D PRULU 8GV D YLYLU 6ROR GLRV VDEH FXDO HV PHMRU 9HUERV 1RPEUHV ([SUHVLRQHV 3UHJXQWDV ¢XiO HV OD DFWLWXG GH 6yFUDWHV DQWH OD PXHUWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢XiO HV OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH VX GLRV SHUVRQDO ORV GLRVHV GHO HVWDGR
  • 897. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp HVSHUD KDFHU GHVSXpV GH OD PXHUWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢3RU TXp TXLHUH KDEODU FRQ ORV MXHFHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ¢4Xp VLJQLILFD ³QR KD QLQJ~Q PDO SDUD XQ KRPEUH GH ELHQ QL GXUDQWH OD YLGD QL GHVSXpV GH OD PXHUWH´ ¢(VWi 8G GH DFXHUGR FRQ HVWD ILORVRItD GH 6yFUDWHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
  • 898. 6yFUDWHV VLHPSUH GHFtD TXH WHQtD XQ GLRV IDPLOLDU XQ GLRV SHUVRQDO GLYLQR TXH OH KDFtD DGYHUWHQFLDV GHVGH VX QLxH] (Q FXDQWR D VX MXLFLR HVWD YR] QR OH KDEtD GLFKR QDGD
  • 899. $SSHQGL[ /LVW RI 9HUEV $ DERUGDU WR ERDUG DEUD]DU WR HPEUDFH DEULU WR RSHQ DEVROYHU WR DEVROYH DFDEDU GH KDFHU DOJR
  • 900. WR KDYH MXVW GRQH VRPHWKLQJ
  • 901. DFDEDUVH WR XVH XS DFHUFDUVH WR DSSURDFK WR QHDU DFODUDU WR FODULI DFRPSDxDU WR DFFRPSDQ DFRQVHMDU WR DGYLVH DFRUGDUVH WR UHPHPEHU DFRVWDUVH WR JR WR EHG DFRVWXPEUDU WR EH DFFXVWRPHG DFWXDU WR DFW DFXVDU WR DFFXVH DGLYLQDU WR JXHVV DGPLWLU WR DGPLW DGYHUWLU WR ZDUQ DJRWDU WR H[KDXVW WR XVH XS DJUDGDU WR EH SOHDVLQJ DJUDGHFHU WR WKDQN DJXDQWDU WR WROHUDWH DKRUUDU WR VDYH PRQH
  • 902. DOFDQ]DU WR UHDFK WR RYHUWDNH DOPRU]DU WR KDYH OXQFK DOTXLODU WR UHQW DO]DU WR OLIW DPDU WR ORYH DPHQD]DU WR WKUHDWHQ DxDGLU WR DGG DQGDU WR VWUROO WR ZDON DQLPDUVH WR FKHHU XS DxRUDU WR HDUQ WR PLVV DQXODU WR DQQXO DQXQFLDU WR DQQRXQFH DSDJDU WR WXUQ RII DSDUHFHU WR DSSHDU DSDUWDUVH WR VHSDUDWH DSRVWDU WR EHW DSRDU WR VXSSRUW DSUHFLDU WR DSSUHFLDWH DSUHQGHU WR OHDUQ
  • 903. DSUHVXUDUVH WR KXUU DSUHWDU WR VTXHH]H WR WLJKWHQ DSUREDU WR SDVV D WHVW
  • 904. DUUDQFDU WR SXOO RXW WR URRW RXW DUUHJODU WR DUUDQJH WR IL[ DUUHJODUVH WR JHW GUHVVHG XS WR JHW UHDG DUULHVJDU WR ULVN DVHJXUDU WR DVVXUH DVLVWLU D
  • 905. WR DWWHQG WR EH SUHVHQW DW DVXVWDUVH WR EHFRPH VFDUHG DWHQGHU WR DWWHQG WR WR VHUYH DWHUUL]DU WR ODQG DWUDHU WR DWWUDFW DWUDYHVDU WR FURVV DWUHYHUVH D
  • 906. WR GDUH WR DYHULJXDU WR FKHFN RXW WR ILQG RXW DXGDU WR KHOS % EDLODU WR GDQFH EDMDU WR GHVFHQG EDMDUVH GH WR JHW RII D EXV
  • 907. EDUUHU WR VZHHS EDVDU WR EDVH EHEHU WR GULQN EHQGHFLU WR EOHVV EHVDU WR NLVV ERUUDU WR HUDVH ERVWH]DU WR DZQ ERWDU WR WKURZ DZD EULOODU WR VKLQH EULQGDU WR GULQN D WRDVW EURQFHDU WR WDQ EXFHDU WR GLYH WR VQRUNHO EXVFDU WR ORRN IRU FDEHU WR ILW RQH WKLQJ LQVLGH DQRWKHU
  • 908. FDHU WR IDOO FDHUVH WR IDOO GRZQ FDOHQWDU WR ZDUP FDOODUVH WR EH TXLHW FDOPDUVH WR FDOP GRZQ FDPELDU WR FKDQJH FDPELDU GH LGHD WR FKDQJH RQH¶V PLQG FDQWDU WR VLQJ FDSWDU WR JUDVS WKH PHDQLQJ RI D ZRUG
  • 910. FDUJDU WR ORDG FDVDUVH WR JHW PDUULHG FDVWLJDU WR SXQLVK FHOHEUDU WR FHOHEUDWH FHQDU WR GLQH FHSLOODUVH WR EUXVK RQH¶V WHHWK
  • 911. FHUUDU WR FORVH FKDUODU WR FKDW FREUDU WR FKDUJH PRQH
  • 912. FRFLQDU WR FRRN FRJHU WR FDWFK WR JUDE FROJDU WR KDQJ XS D SLFWXUH
  • 913. FRORFDU WR SXW WR SODFH FRPELQDU WR FRPELQH FRPHQ]DU WR EHJLQ FRPHU WR HDW FRPSDUDU WR FRPSDUH FRPSDUWLU WR VKDUH FRPSHWLU WR FRPSHWH FRPSRQHU WR FRPSRVH FRPSUDU WR EX FRPXQLFDU WR FRPPXQLFDWH FRQFHGHU WR FRQFHGH FRQGHQDU WR FRQGHPQ FRQGXFLU WR GULYH FRQIHVDU WR FRQIHVV FRQILUPDU WR FRQILUP FRQRFHU WR NQRZ WR EH DFTXDLQWHG FRQVHJXLU WR REWDLQ FRQVWUXLU WR EXLOG FRQWDU WR FRXQW WR WHOO D VWRU FRQWDU FRQ WR UHO RQ FRQWHQHU WR FRQWDLQ FRQWHVWDU WR DQVZHU FRQWLQXDU WR FRQWLQXH FRQWUDGHFLU WR FRQWUDGLFW FRQWULEXLU WR FRQWULEXWH FRQYHUWLU WR FRQYHUW FRSLDU WR FRS FRUUHJLU WR FRUUHFW FRUUHU WR UXQ FRUURPSHU WR FRUUXSW FRVHU WR VHZ FRVWDU WR FRVW FUHDU WR FUHDWH FUHFHU WR JURZ FUHHU WR EHOLHYH FUX]DU WR FURVV FXEULU WR FRYHU FXLGDU WR WDNH FDUH RI
  • 914. FXLGDUVH WR WDNH RI RQHVHOI FXPSOLU WR FRPSOHWH WR FRPSO ' GDU WR JLYH GDU XQD YXHOWD WR WDNH D ZDON GDUVH FXHQWD GH
  • 915. WR UHDOL]H GHFHSFLRQDU WR GLVDSSRLQW GHFLGLU WR GHFLGH GHFLU WR VD WR WHOO GHIHQGHUVH WR GHIHQG RQHVHOI GHMDU WR DOORZ WR OHDYH VRPHWKLQJ EHKLQG
  • 916. GHMDU GH KDFHU DOJR
  • 917. WR VWRS GRLQJ VRPHWKLQJ
  • 920. GHVDSDUHFHU WR GLVDSSHDU GHVDXQDUVH WR KDYH EUHDNIDVW GHVFDQVDU WR UHVW GHVFULELU WR GHVFULEH GHVFXEULU WR GLVFRYHU GHVHDU WR GHVLUH GHVHVSHUDUVH WR GHVSDLU GHVKDFHU WR XQGR GHVLVWLU WR GHVLVW GHVSHGLUVH GH
  • 921. WR WDNH RQH¶V OHDYH RI
  • 922. GHVSHUWDUVH WR ZDNH XS GHVWUXLU WR GHVWUR GHWHQHU WR GHWDLQ GHWHQHUVH WR VWRS GHYROYHU WR UHWXUQ DQ REMHFW
  • 923. GLEXMDU WR GUDZ GLULJLU WR GLUHFW GLVFXOSDUVH WR DSRORJL]H WR H[FXVH RQHVHOI GLVHxDU WR GHVLJQ GLVIUXWDU WR HQMR GLVROYHU WR GLVVROYH GLVWLQJXLU WR GLVWLQJXLVK GLVWUDHU WR GLVWUDFW GLYHUWLUVH WR KDYH D JRRG WLPH GLYLGLU WR GLYLGH GLYRUFLDUVH WR GLYRUFH GREODU WR WXUQ GROHU WR KXUW GRUPLU WR VOHHS GRUPLUVH WR IDOO DVOHHS GXFKDUVH WR WDNH D VKRZHU GXGDU WR GRXEW GXUDU WR ODVW
  • 924. ( HFKDU WR JLYH RII WR WKURZ PXOWLSOH PHDQLQJV
  • 925. HOHJLU WR HOHFW HPERUUDFKDUVH WR JHW GUXQN HPSH]DU WR EHJLQ HPSXMDU WR SXVK HQDPRUDUVH WR IDOO LQ ORYH HQFDQWDU WR HQFKDQW HQFRQWUDU WR ILQG HQFRQWUDUVH FRQ
  • 926. WR PHHW HQIDGDUVH WR JHW DQJU HQIHUPDUVH WR EHFRPH VLFN HQJDxDUVH WR GHFHLYH RQHVHOI HQJRUGDUVH WR JHW IDW HQRMDUVH WR JHW DQJU HQVDDU WR UHKHDUVH HQVHxDU WR WHDFK HQWHQGHU WR XQGHUVWDQG HQWHUDUVH WR EHFRPH LQIRUPHG HQWUDU HQ
  • 927. WR HQWHU HQWUHJDU WR GHOLYHU WR KDQG LQ HQYHMHFHU WR JURZ ROG HQYLDU WR VHQG HQYROYHU WR ZUDS HTXLYRFDUVH WR PDNH D PLVWDNH HVFDODU WR FOLPE WR VFDOH HVFDSDU WR HVFDSH HVFRJHU WR FKRRVH HVFRQGHUVH WR KLGH RQHVHOI HVFULELU WR ZULWH HVFXFKDU WR OLVWHQ WR HVSDQWDU WR VFDUH WR IULJKWHQ HVSHUDU WR ZDLW IRU WR KRSH HVTXLDU WR VNL HVWDEOHFHU WR HVWDEOLVK HVWDFLRQDU WR SDUN HVWDU WR EH HVWRUQXGDU WR VQHH]H H[DJHUDU WR H[DJJHUDWH H[DPLQDU WR H[DPLQH H[FDYDU WR H[FDYDWH WR GLJ H[LJLU WR GHPDQG H[SOLFDU WR H[SODLQ H[SOLFDUVH WR H[SODLQ RQHVHOI H[SORUDU WR H[SORUH H[SUHVDUVH WR H[SUHVV RQHVHOI H[WUDxDU WR PLVV D SHUVRQ RU SODFH
  • 928. )
  • 929. IHOLFLWDU WR FRQJUDWXODWH IHVWHMDU WR IHDVW WR FHOHEUDWH ILMDUVH WR QRWLFH ILQJLU WR SUHWHQG ILUPDU WR VLJQ IUDFDVDU WR IDLO IUHJDU WR ZDVK XS SODWHV
  • 930. WR VFUXE WR VFRXU IUHtU WR IU IXPDU WR VPRNH IXQGDU WR IRXQG * JDQDU WR ZLQ JDVWDU WR VSHQG PRQH JHPLU WR JURDQ JLUDU WR WXUQ WR URWDWH JREHUQDU WR JRYHUQ JR]DU WR HQMR JUDEDU WR UHFRUG WR WDSH JUDGXDUVH WR JUDGXDWH JULWDU WR HOO JXVWDU WR EH SOHDVLQJ + KDFHU WR GR WR PDNH KDOODU WR ILQG KHUYLU WR ERLO KLQFKDU WR VZHOO KLQFKDUVH WR VZHOO XS KRUQHDU WR EDNH KXLU WR IOHH , LJQRUDU QRW WR NQRZ QRW WR SD DWWHQWLRQ LPDJLQDU WR LPDJLQH LPDJLQDUVH WR LPDJLQH LPSHGLU WR LPSHGH LPSORUDU WR LPSORUH LPSRUWDU WR EH LPSRUWDQW WR LQVFULELUVH WR HQUROO WR UHJLVWHU LQVLVWLU WR LQVLVW LQVSLUDU WR LQVSLUH LQWHQWDU WR LQWHQG LQWHUUXPSLU WR LQWHUUXSW LQWURGXFLU WR LQVHUW LQYHVWLJDU WR LQYHVWLJDWH LU WR JR
  • 931. LUVH WR JR DZD - MXELODUVH WR UHWLUH MXJDU WR SOD D JDPH
  • 932. MXQWDU WR XQLWH WR MRLQ MXUDU WR VZHDU / ODGUDU WR EDUN ODVWLPDUVH WR KXUW RQHVHOI ODYDUVH WR ZDVK RQHVHOI OHHU WR UHDG OHVLRQDUVH WR LQMXUH RQHVHOI OHYDQWDUVH WR JHW XS OLEHUDU WR OLEHUDWH OLPSLDU WR FOHDQ OODPDU WR FDOO OODPDUVH WR FDOO RQHVHOI WR EH FDOOHG OOHJDU WR DUULYH OOHQDU WR ILOO OOHYDU WR FDUU WR ZHDU OOHYDUVH ELHQ
  • 933. WR JHW DORQJ ZHOO
  • 934. OORUDU WR FU OORYHU WR UDLQ OORYL]QDU WR GUL]]OH ORJUDU WR DWWDLQ OXFKDU WR VWUXJJOH WR ILJKW OXFLU WR OLJKW XS 0 PDGUXJDU WR JHW XS HDUO PDOWUDWDU WR PLVWUHDW PDQGDU WR RUGHU WR VHQG PDQHMDU WR GULYH PDQWHQHU WR PDLQWDLQ PDTXLOODUVH WR SXW RQ PDNHXS PDUFDU WR GLDO WR PDUN PDUFKDU WR PDUFK PDVFDU WR FKHZ PDVWLFDU WR FKHZ PDWDU WR NLOO PHGLU WR PHDVXUH PHMRUDUVH WR JHW EHWWHU PHQFLRQDU WR PHQWLRQ PHQWLU WR OLH PHUHFHU WR GHVHUYH
  • 935. PHWHU WR SXW LQVLGH PHWHUVH WR PHGGOH WR LQWHUIHUH PH]FODU WR PL[ PLUDU WR ORRN DW WR ZDWFK PRMDUVH WR JHW ZHW PROHVWDU WR DQQR WR ERWKHU PRUGHU WR ELWH PRULU WR GLH PRULUVH WR GLH PRVWUDU WR VKRZ PRYHU WR PRYH PRYHUVH WR PRYH RQHVHOI PXGDUVH WR PRYH IURP RQH SODFH WR DQRWKHU
  • 936. PXUPXUDU WR PXPEOH 1 QDFHU WR EH ERUQ QDGDU WR VZLP QHFHVLWDU WR QHHG QHJDU WR GHQ QHYDU WR VQRZ QRWDU WR QRWH 2 REHGHFHU WR REH REVHUYDU WR REVHUYH RFXUULU WR RFFXU RFXUULUVH WR JHW DQ LGHD WR RFFXU WR RIUHFHU WR RIIHU RtU WR KHDU ROHU WR VPHOO ROYLGDU WR IRUJHW ROYLGDUVH WR IRUJHW RSHUDU WR RSHUDWH RSLQDU WR RSLQH WR KDYH DQ RSLQLRQ RSRQHU WR RSSRVH RSWDU WR RSW RUGHQDU WR RUGHU RVFXUHFHU WR JURZ GDUN 3 SDJDU WR SD SDUDU WR VWRS SDUDUVH WR VWDQG XS SDUHFHU WR VHHP SDUTXHDU WR SDUN SDUWLU WR OHDYH
  • 937. SDVDU WR SDVV WR VSHQG WLPH
  • 938. SDVHDU WR WDNH D ZDON WR VWUROO SDWLQDU WR VNDWH SHGLU WR UHTXHVW SHJDU WR KLW SHLQDUVH WR EUXVK RQH¶V KDLU
  • 939. SHOHDU WR ILJKW SHQVDU WR WKLQN SHQVDU GH WR WKLQN RI WR RSLQH SHQVDU HQ WR WKLQN DERXW SHUGHU WR ORVH SHUGHUVH WR EHFRPH ORVW WR ORVH SHUGRQDU WR SDUGRQ SHUPLWLU WR SHUPLW SHUWHQHFHU WR EHORQJ WR SLFDU WR VWLQJ SLQWDU WR SDLQW SLVDU WR VWHS RQ WR WUHDG RQ SODQFKDU WR LURQ SRGHU WR EH DEOH FDQ SRQHU WR SXW SRQHUVH WR SXW RQ FORWKHV
  • 941. SRQHUVH D WR EHJLQ SRUWDUVH WR EHKDYH SRVHHU WR SRVVHVV SUHIHULU WR SUHIHU SUHJXQWDU WR DVN D TXHVWLRQ SUHJXQWDUVH WR ZRQGHU SUHQGHU WR WXUQ RQ SUHRFXSDUVH SRU
  • 943. SUHSDUDU WR SUHSDUH SUHVHQWDU WR LQWURGXFH WR SUHVHQW SUHVWDU WR OHQG SUHYHQLU WR SUHYHQW SUREDU WR WDVWH WR WHVW SUREDUVH WR WU RQ SURGXFLU WR SURGXFH SURKLELU WR SURKLELW WR IRUELG SURPHWHU WR SURPLVH SURSRQHU WR SURSRVH SURWHJHU WR SURWHFW SXEOLFDU WR SXEOLVK SXGULU WR URW SXOLU WR SROLVK 4 TXHGDUVH WR VWD WR UHPDLQ TXHMDUVH WR FRPSODLQ TXHPDU WR EXUQ
  • 944. TXHPDUVH WR EXUQ RQHVHOI TXHUHU WR ZDQW TXLWDUVH WR WDNH RII FORWKHV
  • 945. 5 UHDOL]DU WR IXOILOO UHEDMDU WR ORZHU WR UHGXFH UHFLELU WR UHFHLYH UHFRJHU WR SLFN XS UHFRQRFHU WR UHFRJQL]H UHFRUGDU WR UHPHPEHU UHFXSHUDUVH WR UHFXSHUDWH UHGXFLU WR UHGXFH UHIHULU WR UHIHU UHJDODU WR JLYH D JLIW UHJUHVDU WR UHWXUQ UHtUVH WR ODXJK UHODWDU WR UHODWH D VWRU UHQXQFLDU WR UHQRXQFH UHSHWLU WR UHSHDW UHSRUWDU WR UHSRUW UHVFDWDU WR VDYH WR UHVFXH UHVROYHU WR UHVROYH UHVSLUDU WR EUHDWKH UHVSRQGHU WR UHVSRQG UHVXOWDU WR UHVXOW UHWHQHU WR UHWDLQ UHWLUDUVH WR UHWLUH UHXQLUVH WR PHHW UH]DU WR SUD UREDU WR URE URJDU WR EHJ URPSHU WR EUHDN 6 VDEHU WR NQRZ WR NQRZ KRZ VDFDU WR WDNH RXW VDOLU WR OHDYH WR H[LW WR JR RXW VDOLUOH ELHQ
  • 946. WR FRPH RXW ZHOO
  • 947. VDOWDU WR MXPS VDOXGDU WR JUHHW VDOYDU WR VDYH D OLIH
  • 948. VDWLVIDFHU WR VDWLVI VHFDU WR GU VHJXLU WR IROORZ WR FRQWLQXH VHPEUDU WR VRZ VHQWDUVH WR VLW GRZQ VHQWLU WR UHJUHW
  • 949. VHQWLUVH WR IHHO DQ HPRWLRQ
  • 950. VHSDUDUVH WR VHSDUDWH VHUYLU WR VHUYH VLJQLILFDU WR PHDQ WR VLJQLI VROOR]DU WR VRE VROWDU WR ORRVHQ WR OHW JR VRQDU WR VRXQG VRxDU FRQ
  • 952. VRQUHtU WR VPLOH VRUSUHQGHU WR VXUSULVH VRVSHFKDU WR VXVSHFW VXELU WR JR XS WR DVFHQG VXEUDDU WR XQGHUOLQH VXFHGHU WR KDSSHQ WR RFFXU VXIULU WR VXIIHU VXJHULU WR VXJJHVW VXSOLFDU WR EHJ VXSRQHU WR VXSSRVH VXVSLUDU WR VLJK 7 WDSDU WR FRYHU XS WR SOXJ XS WHPEODU WR WUHPEOH WHPHU WR IHDU WHQHU WR KDYH WHQWDU WR WHPSW WHUPLQDU WR ILQLVK WLUDU WR WKURZ WRFDU WR WRXFK WR SOD DQ LQVWUXPHQW
  • 953. WRFDUOH D DOJXLHQ WR EH VRPHRQH¶V WXUQ WRPDU WR WDNH WRUFHU WR WZLVW WUDEDMDU WR ZRUN WUDGXFLU WR WUDQVODWH WUDHU WR EULQJ WUDJDU WR VZDOORZ WUDQTXLOL]DUVH WR FDOP GRZQ WUDWDU WR WUHDW WUDWDU GH KDFHU DOJR
  • 954. WR WU WR GR VRPHWKLQJ
  • 956. WR EH DERXW WULXQIDU WR WULXPSK WURQDU WR WKXQGHU WURWDU WR WURW 8 XVDU WR XVH
  • 957. 9 YDFLODU WR KHVLWDWH YDJDU WR ZDQGHU YDOHU WR EH ZRUWK YHODU WR ZDWFK RYHU WR VWD DZDNH YHQFHU WR FRQTXHU WR YDQTXLVK YHQGHU WR VHOO YHQLU WR FRPH YHU WR VHH YHVWLUVH WR JHW GUHVVHG YLDMDU WR WUDYHO YLJLODU WR ZDWFK RYHU WR JXDUG YLVLWDU WR YLVLW YLYLU WR OLYH YRODU WR IO YROYHU WR UHWXUQ YRWDU WR YRWH DFHU WR OLH GRZQ = ]LJ]DJXHDU WR ]LJ]DJ ]XPEDU WR EX]]
  • 958. $QVZHU .H KDSWHU 6HU DQG (VWDU DQG WKH 3UHVHQW 7HQVH HVWiQ ORFDWLRQ
  • 959. HVWi HVWi KHDOWK KHDOWK
  • 963. HVWi HVWi FKDQJLQJ PRRG FKDQJLQJ PRRG
  • 968. (O ULy HVWi FHUFD GH PL FDVD $XVWUDOLD HVWi OHMRV GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV /D IORU EODQFD HVWi HQFLPD GH OD PHVD /RV QLxRV HVWiQ MXQWRV D VXV SDGUHV /D HVFXHOD HVWi HQWUH OD LJOHVLD HO EDQFR /D FDVD GH -XOLD HVWi GHWUiV GHO FRUUHR 3DXOD HVWi DTXt FRQ VXV KHUPDQRV 6XV7XV ]DSDWRV HVWiQ GHEDMR GH PL VLOOD 1XHVWUR SUREOHPD HVWi EDMR FRQWURO /RV SDULHQWHV GH (OHQD HVWiQ HQ (VSDxD 6XV PDOHWDV HVWiQ HQ ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HV HV SURIHVVLRQ SRLQW RI RULJLQ
  • 969. VRQ HV SURIHVVLRQ SURIHVVLRQ
  • 970. VRQ SRLQW RI RULJLQ
  • 975. VRQ SRLQW RI RULJLQ
  • 976. VR HV SRLQW RI RULJLQ SRLQW RI RULJLQ
  • 983. HV HV VRQ VRQ VRPRV HVWi HVWR HVWi HVWDPRV (VWiV HVWiQ VR HVWiQ HVWiQ HUHV HV HVWiQ HVWiQ HVWDPRV HV HVWiQ HVWi VRQ HVWiQ HV HVWi HVWi HV HVWiQ HVWiQ VRQ HVWi HVWi HV 6RQ HV HV /RV GHQWLVWDV HVWiQ HQ VXV RILFLQDV 7RGR HO PXQGR HVWi HQIHUPR +DVWD ORV GRFWRUHV HVWiQ HQIHUPRV /D VRSD HVWi FDOLHQWH /D FRPLGD HVWi GHOLFLRVDVDEURVD (V QHFHVDULR HVWXGLDU ¢(V SRVLEOH DSUHQGHU WRGR HVWi 6HU VHU HV HVWiQ HVWR HUHV HV 6RQ HV 6RQ HV (V HV VHU HVWDU HVWi HVWi HVWi HV HVWi HVWiQ HV HVWi HVWDU HVWi HVWi HVWiQ VR HV HVWi HVWi HVWi HVWDPRV HV KDSWHU 6HU DQG (VWDU LQ WKH 3UHWHULW DQG ,PSHUIHFW 7HQVHV
  • 984. IXH IXL HVWXYLPRV HVWXYR HVWXYLHURQ HVWXYR HVWXYLHURQ )XH HVWXYR HVWXYLHURQ HVWXYH HVWXYLPRV R HUD GH 9HQH]XHOD (OORV HUDQ GH (VSDxD ¢4Xp KRUD HUD 1RVRWURV HVWiEDPRV ELHQ 0L MDUGtQ HUD HO PiV KHUPRVR GH OD FLXGDG /RV WUHV DPLJRV HVWDEDQ DTXt R QR HVWDED FDQVDGD eUDPRV FDQWDQWHV ¢'yQGH HVWDEDV R HVWDED HQ OD FDVD FRQ PL KHUPDQD IXL HVWXYLPRV HUD HVWXYR IXH IXH IXL HUD HUD (UDQ HUD HUD HVWXYRIXH HVWXYLPRV (UD)XH (UD)XH FRPSUDVWH WUDMH (UD WHQtD (PSH]y FHUUp (PSH]DED FHUUDED FUX]DED OODPy HVWXYLHURQ DQGiEDPRV YLPRV FREUy FREUy HVFULELPRV UHFLELHURQ FDPLQDED PH GL FXHQWD GH VDEtD HVWDED FRQRFLy VH GLYHUWtDQ LED OOHJDURQ VH TXHGDURQ KDSWHU 7KH 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVH KDEODQGR EHVDQGR DQGDQGR YLDMDQGR OLPSLDQGR FHQDQGR VDFDQGR EHELHQGR FRPLHQGR DSUHQGLHQGR DJUDGHFLHQGR HVFRJLHQGR YLHQGR DEULHQGR DVLVWLHQGR LQVLVWLHQGR SHUPLWLHQGR SURKLELHQGR FUHHQGR OHHQGR WUDHQGR KXHQGR RHQGR VLUYLHQGR SLGLHQGR FRUULJLHQGR UHSLWLHQGR VLJXLHQGR GXUPLHQGR PXULHQGR GLFLHQGR KDFLHQGR HVWi FRUULJLHQGR HVWDPRV VDFDQGR HVWR HVWXGLDQGR HVWDPRV KDFLHQGR HVWiQ SUHSDUDQGR HVWiV GLFLHQGR HVWi QHYDQGR HVWiQ GXUPLHQGR HVWiQ HVFULELHQGR HVWiQ KDEODQGR HVWiV IULHQGR HVWi FRPLHQGR OHHQGR VDEH WRFDQGR FRQRFHU WHQHU TXLHUH DOPXHU]DQ VDOHQ GHYROYHU JUDGXDUVH KDFHU HVWi UHSLWLHQGR HVWiQ VLJXLHQGR HVWDPRV OHHQGR HVWiQ KDFLHQGR HVWiQ DOPRU]DQGR HVWR KLUYLHQGR HVWi VLJXLHQGR HVWiQ HVSHUDQGR ¢/HV HVWiQ KDEODQGR ODV PXMHUHV D ORV KRPEUHV ¢4Xp PH HVWiV GLFLHQGR W~
  • 985. ¢4Xp HVWiV GLFLpQGRPH ¢4Xp PH HVWi GLFLHQGR 8G
  • 986. ¢3XHGH 8G UHSHWLU OD SUHJXQWD /RV HVWXGLDQWHV QR OH HVWi SUHVWDQGR DWHQFLyQ /RV HVWXGLDQWHV QR HVWi KDFLpQGROH FDVR 6DEHPRV TXH pO HVWi EXVFDQGR XQD LGHD /D QHFHVLWD SDUD HVFULELU XQ FXHQWR ¢4Xp HVWi SDVDQGR (O DERJDGR IDQWiVWLFR HVWi VRxDQGR FRQ XQ YLDMH D ,WDOLD $QVZHUV ZLOO YDU
  • 987. TXLHUH YLHQH VDEH VDEH HVWR SHQVDQGR SRGHPRV OODPDQGR VRQUtH MXHJDQ HVWi FRQIHVDQGR GHVSHUWDUVH YDQ KDFLHQGR :H DUH JRLQJ WR 0DUtD¶V KRXVH EHFDXVH VKH LV SUHSDULQJ FKLFNHQ ZLWK ULFH 7KH ZDLWHU LV VHUYLQJ XV RXU PHDO 7KH QDQQLHV DUH WDNLQJ FDUH RI D ORW RI FKLOGUHQ LQ WKH SDUN ,W LV R¶FORFN DW QLJKW DQG LW LV DOUHDG ODWH EXW WKH PDQ NHHSV UHDGLQJ KLV IDYRULWH ERRN +H NHHSV UHDGLQJ LW XQWLO R¶FORFN 7KH JLUO LV VZLPPLQJ LQ WKH SRRO EHFDXVH KHU SDUHQWV WKLQN WKDW LW LV GDQJHURXV WR VZLP LQ WKH RFHDQ 7KH FKLOGUHQ DUH SXWWLQJ WKH SODWHV LQ WKH RYHQ 7KH DUH SXWWLQJ WKHP LQ WKH RYHQ WR DQQR WKHLU SDUHQWV :K DUH RX OLQJ WR KHUKLP :KR LV ODXJKLQJ 7KH HOHSKDQW KDV EHHQ OLYLQJ LQ WKH ]RR IRU ILYH HDUV :H NHHS OHDUQLQJ 6SDQLVK ¢3RU TXp HVWi OORUDQGR OD JHQWH (VWi OORYLHQGR ¢(VWiV PLUDQGR WHOHYLVLyQ DKRUD ¢(VWi 8G
  • 988. PLUDQGR WHOHYLVLyQ DKRUD ¢3RU TXp HVWiQ ULpQGRVH ODV PXFKDFKDV ¢3RU TXp VH HVWiQ ULHQGR ODV PXFKDFKDV 1RV WRFD D QRVRWURV (VWDPRV XVDQGR ODV FRPSXWDGRUDV DKRUD 7HUHVD HVWi HVSHUDQGR HO WUHQ SHUR HVWi SHUGLHQGR SDFLHQFLD ¢(Q TXp HVWiV SHQVDQGR ¢(Q TXp HVWi SHQVDQGR (VWDPRV WUDWDQGR GH GRUPLUQRV KDSWHU 7KH 3DVW 3URJUHVVLYH 7HQVHV R HVWDED OLPSLDQGR OD FDVD 5RVD VHJXtD FRPLHQGR 3DEOR OHV HVWDED YHQGLHQGR PHGLFLQD D VXV DPLJRV (VWiEDPRV DSUHQGLHQGR D EDLODU ¢3RU TXp PH HVWDED PLQWLHQGR HOOD ¢3RU TXp HVWDED PLQWLpQGRPH ¢4Xp HVWDED 8G KDFLHQGR ¢4Xp HVWDED KDFLHQGR 8G ¢4XLpQ HVWDED GXUPLHQGR HQ HO WUHQ 7RGR HO PXQGR HVWDED VDOLHQGR SDUD ODV VDOLGDV /RV PXFKDFKRV ODV PXFKDFKDV HVWDEDQ WLUDQGR OD SHORWD /RV SROtWLFRV HVWDEDQ HPSH]DQGR VX FDPSDxD HOHFWRUDO :H ZHUH KDYLQJ D JRRG WLPH XQWLO WKH SOD EHJDQ 'LG RX ZDQW WR IHHG WKH ELUGV LQ WKH SDUN :H NQHZ WKDW ZH ZHUH JRLQJ WR EH VXFFHVVIXO 7KH ZRPHQ ZHUH FHOHEUDWLQJ WKHLU UHWLUHPHQW XQWLO R¶FORFN DW QLJKW , ZDV JHWWLQJ DFTXDLQWHG ZLWK 0H[LFR OLWWOH E OLWWOH 2XU SURIHVVRU ZDV WHDFKLQJ IRU DQ KRXU HVWHUGD :H ZHUH ZRUNLQJ ZKHQ RXU IULHQGV DUULYHG :KDW ZHUH RX WDONLQJ DERXW 6KH ZDVQ¶W OLVWHQLQJ WR PH 7KH ZDLWHU ZDVQ¶W VHUYLQJ XV WKH PHDO 7KH WHDFKHUV ZHUH UHSHDWLQJ WKH LQVWUXFWLRQV XQWLO ZH XQGHUVWRRG :K ZHUH RX ORRNLQJ IRU WKHP IRU VR ORQJ ZKHQ RX NQHZ WKDW RXU IULHQGV ZHUH KLGLQJ :H ZHUH GDQFLQJ ODVW QLJKW XQWLO PLGQLJKW 1RERG ZDV ZDONLQJ DURXQG KHUH HVSHUDURQ GLMR WUDMHURQ VH FDHURQ GL SXGR IXLPRV JXVWy YLVWH FRQRFLy HUD WHQtDQ TXHUtD HVWXGLDED MXJDED HVFULEtD HVWDED VH TXHMDED SRQtD OHOHVWH OHV OH PH WHOHOHV QRV
  • 989. -XOLD ORRNV IRU KHU VLVWHU 6KH LV ORRNLQJ IRU KHU :H WDNH FDUH RI WKH EDELHV :H WDNH FDUH RI WKHP 7KH WZR EURWKHUVVLEOLQJV KHOS WKHLU IDPLO 7KH IDPLO DSSUHFLDWHV WKHLU KHOS 7KH JDUGHQHU ORRNV DW WKH ELUGV +H ORRNV DW WKHP IO 7KH VWXGHQWV JUHHW WKHLU WHDFKHU 7KH JUHHW KHU HYHU GD :K DUH RX FDOOLQJ PH WRGD :K DUH RX FDOOLQJ PH DW KRPH 0DQXHO YLVLWV WKH ZRPDQ LQ 3HUX +H ZDQWV WR PDUU KHU LQ WKH VSULQJ $OO WKH WRXULVWV DUH ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH WUDLQ ,W GRHVQ¶W ERWKHU WKHP WR ZDLW IRU LW EHFDXVH LW LV FRRO RXW , VZHDU LW WR RX , SXW RQ P JORYHV , SXW WKHP RQ 7KH LQGLJHQRXV ZRPDQ GRHVQ¶W VHOO ZDWHU WR XV VKH JLYHV LW WR XV , OLNH WKH VKHOOILVK LQ WKLV UHVWDXUDQW 7KH ZDLWHU VHUYHV WKHP WR PH ZLWK SOHDVXUH $QD EULQJV GHVVHUW WR KHU IULHQGV 6KH EULQJV LW WR WKHP ¢/HV GLFH OD YHUGDG D VXV DPLJRV 6H OD GHFLPRV ¢/HV GLFHV OD YHUGDG D WXV DPLJRV 7H OD GHFLPRV 6LHPSUH OH HVFULER FDUWDV 6H ODV HVWR HVFULELHQGR DKRUD 6LHPSUH OH HVFULER FDUWDV (VWR HVFULELpQGRVHODV DKRUD ,UHQH OH GD UHJDORV D VX KLMR FDGD 1DYLGDG (VWH DxR YD D GiUVHORV HO GtD GH VX FXPSOHDxRV ,UHQH OH GD UHJDORV D VX KLMR FDGD 1DYLGDG (VWH DxR VH ORV YD D GDU HO GtD GH VX FXPSOHDxRV /H PRVWUDPRV OD QXHYD ]DSDWHUtD D PL DPLJD (OOD PLUD ORV WDFRQHV SHUR QR QRV ORV FRPSUD $ YHFHV OD JHQWH QR HQWLHQGH OR TXH GHFLPRV $ YHFHV WHQHPRV TXH H[SOLFiUVHOR (QULTXH OHV OHH XQ FXHQWR D VXV KLMRV FDGD QRFKH D ODV RFKR 6H OR HVWi OHHQGR DKRUD (QULTXH OHV OHH XQ FXHQWR D VXV KLMRV FDGD QRFKH D ODV RFKR (VWi OHpQGRVHOR DKRUD 0LFKDHO FRXOGQ¶W HQWHU KLV KRXVH EHFDXVH KH ORVW KLV NHV 7KH VSRRQ IHOO DQG , JRW DQJU DUHIXO 7KH JODVVHV DUH JRLQJ WR IDOO :H EURNH WZR DOUHDG ,W GLGQ¶W RFFXU WR PH WR ZRUN HVWHUGD RX FRXOGQ¶W SUHSDUH WKH JDUOLF VRXS ODVW QLJKW RX UDQ RXW RI JDUOLF , IRUJRW WR GR P KRPHZRUN KDSWHU 7KH 3UHVHQW 6XEMXQFWLYH YHQJDQ GLJD KDJD FRQR]FDQ GXUPDPRV VHSD WRPHPRV VH OHYDQWHQ OOHJXH PH TXHGH HVWp Gp YDDV VHDQ OHDQ WHQJD WUDLJDPRV VH VLHQWDQ GLJD SDJXH VH VLHQWDQ GHMH GH OORUDU H[SOLTXHPRV WHQJD Gp VHSD KDD YDDQ VHD KDJDPRV HVWp EHVH $QVZHUV ZLOO YDU 6RPH SRVVLEOH DQVZHUV DUH VKRZQ R GXGR TXH D PLV SDGUHV OHV JXVWH YLDMDU /R VLHQWR TXH PL DPLJR WHQJD PDORV VXHxRV (V SRVLEOH TXH HOOD QR VH GLYLHUWD PXFKR eO GXGD TXH VHDPRV EXHQRV HVWXGLDQWHV (OOD WHPH TXH QR YROYDPRV D ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV R OH SLGR TXH 6DUD PH WUDLJD IORUHV D PL FDVD 'XGR TXH 8G FRQR]FD D PL WtR (V XQD OiVWLPD TXH PL KHUPDQR R QR QRV YHDPRV PXFKR ¢(V SRVLEOH TXH QR KDD FODVH ORV OXQHV 1R FUHR TXH DUOD VHD GH 3RORQLD WHQJDQ WLHQHQ YLVLWH WUDLJDPRV DPH FRUULMDPRV HVWiQ VH TXHMD VH TXHGH VH YDQ EDLOH YHD HVWpQ VHSDQ HV KDJD
  • 990. DQWHV GH TXH YLVLWH 'HVSXpV GH TXH PH EDxH D PHQRV TXH YDDQ OXHJR TXH WHQJD SDUD TXH VHSDQ OXHJR TXH WHUPLQHQ $QWHV GH TXH YHQJD SDUD TXH SXHGDV KDVWD TXH OOHJXHQ (Q FDVR GH TXH WHQJDQ SDUD TXH HVWpQ D SHVDU GH TXH WHQJDQ VLQ TXH LQYLWH GHVSXpV GH TXH VH YDDQ XDQGR SXHGD FXDQGR QRV UHXQDPRV FXDQGR QRV HQFRQWUHPRV XDQGR YXHOYDQ XDQGR UHJUHVHQ FXDQGR DSUHQGD VH HQIHUPHQ GHVFDQVHPRV OOHJXH VH TXHMHQ FRFLQH GXHUPDV KDD WHQJD HVWp TXLHUD DFRPSDxH VHD YHQJD KDEOH HVWpQ SLTXH REWHQJD FRQR]FD VHSD JDQHQ YHQJDQ SUHVWH DSUHQGDQ HQVDHQ DEUDPRV WH YDDV SHUGRQH QDGH OOHJXH HVFXFKHQ IXPH VH SLHUGD GLJD WRPH FDQWH KDSWHU RPPDQGV 7DNH RXU PHGLFLQH DQG FDOO WKH GRFWRU LQ WKH PRUQLQJ RQWLQXH WR WKH ULJKW SOHDVH ORVH WKH GRRU SOHDVH DQG RSHQ WKH ZLQGRZ 5XQ WR WKH VWRUH DQG EX PLON 3UHSDUH WKH PHDO WRQLJKW DQG DIWHUZDUG WDNH RXW WKH JDUEDJH SOHDVH 5HDG 'RQ 4XL[RWH IRU WKH FODVV DQG ZULWH RXU RSLQLRQ DERXW WKH PDLQ WKHPH (DW PRUH IUXLWV DQG YHJHWDEOHV RXQW RQ PH DSDJD FRPSDUWH GHFLGH GHYXHOYH GREOD PLUD RH UHJUHVD WHUPLQD WLUD 'L 6p /HH (VFULEH 7HQ 3RQ 9HQ +D] 7UDH (VSHUD ItMDWH DQtPDWH FiOODWH DUUpJODWH PXpYHWH YHWH TXpGDWH SiUDWH FHStOODWH YtVWHWH GLYLpUWHWH GXpUPHWH 'R PH D IDYRU 7HOO XV WKH WUXWK *R DZD 3XW RQ RXU VRFNV /HDYH QRZ %H D JRRG GRJ %H FDUHIXO RPH KHUH FRUUH QR FRUUDV FDPLQD QR FDPLQHV EHEH QR EHEDV VLJXH QR VLJDV UHSLWH QR UHSLWDV KDEOD QR KDEOHV PLUD QR PLUHV URPSH QR URPSDV YHQGH QR YHQGDV DEUH QR DEUDV VXEH QR VXEDV HPSLH]D QR HPSLHFHV PLHQWH QR PLHQWDV VDO QR VDOJDV SRQ QR SRQJDV WRFD QR WRTXHV
  • 991. 1R FRPDV OD HQVDODGD HQ *XDWHPDOD 1R OD FRPDV 1R FRUUDV RWUR WUHQ YLHQH 1R PH GLJDV HO VHFUHWR 1R PH OR GLJDV 1R OR KDJDV 1R OR WRTXHV 1R WHQJDV PLHGR 1R OH SUHVWHV GLQHUR D HOOD 1R VH OR SUHVWHV 1R YHQJDV WDUGH DO GHVILOH 1R QRV GHV PDODV QRWLFLDV 1R OH WUDLJDV GXOFHV DO QLxR 1R VH ORV WUDLJDV 1R WH YDDV 1R WH SUHRFXSHV 1R PH HVSHUHV 1R WHQJDV HQYLGLD 'RQ¶W VZLP LQ WKLV ODNH 'RQ¶W ZDON LQ WKH PXG 'RQ¶W JR WR EHG ODWH 'RQ¶W JLYH LW WR XV 'RQ¶W OHDYH WKH GLUW SODWHV RQ WKH WDEOH 'RQ¶W ZRUN VR PXFK 'RQ¶W FRPH WR FODVV RQ 0RQGD 'RQ¶W DUULYH ODWH GLJD QR GLJD KDJD QR KDJD WUDEDMH QR WUDEDMH HQWUH QR HQWUH OHD QR OHD HVSHUH QR HVSHUH EHED QR EHED TXpGHQVH QR VH TXHGHQ VLpQWHQVH QR VH VLHQWHQ OHYiQWHQVH QR VH OHYDQWHQ DFXpVWHQVH QR VH DFXHVWHQ GXpUPDQVH QR VH GXHUPDQ GLJDPRV HPSHFHPRV VLJDPRV YiPRQRV GHVSHUWpPRQRV MXJXHPRV HVSHUHPRV HQWUHPRV WRPHPRV FUXFHPRV GXUPiPRQRV DOPRUFHPRV FRPDPRV GHVFDQVHPRV YROYDPRV 1R OR WRTXHV 1R PH OR GLJDV 1R OR KDJDV $~GHPH 'HOH HO OLEUR 'pVHOR 1R VH OR Gp %pVDPH 6LpQWHQVH 8GV SRU IDYRU (PSHFHPRV (VSpUHQQRV 9DDQ D OD GHUHFKD 7HQ FXLGDGR /OHQH HVWH IRUPXODULR SRU IDYRU 1R EHEDV WDQWR 6DFD OD EDVXUD 1R VH YDD 1R VH SUHRFXSHQ 6LJDPRV ODV GLUHFFLRQHV 0DQHMH PiV GHVSDFLR SRU IDYRU 4XpGHQVH SRU IDYRU /OiPDPH 1R FRPSUH QDGD 1R VH UtDQ 9DPRV VH TXHGH GLJD FRPHU VH PHMRUHQ EXVFR JXVWD YHQJD VHD TXLHUH YLVLWH OOHJD KDJDQ FRPSUHPRV HVWDU HVWpV LU JXVWD JXVWH OODPH HVWp VHSD HUHV YDD WHQJD KDD KDSWHU 1RXQV $UWLFOHV $GMHFWLYHV DQG 3URQRXQV HO ; ; OD ORV OD HO ODV ODV ; OD OD ODV OD PLV VXV VXV VXV VX VX VX QXHVWUD QXHVWUD VX PtR VXRWXR PtR VXRV VXDV PtDV QXHVWUD PtR VXRV HO QXHVWUR ORV VXRV ORV WXRV OD VXD OD VXD OD WXD OD PtD ORV QXHVWURV OD PtD HO
  • 992. QXHVWUR HO VXR PtR VXRVWXRV QXHVWURV VXRV VXD VXD HO VXR HO WXR HO VXR HO PtR ORV QXHVWURV OD WXD ORV VXRV OR TXH TXH TXH TXH TXLHQHV TXH /R TXH TXLHQ TXLHQHV OR TXH TXH TXLHQ FXD FXRV 5LWD VROG WKH KRXVH WKDW , OLNHG :KDW RX VDLG ZDV WUXH , GRQ¶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pLV HVFULWR KDQ YLVWR KD WUDtGR KHPRV UHFLELGR KDQ OODPDGR KDQ SUHVWDGR KDV DPDGR KDQ YXHOWR VH KD PXHUWR VH KDQ LGR KDQ KHFKR KDQ KDEODGR KDQ YLDMDGR KH YLVWR KH SRGLGR VH KDQ DFRVWDGR QRV KHPRV PXGDGR KDEHU KHPRV KDQ KDEHU KHPRV KD KDQ KDEHU +DQ KDQ
  • 993. +H FUX]DGR OD FDOOH D OD HVFXHOD -DPiV KH HQWUDGR HQ OD FODVH 0LV FRPSDxHURV KDQ HQWUDGR WDPELpQ /H KHPRV GLFKR ³KROD´ DO SURIHVRU 1RV KHPRV VHQWDGR +H HVFULWR FRQ OiSL] 0LV DPLJRV KDQ XVDGR XQD FRPSXWDGRUD DQWHV +HPRV FRQWHVWDGR ODV SUHJXQWDV +HPRV DOPRU]DGR MXQWRV 1RV KHPRV GHVSHGLGR GHO SURIHVRU +HPRV LGR HQ EXV D FDVD /HV KHPRV VDOXGDGR D QXHVWURV SDGUHV DO OOHJDU D FDVD ¢yPR KDV HVWDGR ¢yPR KD HVWDGR ¢yPR KDQ HVWDGR ¢$GyQGH KDQ LGR WRGDV ODV IORUHV ¢4XLpQ DFDED GH OODPDU ¢4Xp KDV KHFKR ¢4Xp KD KHFKR +HPRV PDQGDGRHQYLDGR HO GRFXPHQWR ¢6H KDQ GHVDXQDGR HOORV KR +H SUHQGLGR HO KRUQR KH PHWLGR HO SROOR 7HQJR TXH FRFLQDUOR SRU XQD KRUD D QR KDFH FDORU SRUTXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV KDQ DELHUWR WRGDV ODV YHQWDQDV HQ HO VDOyQ /RV H[WHUPLQDGRUHV KDQ PDWDGR WRGDV ODV FXFDUDFKDV /DXUD VX KLMD DFDED GH OOHJDU D ,WDOLD KDSWHU 7KH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 7HQVH /RV QLxRV SHQVDEDQSHQVDURQ TXH VXV SDGUHV KDEtDQ VDOLGR D KDEtD SXHVWR OD PHVD FXDQGR PL IDPLOLD OOHJy 5REHUWR IXH D XQ SDtV TXH pO QXQFD KDEtD YLVLWDGR DQWHV 0LV FROHJDV PH GLMHURQ TXH HOORV KDEtDQ WHUPLQDGR VX WUDEDMR 7KH SURIHVVRU NQHZ WKDW , KDG VWXGLHG 7KH FKLOG WKRXJKW WKDW KHU GRJ KDG UHWXUQHG 7KH VDLG WKDW WKH KDG UHWXUQHG WKH ERRNV WR WKH OLEUDU :H EHOLHYHG WKDW RXU IULHQGV KDG ZULWWHQ WR XV :H ZHUH VXUH WKDW WKH RXQJ SHRSOH KDG EHHQ VXFFHVVIXO KDG KDG VXFFHVV :H WKRXJKW WKDW WKH WKLHYHV KDG EHHQ LQ WKH EDQN 7KH SROLFH EHOLHYHG WKDW ZH KDG VHHQ WKHP :H WROG WKH GHWHFWLYHV WKDW ZH KDG QRW EHHQ JRRG ZLWQHVVHV LGR HVSHUDGR YHU GHVFDQVDGR FHQDU MXELODUVH SDJDGR GDGR VDOLU GLFKR SHUGLGR TXHPDGD URWD PXHUWR KHFKD H[SUHVDGDV GRUPLGR TXHULGR YHQGLGRV FRPSUDGDV SDVDGR UHVXHOWRV DOTXLODGR HVFRQGLGR HQWUHJDGDV JUDEDGD HVWi FHUUDGD HVWi DELHUWD HVWi HVFULWD HVWi FRQVWUXLGD HVWi KHFKD HVWiQ PXHUWDV HVWiQ IULWRV HVWiQ UHVXHOWRV HUUDGD KHULGR SUHRFXSDGRV QXEODGR DUUHJODGR VHSDUDGD GLYLGLGR /RV DQWURSyORJRV KDOODURQ ORV YDVRV 8Q GLFWDGRU KD JREHUQDGR HO SDtV (O PDHVWUR HQVHxy OD FODVH /D YtFWLPD UHFRQRFLy DO FULPLQDO /RV SDGUHV RIUHFLHURQ ORV UHJDORV DWDULQD KDEtD SODQFKDGR ODV FDPLVDV /RV LQTXLOLQRV DSDJDURQ ODV OXFHV 6H GLFH TXH ROyQ GHVFXEULy ODV $PpULFDV HQ
  • 994. KDSWHU 7KH )XWXUH 7HQVH LUp OOHJDUi YHUp HVWXGLDUHPRV FRUUHJLUi FRPSUDUi GHMDUi DFRPSDxDUi YLDMDUp HVWDUiV WULXQIDUiQ DVLVWLUiQ FREUDUi YHQFHUHPRV UHVSRQGHUiV KDUp YHQGUi VDOGUi GLUHPRV SRGUiV SRQGUiQ YDOGUi WHQGUi VDEUi +DEUi 6L HOOD QR WLHQH FXLGDGR VH SHUGHUi 6L -RUJH PH OR GLFH R QR VH OR UHSHWLUp D QDGLH 6L SUDFWLFDPRV SRGUHPRV DSUHQGHU XQ LGLRPD QXHYR (OORV FRPSUDUiQ OD FDVD VL OHV JXVWDQ HO MDUGtQ HO EDOFyQ 6L OD REUD GH WHDWUR HV FKLVWRVDGLYHUWLGD HO S~EOLFR VH UHLUi eO QXQFD VH ILMDUi HQ QDGD 1R VH TXHMDUi MDPiV eO YHQGUi D YHUPH 7HQGUp XQD FLWD FRQ HO GHQWLVWD HQ IHEUHUR ¢XiQWR YDOGUi HO FDUUR ¢4Xp PH GLUiV 6DOGUHPRV SDUD 0p[LFR HQ MXOLR 7UDEDMDUp HQ XQ WHDWUR +DEUi RQFH HVWXGLDQWHV DTXt (PSH]DUHPRV D HVWXGLDU (O PXFKDFKR WHQGUi p[LWR /RV GHSRUWLVWDV WHQGUiQ VHG ¢XiQWR PH FREUDUi 8G R SDWLQDUp SRUTXH PH JXVWD (OOD QR VH PHWHUi HQ OD YLGD GH ORV RWURV (O SXHEOR YHQFHUi 7ULXQIDUHPRV /D PXFKDFKD FXPSOLUi GLH] DxRV HO PLpUFROHV 2OLYLD YLYLUi HQ 3HU~ /D PDHVWUD FRUUHJLUi OD WDUHD R DVLVWLUp D OD XQLYHUVLGDG (OHQD VRxDUi TXH WH YLR (OHQD VXHxD TXH WH YHUi , ZLOO NQRZ PRUH WRPRUURZ WKDQ ZKDW , NQRZ WRGD 7KUHH FKDLUV DQG HLJKW VWXGHQWV ZLOO QRW ILW LQ WKH FODVVURRP 7KH GRFWRUV ZLOO QRW VOHHS XQWLO IRXU R¶FORFN LQ WKH PRUQLQJ , ZLOO UHWXUQ VRRQ )URP WLPH WR WLPH , ZLOO YLVLW RX LQ %UD]LO ,I RX ZDQW WR JR VKRSSLQJ , ZLOO WDNH RX ,I KH EHFRPHV QHUYRXV KH ZLOO VSHDN VRIWO ,I RX UXQ D ORW RX ZLOO EH DEOH WR ORVH ZHLJKW ,I RX ORVH RXU NHV ZKDW ZLOO RX GR 7KH WHOO PH WKDW RX ZLOO JHW PDUULHG QH[W HDU ¢7HQGUi KDPEUH HO QLxR ¢4Xp KDUi OD PXMHU ¢4XLpQ SRQGUi OD PHVD (OOD VDEUi ODV GLUHFFLRQHV ¢XiQWR YDOGUi HVWH DSDUWDPHQWR OXMRVR :KHUH ZLOO RX KDYH JRQH DIWHU OHDYLQJ RXU KRXVH :H ZLOO KDYH ERXJKW RXU WLFNHWV IRU 6DWXUGD , ZLOO KDYH VHHQ WKH VWXGHQWV EHIRUH WKH WUDYHO WR 0H[LFR ,Q RQH PRQWK , ZLOO KDYH OLYHG KHUH IRU HDUV :LOO RX KDYH ILQLVKHG RXU ZRUN IRU WKH FRPLQJ ZHHN KDSWHU 7KH RQGLWLRQDO 7HQVH
  • 995. SURGXFLUtD KDUtDPRV GLUtDQ YHQGUtD GDUtD VH DFRVWDUtDQ UHJUHVDUtDQ OOHYDUtD JXVWDUtD +DEUtD YHUtD VDOGUtDPRV OOHJDUtD HQWHQGHUtD SRGUtD LUtD R OD DXGDUtD (OOD LUtD GH FRPSUDV ¢0LUDUtDV W~ WHOHYLVLyQ (OORV YHQGHUtDQ OD FRPLGD /RV PR]RV OHV GDUtDQ OD FRPLGD D ORV FOLHQWHV 7HQGUtDPRV PXFKR TXH KDFHU (O FRQGXFWRU PDQHMDUtD UiSLGDPHQWH ¢DQWDUtDV ¢9HQGUtDQ 8GV D PL FDVD R OR KDUtD 1R OH GLUtD QDGD 7H FREUDUtD FLHQ GyODUHV /RV QLxRV QR OHHUtDQ PXFKR 6DEUtD QDGDU +DEUtD PXFKD JHQWH HQ ORV WUHQHV 1R FDEUtDQ PiV /H WUDHUtD ODV IORUHV D VX KHUPDQD 1RV SRQGUtDPRV ORV ]DSDWRV 3RGUtD 8G DFRPSDxDUPH DO EXV ¢$ 8GV OHV JXVWDUtD LU DO FLQH SRGUtD VH PHMRUDUtD PH TXHMDUtD GLUtDPRV VH GLYHUWLUtDQ HVWDUtD WHQGUtDQ GROHUtDQ $ -RVp OH JXVWDUtD QDGDU SHUR WLHQH PLHGR GHO DJXD R QR OH GLUtD QDGD SRUTXH QR OR FRQR]FR ELHQ 1XHVWURV DPLJRV PH[LFDQRV YHQGUtDQ D DOLIRUQLD D YLVLWDU D VX IDPLOLD SHUR SUHILHUHQ YLDMDU D (XURSD HVWH DxR -XDQ PH GLMR TXH OH GDUtD HO OLEUR VL TXLHUH HVWXGLDUOR -XDQ PH GLMR TXH OH GDUtD HO OLEUR VL OR TXLHUH HVWXGLDU -XDQ PH GLMR TXH WH GDUtD HO OLEUR VL TXLHUHV HVWXGLDUOR -XDQ PH GLMR TXH WH GDUtD HO OLEUR VL OR TXLHUHV HVWXGLDU ,UtDPRV D OD ILHVWD GH -XOLD SHUR QR VDEHPRV GyQGH YLYH eO KDEUtD OOHJDGR D WLHPSR SHUR VH OH SHUGLHURQ ODV GLUHFFLRQHV 1R OH KDEUtDPRV GLFKR QXHVWUR VHFUHWR D QDGLH -XDQ VX FRPSDxHUR KDEUtDQ LGR D 0p[LFR SHUR GHFLGLHURQ DKRUUDU VX GLQHUR SDUD HO DxR HQWUDQWH $QWRQLR R KDEUtDPRV YLDMDGR D RORPELD SHUR HO YXHOR FRVWy GHPDVLDGR (QULTXH KDEUtD VLGR XQ EXHQ SUHVLGHQWH SHUR TXHUtD WHQHU PiV WLHPSR SDUD SDVDU FRQ VX IDPLOLD (OYLUD KDEUtD GHYXHOWR HO GLQHUR TXH KDOOy SHUR VH OR GLR D VX KLMR KDSWHU 7KH 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH ¢(V SRVLEOH TXH HOORV VH KDDQ GRUPLGR (V SUREDEOH TXH KDDPRV WHQLGR PXFKDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV (VWDPRV DOHJUHV GH TXH QXHVWURV GRV DPLJRV VH KDDQ FRQRFLGR (VWR WULVWH GH TXH HO KRWHO QR PH KDD OODPDGR SDUD FRQILUPDU PL UHVHUYDFLyQ -RVp HVSHUD TXH QRVRWURV QRV KDDPRV VHQWLGR ELHQ (O DERJDGR VH DOHJUD GH TXH VXV FOLHQWHV KDDQ OHtGR HO FRQWUDWR /RV LQJHQLHURV OR VLHQWHQ TXH ORV HGLILFLRV KDDQ WHQLGR SUREOHPDV (O WUDEDMDGRU HVWi WULVWH GH TXH VX MHIH QR OR KDD OODPDGR SDUD DYHULJXDU GRQGH HVWi KDDQ HVWDGR KDD VDOYDGR QRV KDDPRV DWUHYLGR KDD OHtGR KDD VLGR VH KDDQ GHPRUDGR VH KDDQ OHYDQWDGR VH KDDQ GLYHUWLGR KDDQ YHQLGR VH KDD URWR KDSWHU 7KH ,PSHUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH
  • 996. KDEODUD ,W ZDV LPSRUWDQW WKDW -DPHV VSHDN WR PH VH VLQWLHUD ,W ZDV D VKDPH WKDW VKH GLGQ¶W IHHO ZHOO ODVW QLJKW FRQRFLHUDQ :DV LW SRVVLEOH WKDW RX NQHZ P VLVWHU KLFLpUDPRV ,W ZDV QHFHVVDU WKDW ZH GR H[HUFLVHV KXELHUD ,W ZDV LPSRVVLEOH WKDW WKHUH ZDV QR WUDIILF WRGD OOHJDUD ,W ZDV XUJHQW WKDW WKH DPEXODQFH DUULYH ZLWKLQ ILYH PLQXWHV GLpUDPRV ,W ZDV SRVVLEOH WKDW ZH JDYH D SUHVHQW WR WKH WHDFKHU GLMHUD PLQWLHUD ,W ZDV GRXEWIXO WKDW P QLHFH WROG PH WKH WUXWK LW ZDV SRVVLEOH WKDW VKH OLHG WR PH VH PHMRUDUDQ ,W ZRXOG EH JRRG WKDW RX JHW EHWWHU VH JUDGXDUD ,W ZDV SUREDEOH WKDW WKH ZKROH FODVV JUDGXDWHG VH IXHUD ,W ZRXOG EH LPSRVVLEOH WKDW 6DUD OHIW ZLWKRXW VDLQJ DQWKLQJ WR XV OODPiUDPRV ,W ZDV JRRG WKDW ZH FDOOHG KHU WRPDUDQ ,W ZRXOG EH QHFHVVDU WKDW WKH WRXULVWV GULQN D ORW RI ZDWHU LQ WKH PRXQWDLQV YLDMiUDPRV ,W ZRXOG EH GRXEWIXO WKDW ZH WUDYHO WR 0H[LFR WKLV HDU VH TXHGDUDQ ,W ZDV SRVVLEOH WKDW %HDWUL] DQG ,VDEHO VWDHG LQ ,WDO , ZDQWHG WKHP WR ZULWH WR PH 0 QHLJKERU SUHIHUUHG WKDW , EULQJ QRWKLQJ WR KLP :H ZHUH JODG WKDW KH DUULYHG HDUO 6KH EHJJHG XV QRW WR JR , ZDV JODG WKDW RX PRYHG WR D KRXVH 7KH RZQHU LQVLVWHG WKDW ZH SD WKH UHQW , WROG P IULHQG WR FDOO PH 7KH WRXULVW VXJJHVWHG WR WKH FDE GULYHU WKDW KH QRW GULYH VR IDVW KDEODUD HVWXGLDUD EDLODUD FDQWDUD YLQLHUDQ VH TXHGDUDQ WUDMpUDPRV FRPLHUD SUHVWDUD DXGiUDPRV YRWiUDPRV HVWXYLHUDQ WH FDOODUDV KLFLpUDPRV DFRPSDxDUD 7KH FKLOG ZDQWHG KLV SDUHQWV WR EULQJ KLP D SUHVHQW 0LFKDHO¶V IULHQGV ZDQWHG KLP WR ORVH ZHLJKW :K GLG RX ZDQW PH WR OHQG RX PRQH )UHG KRSHG WKDW /LQGD ZRXOG PDUU KLP 7KH VWXGHQW LQ 6SDLQ ZDV JODG WKDW KHU SDUHQWV ZHUH SURXG RI KHU , ZDQWHG WKHP WR VWD ZLWK PH :H KRSHG WKDW LW ZDV QRWKLQJ VHULRXV 7KH KXVEDQG GLG QRW ZDQW KLV ZLIH WR UHWLUH FDQWDU FDQWDU FRPHU YLYLU FXLGDUDQ GHMDUDQ HVSHUDUD VH DFRVWDUD EDMDU YLDMDU IXHUD GLMHUD VDEHU SXGLHUDQ IXHUD YLQLHUD VXSLHUD GXFKDUVH VDOLHUD ODYDUVH FRPHU WXYLHUDQ GLMHUD HVWXYLHUD LU HPSH]DUD QHFHVLWDUD /DXUD TXHUtDTXLVR TXH VX HVSRVR OD DFRPSDxDUD D KLOH (UD)XH QHFHVDULR TXH OD JHQWH QR IXPDUD HQ ORV UHVWDXUDQWHV -XOLD HVWDEDHVWXYR FRQWHQWD GH TXH 8GV HVWXYLHUDQ DTXt R VDEtD TXH VX QLHWD TXHUtD LU D OD XQLYHUVLGDG 0H DOHJUp GH TXH SXGLHUDV FRUUHU HQ HO PDUDWyQ ¢4Xp TXHUtDV TXH R KLFLHUD 5D~O R HVSHUiEDPRVHVSHUDPRV TXH 8GV VH HQFRQWUDUDQ ELHQ (UD)XH LPSRUWDQWH TXH HO FDUSLQWHUR VXSLHUD OR TXH HVWDED KDFLHQGR (VSHUDED(VSHUp TXH HO YXHOR GH PLV DPLJRV OOHJDUD D WLHPSR /RV GHSRUWLVWDV GXGDEDQGXGDURQ TXH JDQiUDPRV HO SDUWLGR 1XHVWURV DPLJRV QRV URJDEDQURJDURQ TXH QR VXELpUDPRV D OD FXPEUH GH OD PRQWDxD /RV HQWUHQDGRUHV LQVLVWtDQLQVLVWLHURQ TXH OD JHQWH KLFLHUD PiV HMHUFLFLR
  • 997. (UD)XH QHFHVDULR TXH HOOD HPSH]DUD ODV OHFFLRQHV D WLHPSR (UD)XH XQD OiVWLPD TXH pO QR VXSLHUD H[SUHVDUVH ¢6HUtD SRVLEOH TXH HOORV D KXELHUDQ VDOLGR GH OD UHXQLyQ /RV KLMRV GH -XDQD OH URJDEDQURJDURQ TXH QR IXPDUD ¢4XLVLHUDV TXH R KDEODUD FRQ WX MHIH 0L KHUPDQR GXGy TXH R FDQWDUD ELHQ DHU /D PDHVWUD GH PL KLMD VXJLULy TXH R OD OODPDUD R TXHUtD TXH HOORV VH TXHGDUDQ FRQPLJR (OORV TXHUtDQ TXH R IXHUD FRQ HOORV 0H JXVWDUtD KDFHU XQ GRFXPHQWDO TXH VH WUDWD GH ORV LQFD R TXLHUR WRPDU VX IRWR VL QR OH PROHVWD IXHUD VHUtD JXVWDUD LUtD HVFULELpUDPRV UHVSRQGHUtD PH VLQWLHUD SRGUtD JDQDUtDQ YHQGLHUDQ GRUPLUtDQ VH DFRVWDUDQ KDEODUtDPRV VXSLpUDPRV WHQGUtD VH SXVLHUD OORUDUtD GROLHUD PH LUtD TXLVLHUD PH TXHGDUD KDSWHU 7KH 3DVW 3HUIHFW 6XEMXQFWLYH KXELpUDPRV SDJDGR KXELpUDPRV KHFKR KXELHUD GLFKR KXELHUD YLDMDGR KXELHUD YHQLGR KXELHUD OORYLGR VH KXELHUDQ PHMRUDGR VH KXELHUDQ FDVDGR KXELpUDPRV JDVWDGR KXELHUDQ YLYLGR , ZLVK :RXOG WR *RG WKDW ZH KDG QRW VDLG LW WR KLPRXKHU , ZLVK WKDW RX KDG EHHQ ZHOO , ZLVK WKDW ZH KDG JRQH RQ YDFDWLRQ ,W ZDV QHFHVVDU WKDW WKH FDUSHQWHU FRQVWUXFW LW ,W ZDV QHFHVVDU IRU WKH FDUSHQWHU WR KDYH FRQVWUXFWHG LW ,W ZDV XUJHQW WKDW ZH WDNH WKH VLFN PDQ WR WKH KRVSLWDO ,W ZDV D SLW WKDW QR RQH KDG EHHQ LQ WKH WKHDWHU :H KRSHG WKDW HYHURQH KDG WDNHQ DGYDQWDJH RI WKH VLWXDWLRQ 7KH GRRUPHQ GRXEWHG WKDW WKH QHZ WHQDQWV KDG SDLQWHG WKH ZDOOV 7KH ODZHU GLGQ¶W WKLQN WKDW KLV FOLHQWV KDG ZRQ ,W ZDV SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH WKLHYHV KDG UREEHG WKH EDQN R KDEUtD LGR 7~ KDEUtDV FRPLGR 8G KDEUtD FRPLGR 8GV KDEUtDQ FRPLGR 1RV KDEUtDPRV UHtGR (OORV OH KDEUtDQ GLFKR /RV PDHVWURV KDEUtDQ HQVHxDGR 0DULVD KDEUtD HVWDGR FRQWHQWD +LOODU KDEUtD VLGR SUHVLGHQWH +DEUtD VLGR SRVLEOH /DV PXMHUHV OR KDEUtDQ DSUHQGLGR /RV KRPEUHV KDEUtDQ VDOLGR R KDEUtD LGR D OD ILHVWD VL R QR KXELHUD WHQLGR PLHGR 8G KDEUtD FRPLGR HO SHVFDGR VL OR KXELpUDPRV FRFLQDGR HQ FDVD 1RV KDEUtDPRV UHtGR VL OD SHOtFXOD KXELHUD VLGR FKLVWRVDGLYHUWLGD (OORV WH KDEUtDQ GLFKR OD YHUGDG VL W~ OD KXELHUDV TXHULGR VDEHU (OORV WH KDEUtDQ GLFKR OD YHUGDG VL W~ KXELHUDV TXHULGR VDEHUOD /RV PDHVWURV KDEUtDQ HQVHxDGR VL ORV HVWXGLDQWHV KXELHUDQ OOHJDGR 0DULVD KDEUtD HVWDGR FRQWHQWD VL KXELHUD VDELGR SDWLQDU +LOODU KDEUtD VLGR SUHVLGHQWH VL PiV JHQWH KXELHUD YRWDGR SRU HOOD +DEUtD VLGR SRVLEOH TXH PH KXELHUDQ YLVWR /DV PXMHUHV OR KDEUtDQ DSUHQGLGR VL KXELHUDQ FRPSUDGR HO OLEUR /RV KRPEUHV KDEUtDQ VDOLGR GH OD FDVD VL KXELHUDQ WHQLGR DGRQGH LU HVWpQ FRUUD JXVWH WH TXHMHV VHSDPRV JDQHQ YHQJDQ WHQJD VH VLHQWDQ VH YLVWDQ VH DFXHVWH OOHYH VH YDD FRQVLJDQ HQWUHQ VH FDLJDQ
  • 998. HVFXFKHQ YDD IXPH KDJD FDQWH FRQR]FDQ SXHGD GXHUPD WUDEDMHQ VHDQ WHQJDQ ORJUH DSUHQGDPRV HQWUDUDQ KXELHUD WUDMHUD QRV ILMiUDPRV WH VHQWDUDV VDOLpUDPRV VH PHMRUDUD UHJUHVDUD HQFDQWDUD GLHUD QRV DQLPiUDPRV YLHUDV HPSH]DUD GHVLVWLHUD VH SHUGLHUDQ IXHUD SXGLHUD HVWXYLHUD KDEOiUDPRV VXSLHUD GLMHUD JDQDUDV 7KH DXWKRU UHDG WKH DUWLFOH VR WKDW ZH FRXOG XQGHUVWDQG LW %HIRUH KLV JLUOIULHQG ZHQW WR 6SDLQ )UHG VWXGLHG 6SDQLVK IRU WZR HDUV :H ZHUH JRLQJ WR SOD WHQQLV XQWLO LW EHJDQ WR UDLQ 7KH GRFWRU NQHZ WKDW KLV SDWLHQW¶V NQHH KDG VZROOHQ (OHQD ZRXOG OHDUQ WR VSHDN 6SDQLVK EXW VKH GRHVQ¶W OLNH WR VWXG ,W ZDV QHFHVVDU IRU WKH EHVW DUFKLWHFW WR GHVLJQ WKH PXVHXP ,W ZRXOGQ¶W EH SRVVLEOH IRU VXFK D GLVDVWHU WR RFFXU 7KH MXGJH KRSHG WKDW WKH ZLWQHVVHV KDG VHHQ HYHUWKLQJ 7KH WRXULVWV ZRXOG DUULYH D WZR R¶FORFN LI WKH WUDLQV ZHUHQ¶W VR GHODHG , ZRXOG KDYH JRQH RQ YDFDWLRQ ZLWK KHU LI VKH KDG LQYLWHG PH :RXOG RX KDYH GRQH KLP WKH IDYRU LI $QGUHZ KDG DVNHG RX :RXOG LW EH SRVVLEOH WKDW RX OHDUQHG DQG XQGHUVWRRG DOO WKH OHVVRQV KDSWHU ,GLRPV $W WKH EHJLQQLQJ HYHUWKLQJ ZDV ZRQGHUIXO RX SXW RQ RXU EORXVH LQVLGH RXW % GLQW RI VWXG VKH OHDUQHG KLVWRU ZHOO :H ZHQW WR 0DGULG RQ IRRW 'RQ¶W VSHDN WR PH QRZ ,¶P LQ D EDG PRRG 7KH GLGQ¶W ILQG WKHLU NHV DQZKHUH , GRQ¶W NQRZ ZKDW WR GR LQ UHJDUG WR RXUKLVKHUWKHLU SUREOHPV % GD , ZRUN E QLJKW , VOHHS ,I ZH ZDQW WR DUULYH RQ WLPH ZH KDYH WR JR WR WKH ULJKW 7KH JLUO FDQ LV DEOH WR OLVWHQ WR PXVLF DQG VWXG DW WKH VDPH WLPH , WKLQN ,¶OO EH LQ 0H[LFR DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI -XO +H OHQW PH KLV FDU XQZLOOLQJO 7KH OLNH WR GLQH LQ WKH RSHQ DLU ,Q IDFW 3DXO IRXQG RXW HVWHUGD EXW VDLG QRWKLQJ WR PH $ ERDW FDUULHG XV DFURVV WKH ULYHU , DP LQ D YHU JRRG PRRG WRGD RX VKRXOG ZDON WR WKH OHIW 3UREDEO +HQU DQG 6DORPH ZLOO FRPH QH[W ZHHN :H GR LW ZLOOLQJO 7KH PDQ SUHIHUV WR ZDON VWUDLJKW DKHDG ,Q WKH GLVWDQFH , VHH KHU FRPLQJ , OLNH WR UHVW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG P IULHQG OLNHV WR ZRUN , WHOO WKHP WR GR LW LQ WKLV ZD , ZULWH VFULSWV IRU WHOHYLVLRQ 5HDOO 0LFKDHO GRHVQ¶W KDYH D ORW RI PRQH EXW KH GHFLGHG WR WUDYHO DQZD RX ZHUHQ¶W VXFFHVVIXO WKH ILUVW WLPH EXW RX WULHG DJDLQ )URP QRZ RQ ZH DUH JRLQJ WR UXQ HYHU GD :H DWWHQG FODVV HYHU RWKHU GD 6XGGHQO LW EHJDQ WR UDLQ 2QH VHHV WKH JRRG DQG WKH EDG HYHUZKHUH F I G H E D 7KH JLUO SDV DWWHQWLRQ WR KHU WHDFKHU EHFDXVH VKH OLNHV KLP (OLVD JHWV DORQJ ZHOO ZLWK KHU PRWKHULQ
  • 999. ODZ 7KH ER OLNHG WR IHHG WKH ELUGV LQ WKH SDUN 7KH KRWHO IDFHV WKH SOD]D %LOO EHFDPH D ODZHU 7KH YLVLWRU KDVQ¶W VHHQ KHU KRPHODQG IRU D ORQJ WLPH 6KH PLVVHV LW D ORW DQG ZDQWV WR JLYH DOO KHU IULHQGV D KXJ , OLNHG WKH *XDWHPDODQ YHVW , JDYH SHVRV WR WKH VHOOHU DQG FDUULHG LW DZD , UHDOL]HG WKDW HYHUWKLQJ ZDV QRW DOO ULJKW 7KH FKLOG EXUVW RXW FULQJ 6KHOOILVK KDUPV PH $QVZHUV ZLOO YDU 6RPH SRVVLEOH DQVZHUV DUH VKRZQ ¢XiQWR WLHPSR KDFH TXH HO PXFKDFKR PLUD WHOHYLVLyQ ¢'HVGH FXiQGR GXHUPH $GDP ¢XiQWR WLHPSR OOHYD 8G OOHYDQGR JDIDV ¢XiQWR WLHPSR KDFH TXH ,VDEHO DUORV HVSHUDQ ¢'HVGH FXiQGR VRQ DPLJRV HOORV +DFH RFKR KRUDV TXH pO GXHUPH /OHYR GRV DxRV OOHYDQGR JDIDV +DFH TXLQFH PLQXWRV TXH HOORV HVSHUDQ +RZ ORQJ KDG RX EHHQ LQ KLOH ZKHQ RX KDG WR OHDYH +RZ ORQJ KDG WKH FKLOGUHQ EHHQ VZLPPLQJ ZKHQ WKH OLIHJXDUG DUULYHG +RZ ORQJ KDG 7RQ EHHQ UHDGLQJ ZKHQ KH IHOO DVOHHS , KDG EHHQ LQ 3DUDJXD IRU WZR PRQWKV ZKHQ , GHFLGHG WR UHWXUQ KRPH 7KH IUXVWUDWHG PDQ KDG EHHQ ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH WUDLQ IRU PLQXWHV :H KDG EHHQ OLYLQJ LQ 3DULV IRU PRQWKV
  • 1000. ,QGH[ 3OHDVH QRWH WKDW LQGH[ OLQNV SRLQW WR SDJH EHJLQQLQJV IURP WKH SULQW HGLWLRQ /RFDWLRQV DUH DSSUR[LPDWH LQ H UHDGHUV DQG RX PD QHHG WR SDJH GRZQ RQH RU PRUH WLPHV DIWHU FOLFNLQJ D OLQN WR JHW WR WKH LQGH[HG PDWHULDO $Q LWDOLF SDJH QXPEHU UHIHUV WR D WHQVH FRQMXJDWLRQ RI WKH YHUE DEULU DFDEDU GH DFRPSDxDU $GMHFWLYHV GHPRQVWUDWLYH SRVVHVVLYH ORQJIRUP ± VKRUWIRUP ± XVHG DV QRXQV DGPLWLU DQGDU DSDJDU $UWLFOHV ± ± GHILQLWH ± LQFOXVLRQ DQG RPLVVLRQ RI ZLWK QRXQV ± DIWHU VHU ± LQGHILQLWH DVLVWLU DWHQGHU DXGDU EDLODU EHEHU EXVFDU FDEHU FDHU FDQWDU FHUUDU FREUDU FRPHQ]DU FRPHU RPPDQGV ± DIILUPDWLYH W~ IRUPDWLRQ RI SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK ± UHYLHZ
  • 1001. DIILUPDWLYH 8G IRUPDWLRQ RI SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK ± UHYLHZ DIILUPDWLYH 8GV IRUPDWLRQ RI SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK ± UHYLHZ DIILUPDWLYH YRVRWURV IRUPDWLRQ RI XVH RI IDYRU GH LQILQLWLYH KDFHU HO IDYRU GH LQILQLWLYH QHJDWLYH W~ IRUPDWLRQ RI ± SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK ± UHYLHZ QHJDWLYH 8G IRUPDWLRQ RI ± SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK UHYLHZ QHJDWLYH 8GV IRUPDWLRQ RI SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK UHYLHZ QHJDWLYH YRVRWURV IRUPDWLRQ RI ± XVH RI ZLWK QRVRWURV IRUPDWLRQ RI ± SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK ± SXHGH 8G LQILQLWLYH WHQHU OD ERQGDG GH LQILQLWLYH FRPR FRPR VL FRPSDUWLU RQGLWLRQDO SHUIHFW WHQVH IRUPDWLRQ RI XVHV RI ± RQGLWLRQDO SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH IRUPDWLRQ RI XVHV RI RQGLWLRQDO WHQVH IRUPDWLRQ RI DU YHUEV ± HU YHUEV LU YHUEV ± LUUHJXODU YHUEV ± SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK ±
  • 1002. XVHV RI FRQRFHU FRUUHJLU FXDQGR FXPSOLU FXR FXD FXRV FXDV GDU LQ LGLRPV GH FRPSDUHG ZLWK Gp VXEMXQFWLYH IRUP
  • 1003. FRQWUDFWLRQ ZLWK HO XVHV RI WR H[SUHVV SRVVHVVLRQ WR IRUP FRPSRXQG QRXQV GHFLU 'HILQLWH DUWLFOHV ± 'HPRQVWUDWLYH SURQRXQV ± GHVFXEULU 'LUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV 6HH 3URQRXQV REMHFW GLULJLU GLVIUXWDU GRUPLU 'RXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV 6HH 3URQRXQV REMHFW HFKDU LQ LGLRPV HO FXDO OD FXDO ORV FXDOHV ODV FXDOHV ± HO GH OD GH ORV GH ODV GH HO TXH OD TXH ORV TXH ODV TXH HPSH]DU HQWHQGHU HVFULELU HVFXFKDU XVHG ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RU LQILQLWLYH HVWDU FRPPRQ H[SUHVVLRQV ZLWK XVHV RI WR H[SUHVV D SHUVRQDO RSLQLRQ WR IRUP SURJUHVVLYH WHQVHV ± WR LQGLFDWH D FKDQJLQJ PRRG RU FRQGLWLRQ WR LQGLFDWH KHDOWK VWDWXV WR LQGLFDWH ORFDWLRQ H[LJLU H[SOLFDU IHOLFLWDU IHVWHMDU
  • 1004. ILQJLU IUDFDVDU )XWXUH SHUIHFW WHQVH IRUPDWLRQ RI XVHV RI )XWXUH SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH IRUPDWLRQ RI XVHV RI )XWXUH WHQVH H[SUHVVHG E LU D LQILQLWLYH IRUPDWLRQ RI DU YHUEV ± HU YHUEV ± LU YHUEV ± LUUHJXODU YHUEV ± SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK XVHV RI ± *HUXQG IRUPDWLRQ RI ± DU YHUEV HU YHUEV LU YHUEV LUUHJXODU YHUEV ± RUWKRJUDSKLF FKDQJHV LQ ± XVHV RI WR IRUP WKH LPSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH ± WR IRUP WKH SUHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH ZLWKRXW D KHOSLQJ YHUE ZLWK LU ZLWK OOHYDU ZLWK VHJXLU YHUEV QRW XVHG LQ JHUXQG IRUP ± ± JR]DU JXVWDU ZLWK WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH KDEHU ZLWKRXW WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH LQ LGLRPV LQ WKH LQILQLWLYH ZLWK D SDVW SDUWLFLSOH DIWHU D SUHSRVLWLRQ ± KDEODU ZLWKRXW WKH GHILQLWH DUWLFOH KDFHU LQ LGLRPV ± KD 6HH KDEHU ,GLRPV ± ZLWK SUHSRVLWLRQV ±
  • 1005. ZLWK YHUEV ± GDU HFKDU KDFHU ± KD OOHYDU PHWHU SRQHU TXHGDU WHQHU ± WRPDU ,PSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH IRUPDWLRQ RI ± XVHV RI ± ,PSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ± IRUPDWLRQ RI DU YHUEV HU YHUEV ± LU YHUEV ± LUUHJXODU YHUEV ± LQ VHTXHQFH RI WHQVHV WUDQVODWLRQ RI XVHV RI DIWHU FHUWDLQ FRQMXQFWLRQV ± DIWHU FHUWDLQ GHSHQGHQW DGMHFWLYH FODXVHV DIWHU FHUWDLQ H[SUHVVLRQV ± DIWHU FHUWDLQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV ± DIWHU FHUWDLQ YHUEV ± DIWHU VL LQ D FRQWUDUWRIDFW VLFODXVH ± ,PSHUIHFW WHQVH ± FRPSDUHG WR WKH SUHWHULW WHQVH ± RI LUUHJXODU YHUEV RI UHJXODU YHUEV ± XVHV RI WR H[SUHVV (QJOLVK ZRXOG WR UHSODFH WKH SDVW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVHV ,QGHILQLWH DUWLFOHV ,QGLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV 6HH 3URQRXQV REMHFW LQVFULELUVH LU D LQILQLWLYH IXWXUH SHULSKUDVWLF
  • 1006. OHHU OOHJDU OOHQDU OOHYDU LQ LGLRPV OR DGMHFWLYH
  • 1007. H[SUHVVLRQV ZLWK OR TXH ± PDUFKDU PHGLU PHQWLU PHUHFHU PHWHU LQ LGLRPV PLUDU XVHG ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RU LQILQLWLYH PRULUVH QR SRVLWLRQ RI EHIRUH HVWDU 1RXQV ± DEVWUDFW DGMHFWLYHV XVHG DV LQ DSSRVLWLRQ ± LQFOXVLRQ DQG RPLVVLRQ RI DUWLFOHV ZLWK ± QHXWHU OR DGMHFWLYH SURQRXQV XVHG DV RtU XVHG ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RU LQILQLWLYH RMDOi ± RSLQDU 3DVVLYH YRLFH ± 3DVW SDUWLFLSOHV IRUPDWLRQ RI ± XVHV RI DV DQ DGMHFWLYH ZLWK HVWDU ± LQ IRUPDWLRQ RI WKH SDVW SHUIHFW WHQVH ± LQ IRUPDWLRQ RI WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH ± ZLWK WKH LQILQLWLYH KDEHU DIWHU D SUHSRVLWLRQ ± LQ WKH SDVVLYH YRLFH ZLWK VHU ± 3DVW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ± IRUPDWLRQ RI LQ VHTXHQFH RI WHQVHV XVHV RI ± DIWHU FHUWDLQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV ± DIWHU FHUWDLQ YHUEV DIWHU VL LQ D FRQWUDUWRIDFW FRQGLWLRQDO VLFODXVH ± 3DVW SHUIHFW WHQVH ± IRUPDWLRQ RI SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK XVHV RI ± 3DVW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVHV ± 6HH DOVR ,PSHUIHFW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH 3UHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH XVHV RI
  • 1008. SDWLQDU SHGLU SHJDU SHQVDU SRGHU SRQHU LQ LGLRPV SRU XVHG ZLWK WKH SDVVLYH YRLFH ± 3RVVHVVLRQ H[SUHVVLQJ 3RVVHVVLYH SURQRXQV ± 3UHSRVLWLRQV LQ LGLRPV ± LQILQLWLYH SRVLWLRQ RI 3UHVHQW SHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH ± 6HH DOVR 3DVW SDUWLFLSOH IRUPDWLRQ RI LQ VHTXHQFH RI WHQVHV XVHV RI ± 3UHVHQW SHUIHFW WHQVH ± 6HH DOVR 3DVW SDUWLFLSOH IRUPDWLRQ RI ± SODFHPHQW RI REMHFW SURQRXQV ZLWK ± XVHV RI ± 3UHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH ± (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ RI IRUPDWLRQ RI 6HH DOVR JHUXQG XVHV RI ± 3UHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUPDWLRQ RI ± DU YHUEV HU YHUEV ± LU YHUEV ± LUUHJXODU YHUEV YHUEV ZLWK RUWKRJUDSKLF FKDQJHV LQ VHTXHQFH RI WHQVHV XVHV RI DIWHU DFDVR TXL]iV RU WDO YH] DIWHU DXQTXH DIWHU FHUWDLQ FRQMXQFWLRQV ± LQ FHUWDLQ GHSHQGHQW DGMHFWLYH FODXVHV DIWHU FHUWDLQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV ± DIWHU FHUWDLQ WHQVHV ± DIWHU FHUWDLQ YHUEV ± DIWHU FRPR DIWHU FRPSRXQGV RI TXLHUD DIWHU FXDQGR DIWHU RMDOi DIWHU SRU PiV TXH DQG SRU PXFKR TXH 3UHVHQW WHQVH RI HVWDU
  • 1009. H[SUHVVLQJ WKH IXWXUH RI VHU XVHV RI 3UHWHULW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH IRUPDWLRQ RI XVHV RI ± 3UHWHULW WHQVH ± FRPSDUHG WR WKH LPSHUIHFW WHQVH ± RI LUUHJXODU YHUEV ± RI UHJXODU YHUEV ± DU YHUEV HU YHUEV LU YHUEV ± XVHV RI SURGXFLU 3URJUHVVLYH WHQVHV 6HH 3DVW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVHV 3UHVHQW SURJUHVVLYH WHQVH 3URQRXQV GHPRQVWUDWLYH ± REMHFW GLUHFW ± GRXEOH ± LQGLUHFW ± SODFHPHQW RI ± ± ± ± UHIOH[LYH ± SRVVHVVLYH ± UHODWLYH ± VXEMHFW XVHG DV QRXQV 3URQXQFLDWLRQ RI G RI IXWXUH WHQVH IRUPV RI LPSHUIHFW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUPV RI LPSHUIHFW WHQVH IRUPV RI SDVW SDUWLFLSOHV RI SUHVHQW VXEMXQFWLYH IRUPV RI SUHWHULW WHQVH IRUPV RI WULOOHG U SURWHJHU SXGLHUD ± TXH FRQMXQFWLRQ
  • 1011. TXHGDU LQ LGLRPV TXHUHU TXLHQ ± TXLVLHUD 5HDGLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ
  • 1012. (O DSDUWDPHQWR (O EDUFR HFRQyPLFR (O FRQGH /XFDQRU /D GHIHQVD GH 6yFUDWHV /R IDWDO (O KRVSLWDO ± /D LVOD HQ HO DULEH ± (O MXLFLR 0DFKX 3LFFKX /RV PDGHURV GH 6DQ -XDQ 0DULDQHOD 0L YLDMH /D 1RFKH GH %UXMDV ± /D SDUDGD GHO EXV 3HUGLGD HQ 1LFDUDJXD ± (O SRUYHQLU ¢4Xp KDUtD 8G HQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV VLWXDFLRQHV 5HFRUGDQGR 1LFDUDJXD 6X SXQWR GH YLVWD ± (O VXHxR ;RFKLFDOFR UHFRUGDU 5HIOH[LYH SURQRXQV 6HH 3URQRXQV REMHFW UHJUHVDU 5HODWLYH SURQRXQV ± UHVSRQGHU VDEHU VDOLU VHJXLU XVHG ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RU LQILQLWLYH VHQWLUVH 6HTXHQFH RI WHQVHV ± VHU FRPPRQ H[SUHVVLRQV ZLWK XVHV RI WR GHVFULEH VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ WR H[SUHVV SRVVHVVLRQRZQHUVKLS ± WR H[SUHVV ZKDW VRPHWKLQJ LV PDGH RI WR H[SUHVV ZKHUH DQ HYHQW WDNHV SODFH WR LGHQWLI VRPHRQH RU VRPHWKLQJ LQ LPSHUVRQDO H[SUHVVLRQV WR LQGLFDWH SRLQW RI RULJLQ WR LQGLFDWH SURIHVVLRQ WR WHOO WLPH VLFODXVHV 6XEMHFW SURQRXQV 6XEMXQFWLYH PRRG 6HH LQGLYLGXDO VXEMXQFWLYH WHQVHV
  • 1013. WHQHU LQ LGLRPV ± 7LPH H[SUHVVLRQV ± WRFDU WRPDU LQ LGLRPV WUDEDMDU WUDHU WULXQIDU YDOHU YHQFHU YHQLU XVHG ZLWK WKH JHUXQG YHU XVHG ZLWK WKH JHUXQG RU LQILQLWLYH 9HUE WHQVHV 6HH LQGLYLGXDO YHUE WHQVHV YLYLU 9RFDEXODU NH DGMHFWLYHV RI WLPH DGYHUEV RI GLUHFWLRQ RI ORFDWLRQ RI WLPH LQWHUURJDWLYH ZRUGV SUHSRVLWLRQV RI ORFDWLRQ ± YROYHU