MySQL Tutorial For Beginners | Relational Database Management System | MySQL Training | Edureka

MySQL DBA Certification Training www.edureka.co/mysql-dba
Topics For Today’s Session
Structured Query Language
What is Database & DBMS?
MySQL & MySQL Workbench
Entity - Relationship Diagram
SQL Operations & Commands
Normalization
1
3
5
2
4
6

What is Data?
Jessica Dan Gween Bob Stacy Derek Bella
David Charlie Alice Dexter Cassy Janice
Bryan Rachel Jessie Annie Randy Robert

What is Data?
Jessica Dan Gween Bob Stacy Derek Bella
David Charlie Alice Dexter Cassy Janice
Bryan Rachel Jessie Annie Randy Robert
Data in simple words, is distinct pieces of information or collection of facts related to any entity.

Data Is Stored In Database
Jessica
Dan
Gween
Bob
Stacy
Derek
BellaDavid
Charlie
Alice
Dexter
Cassy
Janice
BryanRachel
Jessie
Annie
RandyRobert

Database Management System
A collection of programs which enables users to access database,
manipulate data, and represent data.
A technology to store and retrieve data with utmost efficiency along with
appropriate security measures..

This type supports storage
of new data types.
The data to be stored is in form
of objects.
Object-Oriented
DBMS
Supports many-to many
relations.
This usually results in complex
database structures.
Network
DBMS
Types Of DBMS
Has a style of "parent-child"
relationship of storing data.
It has a structure like a tree with
nodes representing records and
branches representing fields.
Hierarchical
DBMS
This type of DBMS defines
database relationships in form of
tables, also known as relations.
Relational
DBMS

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SQL

Structured Query Language(SQL)
A standardized programming language which is used for managing relational databases.
With SQL, you can modify databases, add, update or delete rows of data, retrieve subsets
of information from a database and ,any more
Relational databases like MySQL Databases, oracle, Ms SQL Server, Sybase etc use SQL.
Queries and other SQL operations are written as statements. Example: select, insert, add,
update, delete, create, alter, truncate.

MySQL

MySQL
A relational database management system
Provides multi-user
access
An Open-Source
Software
Supports-multi storage
engines
Works on many
platforms

Features Of MySQL
Comprehensive
Application
Development
Robust
Transactional
Support
Ease of
Management
High
Performance
Low Total Cost
Of Ownership
Open Source &
24 * 7 Support
Scalability &
Flexibility
High Availability
Secure Data
Protection

MySQL Workbench
MySQL Workbench
Designing and modelling of
database
SQL Development Administration of Server
A visual database designing and modelling access tool for MySQL server relational database.

SQL Command Categories
.
Transaction Control
Language(TCL)
COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
SAVEPOINT
Data Control
Language(DCL)
GRANT, INVOKE
Data Manipulation
Language(DML)
SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE
CREATE, DROP, ALTER
Data Definition Language
(DDL)
Includes the commands which
mainly deal with the
transaction of database.
Includes commands which
mainly deals with the rights,
permissions and other controls
of the database system.
The SQL commands that deals
with the manipulation of data
present in database.
Consists of the commands that
can be used to define the
database schema.

Entity-Relationship Diagram

Entity – Relationship Diagram

Entity & its
Attributes
Composite vs Simple
Single vs Multivalued
A composite attribute can be divided into smaller subparts. These subparts represent individual basic
attributes with their own meanings.
Attributes which are not divisible are simply known as simple or atomic attributes.
Address
Street _address City State Zip
Number Street House_number
Stored vs Derived
Complex Attributes

Entity & its
Attributes
Composite vs Simple
Attributes having single value for a particular entity are known as single-valued attributes.
A multivalued attribute may have lower and upper bounds to constrain the number of values allowed for
each individual entity.
Stored vs Derived
Complex Attributes

Entity & its
Attributes
Composite vs Simple
Attributes which are derived from the real entities are known as derived attributes.
The stored attribute are such attributes which are already stored in the database and from which the value of
another attribute is derived is called stored attribute.
Stored vs Derived
Complex Attributes
Age Birth_date

Entity & its
Attributes
Composite vs Simple
Attributes that can be represented by grouping composite attributes between (), separating the components
with commas, and by displaying the multivalued attributes between [] are known as complex attributes.
Stored vs Derived
Complex Attributes
{Address_phone({Phone(Area_code,Phone_number)},Address(Street_address{Number,Street,
flat_number),City,State,Zip))}

Entity Types, Entity Sets, Keys & Value Sets
Entity Type
Name:
Entity Set:
EMPLOYEE COMPANY
Name, Age, Salary Name, Headquarters, Owner
e1
(Sahiti Kappagantula, 25, 34K)
e2
(Sanjana Murthy, 35, 56K)
e3
(Jagannath Sharma, 55, 75K)
c1
Initech Computers, Dallas, John
c2
Acme Corporation, London, Alice

Different Types Of Keys In Relational Database
There are mainly 5 types of keys in relational database.
Candidate Key Super Key Foreign KeyAlternate KeyPrimary Key
EMP_NO EMP_NAME EMP_PHONE EMP_STATE EMP_COUNTRY EMP_AGE
1 Rohan 9876543210 Telangana India 23
2 Rohan 9898989811 Punjab India 34
3 Anay 9766612345 Uttar Pradesh India 27
4 Suhana 9788821345 Uttarakhand India 25
EMP_NO DEPT_NO DEPARTMENT_NAME
1 D1 Tech
2 D2 Marketing
1 D2 Marketing
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYEE_DEPARTMENT
Table 1
Table 2

Candidate Key
Super Key
Foreign Key
Alternate Key
Primary Key
The minimal set of attribute which can uniquely identify a tuple is known as candidate key.
The value of candidate key will be unique and non-null for every tuple. Also, there can be more than
one candidate key in a relation.
A candidate key can be either a simple or a composite key.

Candidate Key
Foreign Key
Alternate Key
Primary Key
The set of attributes which can uniquely identify a tuple is known as Super Key.
When you add zero or more attributes to a candidate key, it becomes a super key.
A candidate key is a super key, but obviously the vice-versa is not true.
Super Key

Candidate Key
Super Key
Foreign Key
Alternate Key
Primary key is also a set of attributes which can be used to uniquely identify every tuple.
There can be more than one candidate key in a relation out of which one can be chosen as primary
key.
Primary Key

Candidate Key
Super Key
Foreign Key
Primary Key
The candidate key other than primary key is called as alternate key.
Alternate Key

Candidate Key
Super Key
Alternate Key
Primary Key
If an attribute can only take the values which are present as values of some other attribute, it will
basically be the foreign key to the attribute to which it refers.
The relation which is being referenced is called referenced relation and corresponding attribute is
called referenced attribute and the relation which refers to referenced relation is called referencing
relation and corresponding attribute is called referencing attribute.
Referenced attribute of referencing attribute should be primary key.
Foreign Key

Normalization

BCNF
Normalization
A technique that organizes tables in such a way that redundancy and dependency of data is reduced.
3 NF
2 NF
1 NF

Database Normalization Example
Salutation Full Name Address Movies Rented Category
Ms. Alice Johnson 1st Street House No 3 Mission Impossible:
Fallout, Clash of Titans
Action, Action
Mr. David Allen 3rd Street 45 Interstellar, Edge Of
Tomorrow
Sci-Fi, Sci-Fi
Mr. David Allen 7th Avenue Mission Impossible:
Fallout
Action

Normal Forms
First Normal
Form
2 NF
3 NF
BCNF
Each table cell should have a single value. So, basically all the records must be unique.
Salutation Full Name Address Movies Rented
Ms. Alice Johnson
1st Street House
No 3
Mission
Impossible: Fallout
Ms. Alice Johnson
1st Street House
No 3
Clash of Titans
Mr. David Allen 3rd Street 45 Interstellar
Mr. David Allen 3rd Street 45 Edge Of Tomorrow
Mr. David Allen 7th Avenue
Mission
Impossible: Fallout

Normal Forms
1 NF
3 NF
BCNF
Second
Normal Form
Database should be 1NF and should also have single column primary key.
Salutation Full Name Address Movies_Rented
ID Salutation Full Name Address
1 Ms Alice Johnson 1st Street
House No 3
2 Mr David Allen 3rd Street 45
3 Mr David Allen 7th Avenue
ID Movies_Rented
1 Mission Impossible:
Fallout
1 Clash of Titans
2 Interstellar
2 Edge Of Tomorrow
3 Mission Impossible:
Fallout
Table 1
Table 2

Normal Forms
2 NF
3 NF
1 NF
Third
Normal Form
BCNF
The database should be in 2NF and must not have any transitive functional dependencies.
ID Full Name Address Salutation_ID ID Movies_Rented
Salutation_ID Salutation
1 Mr.
2 Ms.
3 Mrs.
4 Dr.
Table 1 Table 2
Table 3

Normal Forms
1 NF
2 NF
3 NF
Boyce-Codd
Normal Form
If your database is in 3rd Normal Form, there would be some scenarios where anomalies would be present, if you
have more than candidate key. Then BCNF comes into role, where you divide your tables further so that there would
be only one candidate key present.

MySQL Commands

MySQL Data Types
Numeric
Bit-string
Character-string
Boolean
Timestamp
Date & Time
INT, SMALLINT, FLOAT, REAL , DOUBLE
PRECISION, DECIMAL(i,j)
CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n), CLOB
BIT(n), BIT VARYING(n)
TRUE, FALSE , UNKNOWN
DATE, TIME
DATA
TYPES

Constraints
Constraints in simple terms are the rules that can be applied on the type of data in a table.
NOT NULL
Ensures that a NULL value
cannot be stored in a column
UNIQUE
This constraint makes sure that all
the values in a column are different
CHECK
This constraint ensures that all the values in a column satisfy a
specific condition.
DEFAULT
This constraint consists of a set of default values for a column
when no value is specified.
INDEX This constraint is used to create and retrieve data
from the database very quickly.

MySQL Data Definition Commands

MySQL Data Manipulation Commands

Bitwise
Operators
&, |, ^
Comparison
Operators
==, <, >, <=, >=
<>
Compound
Operators
+=, *=, -=,
/=,%=, &=, ^-=,
|*=
Arithmetic
Operators
+, -, *, /, %

Relational Algebra & Relational Calculus

Unary Relational Operators
SELECT OPERATION PROJECT OPERATION
The SELECT operation is used to choose a
subset of the tuples from a relation that
satisfies a selection condition.
The PROJECT operation, selects certain
columns from the table and discards the
other columns
Selection operator only selects the required tuples but does not display them.
For displaying, data projection operator is used.
RENAME OPERATION
RENAME is a unary operation used for
renaming attributes of a relation

Set Operations
UNION
Combines rows from both
the queries
INTERSECT
Keeps only those rows which
are common in both the
queries.
MINUS
Keeps rows from the left query
which are not included in the
right query
LEFT QUERY RIGHT QUERY FINAL RESULT

Set Operations
CARTESIAN PRODUCT (CROSS PRODUCT) OPERATION
Cross product between 2 relations (A & B) will result all the attributes of A followed by each attribute of B. So, each record of A will pair with
every record of B.
A
(Name Age Sex)
-------------------------
Shanaya 34 F
Atul 21 M
Sona 23 F
B
(Id Department)
-------------------------
1 Tech
2 Marketing
A X B
(Name Age Sex Id Department
--------------------------------------------------------
Shanaya 34 F 1 Tech
Shanaya 34 F 2 Marketing
Atul 21 M 1 Tech
Atul 21 M 2 Marketing
Sona 23 F 1 Tech
Sona 23 F 2 Marketing

Nested Queries

Nested Queries
Nested queries are SQL queries which have an outer query and inner subquery. The subquery is a query nested within another query such as
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.
SELECT lastname, firstname
FROM employees
WHERE addressCode IN (SELECT addressCode
FROM office
WHERE country = “INDIA”)
OUTER QUERY SUBQUERY OR INNER QUERY

Binary Relational Operators
JOIN OPERATION
NATURAL JOIN
CONDITIONAL JOIN

JOIN OPERATION
NATURAL JOIN
CONDITIONAL JOIN
If you perform Natural join between two or more relations, then the result will be a set
of all combination of tuples which have equal common attributes.
Department
(Dept_name Manager_name)
-------------------------
IT Anay
Sales Soniya
Product Vishal
Employee
(Name Id Dept_name)
-------------------------
Shanaya 134 IT
Atul 221 Sales
Sona 523 Marketing
Abhay 123 IT Employee >< Department
(Name Id Dept_name Manager)
-------------------------
Shanaya 134 IT Anay
Atul 221 Sales Soniya
Abhay 123 IT Anay

JOIN OPERATION
NATURAL JOIN
CONDITIONAL JOIN
A Conditional join works similar to natural join. In a natural join, the default condition is
equal between common attribute while in conditional join we can specify the any
condition such as greater than, less than, or not equal.
A
(Id Sex Marks)
-------------------------
1 F 46
2 F 55
3 F 60
B
(Id Sex Marks)
-------------------------
10 M 21
11 M 23
12 M 59A.Id A.Sex A.Marks B.Id B.Sex B.Marks
-------------------------
1 F 46 10 M 21
1 F 46 11 M 23
2 F 55 10 M 21
2 F 55 11 M 23
3 F 60 10 M 21
3 F 60 11 M 23
3 F 60 12 M 59
Join Between A and B with condition A.Marks >= B.Marks

SQL JOINS
INNER JOIN FULL JOIN
RIGHT JOINLEFT JOIN

Views

Views
A view in SQL is a single table, which is derived from other tables
Query
ROWS
VIEWS
COLUMNS

View Commands
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
DROP VIEW view_name;
CREATE VIEW
UPDATE VIEW
DROP VIEW

Triggers

Triggers
Set of SQL statements which are stored in the database catalogue and are executed or fired whenever an event associated with a table occurs.
So, a trigger can be invoked either before or after the data is changed by INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement.
AFTER INSERT – activated after data is inserted into the table
BEFORE UPDATE – activated before data in the table is updated
AFTER UPDATE – activated after the data in table is updated
BEFORE DELETE – activated before data is removed from the table
AFTER DELETE – activated after data is removed from the table
BEFORE INSERT – activated before data is inserted into the table

Transactions

Transactions
Transactions group a set of tasks into a single execution unit. So, basically each transaction begins with a specific task and ends when all the
tasks in the group successfully complete. A transaction has only two results: success or failure.
SET TRANSACTION
Places a name on a transaction COMMIT
This command saves all the
transactions to the database since
the last COMMIT or ROLLBACK
command.ROLLBACK
This command can be used to
undo transactions since the last
COMMIT or ROLLBACK command
was issued.
SAVEPOINT
Creates points within the groups of
transactions in which to ROLLBACK.
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
This command is used to remove a
SAVEPOINT that you have created. CONTROL TRANSACTIONS

Timestamps

Timestamps
This function returns a datetime value based on a date or datetime value.
SELECT TIMESTAMP("2018-10-30");
If there are two arguments specified with this function, then it first adds the second argument to the first, and afterwards returns a datetime
value.

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