Referencing techniques

How to reference your work
Guidance on format, structures and
how to avoid plagiarism
Harvard referencing is the system used
by CIH as well as many UK universities

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• Credit where you found the material
• Credit the work of others, that you are using
• Prove your aren’t cheating by copying their
words and passing these off as your own
• Demonstrating your understanding of the topic
and ability to put the ideas and concepts into
your own words and work
• Reference as much as possible in the main body
of your work, draw on the best or most important
again in the conclusions
Ignore this titleWhy do you reference your work?

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• Every time you take an idea from another person
quote from their work or use data from their
research you must credit them – REFERENCING
• Not to do so is the biggest academic sin you
might commit – PLAGIARISM, because if you
don’t, you are claiming their ideas as your own
• Plagiarism is also considered to be cheating
• Referencing thoroughly is a way to ensure you
don’t get into this kind of trouble!
Ignore this titleReferencing

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• You read the thoughts and work of others
• Their ideas make sense (or perhaps you disagree
with them)
• You can see how what they have said applies to
what you want to discuss
• You use some of their thinking (and occasionally
their exact words but only a light touch here) to
explain your own ideas
• You credit the authors of the ideas in your work,
using a specific approach – a style of referencing
Ignore this titleSo how do you reference? First steps

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1. In the text – a short version of the referenced
source
• This ‘saves’ words (so thy don’t decrease the
number of words available for your assignment)
2. A list of references used (this doesn’t count
towards the word limits for your assignments)
• There are several styles for referencing
• CIH uses the Harvard system of referencing
Ignore this titleTwo stages:-

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Ignore this title1. In the text
• Either:
• Put the author’s
surname(s) and year of
publication in brackets after
the idea has been used, or
• You can refer to the
author(s) by surname and
put the date in brackets
after the name
• If there are more than two
authors or agencies, put
the first surname in the list
of authors and add ‘et al.’
after the name and before
the date.
• If you use a magazine,
newspaper or periodical,
where there is no named
author, put the full date
rather than just the year in
brackets
• Examples;
(The Guardian, 21 October 2008)
(Inside Housing, 17 October 2008)
• Internet – author, date or
URL for non specific
issues

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Ignore this titleExample 1 – use of ideas
• In a book about study skills, the author suggests to students that they need
to express themselves well in writing
• In the two examples below – we have drawn on this idea and then also
demonstrated how this would look as a quotation
• Taking the idea
For a student to do well they don’t just have to demonstrate they know the
material but how effectively they express themselves in writing is as
important (Barass,1995).
• Quoting exactly
“Bear in mind, from the start of your course, that your final grades will
depend not only on your knowledge and understanding of your subject but
also on how well you write”
(Barrass, 1995, p1)

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• No more than 10% of your writing should be in
someone else’s words
• Must show they are someone else’s words
• Use “speech marks” and reference the source –
in the text (Author’s surname, date, p24) – and in
the list, as normal
• If it is a long quotation, put short ref on line below
and right justify
(Over here!)
Ignore this titleThe 10% rule

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• Sometimes a book has chapters contributed by a
range of different authors
• You can use the names of the authors in the
chapter you have used
• Example:
Here is an idea from a book edited by John Thornhill (so his
name is on the book cover – but the idea comes from a
chapter written by two authors)
Social housing providers have a new challenge today as they are driven
towards a more business oriented model of working, which conflicts with
the values and ethos of the sector in providing a welfare driven model of
support to their users (Coatham and Hill, 2013)
Ignore this titleChapters in edited books

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• In this example, we have taken some ideas from two different
books and made connections between the authors’ thinking
Housing organisations can best contribute to social inclusion as part of a
multi agency approach (Anderson and Sim, 200) which must also include
strategies to develop jobs and access to services (Malpass, 2000).
Ignore this titleExample 2 – Debating ideas

• This is a scanned image of
an article from Inside
Housing, 30 march 2012 on
page 15
• The author is talking about
what it takes to be a housing
professional and about the
sector today
• Referencing an article

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• Two examples of taking her ideas:
According to Oyedele (2012), the sector should be proud of its diversity in
what it provides, how it does this and who in the organisations does this.
The housing sector is always willing to share its ideas and good practice
(Oyedele, 2012)
• Note that we are still using the short version of the reference in our
writing
• If you gave a quotation you would also need to note the page number
(Oyedele, 2012, p15)
Ignore this titleThe article

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• Virtually all Internet sites have names and titles
too, so can be referenced
• In the text use:
Agency or author’s surname(s), date if there is one
or the year you downloaded the info, if you can’t
find one
Ignore this titleReferencing the Internet

• www.how-to-study.com/study-
skills/en/becoming-a-flexible-reader.asp
• Hints
– At the bottom of the webpage might be a
date. If there wasn’t you would either use the
year you are in or ND (which stands for not
dated)
– At the top of this page are the author’s names
with a link to biographies
– Mangrum C T and Strichart SS
Here is an article from a web page – how would you
reference it?

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• You would use the short reference, just as for the
book or article and here is an example, using
one of their ideas
It is useful, when reading for academic purposes, to scan read, looking for
clues about the content of the materials to see if they have value for you
before reading in depth. This would save you time (Mangham and Strickhart,
2011).
Ignore this titleUsing the website reference in the text

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• At the end of your assignments, you should
create a list which is more detailed, so your
readers are informed about and can find your
sources.
• This is called the Reference List or a
Bibliography
Ignore this title2. Referencing at the end of your work

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• List every text and/or website used
• NEVER, EVER, EVER USE: www.google.co.uk
• Why not?
• Well could you find the exact source from this search engine?
• A quick word about Wikipedia – because anyone can add to
the pages, it may not be accurate. So by all means use as a
starting point for research, but then find more authoritative
sources – and never use this as your referenced source
Ignore this titleThe reference list/bibliography

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• Sort the authors into alphabetical order by first surname (so not in the order
in which the references appeared in your text)
• List as follows:
 Author’s surname and initial(s), year, title of book, place, publisher
 You will find these details at the front of the book
• If using a magazine, etc, list as:
 Author as above, year, title of article’, title of journal, volume number or edition if known, full
date of publication, page numbers of article
• If word-processing use italics for the title of the book
• If handwriting, underline the title
• There is no need to double space between references or to ‘tab’ the
components – this makes it much easier to type your list
• As you use a reference in your assignment, make sure you add the full
reference to the list as you go – again, this saves time and with word-
processing it is easy to create the alphabetical list as you do it
Ignore this titleThe reference list

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• Surname of author, year of publication, title of book, place
where published, publisher’s name
Barass R, 1995, Students must write, a guide to better writing
in coursework and examinations, London and New York,
Routledge
• And if there is more than one author, list in the same order
their names appear on the book
Anderson I and Sim D (eds), 2000, Social Exclusion and
Housing, context and challenges, Housing Policy and Practice
Series, Coventry, CIH and HAS
Ignore this titleHere is how to reference the books used earlier

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• Names of chapter authors, date, ‘chapter title’, in
Editor’s name (ed – means editor), Book title,
place, publisher
Coatham V and Hill A, 2013, ‘Future-proofing the Housing
profession – responding to challenge in the 21st century’, in
Thornhill J (ed), Learning Today, Leading Tomorrow, Skills and
learning for the housing industry of the future, Coventry and
Coalville, Chartered Institute of Housing in partnership with East
Midlands Housing Group
Ignore this titleReferencing the chapter in the edited book

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• Many journals tell you on the front page about
journal volume and edition. However, in Inside
Housing you will find a summary of the publisher,
etc. within the journal (in the example used
earlier it is on p16).
• This is the 13th edition in the 29th volume
Ignore this titleFinding the volume number of a journal

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• Mangrum C T and Strichart S S, 2011, Becoming a Flexible
Reader, Available from www.how-to-study.com [access
17.9.12]
• If you don’t have authors then use website main name or
name of agency you can use the web site name:
How to Study, 2011, Becoming a Flexible Reader, Available
from www.how-to-study.com [accessed 17.9.12]
• If you know the year of publication use it, if not use the date
(year) you download this
• Hint – if there isn’t a date, you will sometimes find a ‘last
updated on …’ statement at the bottom of the web page
Ignore this titleHere is how to reference that internet source we
looked at previously

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• Anderson I and Sim D (eds), 2000, Social Exclusion and Housing, context
and challenges, Housing Policy and Practice Series, Coventry, CIH and HAS
• Barass R, 1995, Students must write, a guide to better writing in coursework
and examinations, London and New York, Routledge
• Coatham V and Hill A, 2013, ‘Future-proofing the Housing profession –
responding to challenge in the 21st century’, in Thornhill J (ed), Learning
Today, Leading Tomorrow, Skills and learning for the housing industry of the
future, Coventry and Coalville, Chartered Institute of Housing in partnership
with East Midlands Housing Group
• Malpass P, 2000, Housing Associations and Housing Policy, a historical
perspective, Basingstoke, Macmillan Press Ltd
• Mangrum C T and Strichart S S, 2011, Becoming a Flexible Reader,
Available from www.how-to-study.com [accessed 17.9.12]
• Oyedele L, 2012, ‘Take pride’, Inside Housing, Vol. 29:13, 30 March, p15
Ignore this titleAll the references used in this presentation

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• Some useful sources of information about referencing –
from a range of UK universities
• http://education.exeter.ac.uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_r
eferencing.htm
• http://www.staffs.ac.uk/support_depts/infoservices/le
arning_support/refzone/harvard/
• http://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing-harvard
• http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm

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