2. Remember:
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
As living things are constantly being
investigated, new attributes are
revealed that affect how organisms
are placed in a standard
classification system.
Today, there are six kingdoms.
3. The grouping of organisms into
KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
4. 1st
criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell
Type
The presence or absence of cellular
structures such as the nucleus,
mitochondria, or a cell wall.
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
(no nucleus) (nucleus)
5. Prokaryotes
ex: Bacteria
DO NOT HAVE:
•An organized nucleus
•Structured organelles
Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete, a
class of long, slender bacteria that
typically take on a coiled shape. Infection
with this bacterium causes Lyme disease.
13. Kingdom Cell Type Cell # Feeding Type
Archaebacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both
Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both
Protista
(fungus-like, plant-like,
animal-like)
Eukaryote Most
Unicellular
(except algae)
Both
Fungi Eukaryote Most
Multicellular
(except yeast)
Heterotroph
Plantae Eukaryote Multicellular Autotroph
Animalia Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph
Cell Wall
Yes
Yes
Yes & NO
Yes
(made of chitin)
Yes
(made of cellulose)
NO
Characteristics of the Kingdoms
15. Viruses
Not quite living!!! They are not found in any kingdom.
Parasite: all viruses; depend on other living things to function and
to reproduce; cause harm to host
Host: living thing that viruses must live on or in to reproduce
Structures: protein coat and genetic material (either DNA or
RNA)
Shape: many different shapes; can only infect cells of
certain shapes
HIV Swine Flu
Size: much smaller that bacteria; measured in nanometers (1/billionth of a
meter)
16. Reproduction
Viruses can
reproduce only
inside a living
cell, the host
cell.
1. Bacteriophage
binding to the cell wall
of a bacterium.
2. Bacteriophage injecting
its genetic material into
the bacterium.
3. The
bacteriophage
genome replicates.
4. The bacteriophage
components and
enzymes continue to
be produced.
5. The components of
the bacteriophage
assemble.
6. Bacteriophage enzyme
breaks down the bacterial
cell wall causing the
bacterium to split open.
17. How can I get a virus???
Some common vectors are:
• Airborne
– Influenza (flu)
– Common cold
– Chicken pox
23. Now…back to the
kingdoms!!!
• Remember the 6 Characteristics of Life…
1. made of cells
2. responds to stimuli
3. reproduce
4. get/use energy
5. grow and develop
6. made of similar chemicals/metabolism
24. Archaebacteria
Live in very harsh
environments
(ex: hot springs, salt
flats, deep sea vents, conditions
with no oxygen, highly acidic
environments)
➢Extremophiles (3 Groups:
methanogens, halophiles, and
thermophiles)
Methanosarcina
mazei
Uyuni Salt Flats in southwest
25. Eubacteria
It is the eubacteria that
most people are talking
about when they say
bacteria, because they
live in more neutral
conditions.
“common bacteria” Bacteria are everywhere!
They live in the soil, air, water, and the
intestines of humans and animals.
Rats, mice, and insects can carry
bacteria to food, too. Most bacteria
need a moist, warm environment, and
need food to grow.
28. Bacterial Locomotion
• Some bacteria have
flagella or cilia for
movement
• Some secrete a
slime layer and
ooze over surfaces
like slugs
29. Bacterial Nutrition
Some bacteria are autotrophs and can
undergo photosynthesis; others can get
energy from sulfur or iron
Some bacteria are heterotrophs (can be
parasites or saprophytes = decomposers)
cyanobacteria Bacteria that causes
plague.
30. Human Flora
■ A typical human body has more than 1014
bacterial cells in its normal flora
(10-fold the number of human cells)
31. There can be different strains of bacteria. ex:
E. coli is naturally found in our intestines;
however, certain strains could harm us.
“The Good, The Bad, The
Ugly”
32. “The Good” Bacteria
■Compete with invading microorganisms
-use nutrients, secrete toxins, change pH, etc
■Provide nutrients that we cannot synthesize
-vitamin K made by E. coli in the large intestine
33. “The Good” Bacteria
• Probiotics are live microorganisms thought
to be beneficial to the host organism. Lactic
acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria are
the most common types of microbes used
as probiotics.
• Live active cultures in fermented foods=
such as in yogurt, kefir, kombucha, or as
dietary supplements.
34. “The Bad, The Ugly” Bacteria
Streptococcus mutans
■produce lactic acid
■attacks tooth enamel, forming a cavity
35. “The Bad, The Ugly” Bacteria
Heliobacter pylori
■can live in stomach
■cause of ulcers
Attachment:
The Helicobacter pylori enter the stomach and attach to the protective mucus lining of the stomach wall. The bacteria are able to survive in the strongly acid environment of the stomach
because they excrete the enzyme urease which neutralized the acidic environment of the stomach by converting urea into the basic ammonia and buffer bicarbonate. Inside the mucus lining of
the stomach wall, the bacteria cannot be killed by the bodies immune system.
Toxin production:
The Helicobacter pylori produce toxins such as vaculating cytotoxin A (VAC A) that cause the cells in the lining of the stomach to die. This allows the bacteria to better access of nutrients as it
decreases the competition from stomach lining cells.
Cell Invasion:
The bacteria invade the protective inner lining of the stomach so that they can be protected from immune system. The bacteria then kill the cells that they invade which creates holes in the
mucus lining of the stomach, causing the formation of ulcers. Additionally, the substances released by the bacteria during the invasion, hurt the stomach cells ability to absorb calories from
food in the stomach.
38. Protists
• Unicellular (except some algae and
some seaweed)
• Eukaryotes
• Some heterotrophs and some
autotrophs
Ulva
They are weird!!! Like the stuff
in your junk drawer that doesn’t
seem to belong anywhere else…
misfits of the other kingdoms.
39. There are grouped as animal-
like, plant-like, and fungus-like
depending on how they move
and how they get their nutrition.
Paramecium move by cilia
…little hairs
40. Animal-like:
❖Heterotrophs
❖Most motile…use pseudopods, cilia or
flagella to move (except sporozoans which
move from host to host)
Plant-like:
❖Autotrophs
❖Many motile…use flagella or flow on slime
Fungus-like:
❖Heterotrophs
❖Some motile at points in their life cycle
❖Some reproduce like certain types of fungi
❖Some decomposers
44. Disease Protist Vector
(carrier)
Symptoms Details
Amoebic
dysentery
Amoeba
histolytica
water diarrhea can get from tap water
in some places
Giardiasis
(beaver fever)
Giardia water diarrhea,
vomiting
don't drink water from
streams
African Sleeping
Sickness
Trypanosoma Tse tse fly uncontrolled
sleepiness,
confusion
Only found in isolated
areas
lives in blood
Malaria
Plasmodium Anopheles
mosquito
fever, chills,
death
can be treated with
quinine
lives in blood
results in millions deaths
per year
Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma cats fetal death or
brain damage
pregnant women
should avoid cat litter
Some protists cause diseases like…
50. Fungi Kingdom
The Fungus Among Us
The Kingdom Fungi
includes some of the
most important
organisms.
•Many live in
mutualistic
relationships with tree
roots sharing water
and nutrients and
support systems.
•And some are just
tasty!!!
51. Fungi Facts
• All fungi are heterotrophs
• All fungi are eukaryotes
• All fungi have cell walls and are non-vascular They
may be unicellular or multicellular
• All fungi are sessile (can’t move)
Unicellular (ex: yeast) Multicellular
52. ➢ Multicellular fungi are made
of hyphae (cell walls filled
with cytoplasm)
➢ They have root-like structures
that they use for attachment
➢ Multicellular fungi ooze
digestive enzymes out of their
hyphae and wait for the food
to digest (outside of them)
(this gets a little stinky) before
absorbing the digested food
into them through their
hyphae… how awesome is
that!?!
Fungi Structure
53. Four Main Groups of Fungi
1. Sac Fungi (Ascomycetes)…Yeast
➢ Unicellular
➢ Reproduce by budding (a type of asexual
reproduction)
➢ Break down sugars to produce energy, alcohol, and
carbon dioxide (makes bread rise)…fermentation
***They are all classified by how they
reproduce.
54. Four Main Groups of Fungi
2. Zygospore (Zygosporangia)…thread-like
fungi …common bread molds
➢Reproduce by spores (these spores are created by
asexual reproduction)
55. Four Main Groups of Fungi
3. Basidiomycetes…Club Fungi
(Mushrooms and Puffballs)
➢ Reproduce by spores (some spores
are asexual and arise from mitosis and
some are sex spores coming from
meiosis)
***Toadstools are usually
brightly colored and
poisonous to eat.
The spores are
produced by,
and released
from, a fruiting
body that is
visible above
the ground.
Some fungi drop
spores, which
are blown away
by the wind.
Others shoot
them out in an
explosive burst.
56. Four Main Groups of Fungi
4. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes)
➢Reproduce by asexual reproduction is by means of conidia
(sing.=conidium). A conidium may be defined as an asexual spore
that is not produced in a sporangium.
➢***Pharmaceutically important!
➢ Antibacterial Drugs: Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted.
➢***Commercially important!
➢ Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!
➢ Used to make soy sauce. Yummo!
***Note that growth of the bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus is inhibited in
the area surrounding the invading
penicillin-secreting Penicillium mold
colony.
(Blue and blue-green cheeses can be made
from most cheese bases, whether the milk is
from a cow, sheep, or goat. The main thing that
makes a blue cheese blue is mold.)
57. Most multicellular fungi reproduce sexually by creating and
releasing tiny spores that then germinate (sprout) and grow
into a new fungus.
What in the world are spores???
Fungal spores of botrytis
blight on New Guinea
impatiens flower
58. Fungi Nutrition
All fungi are heterotrophs! They typically live on their
food source!
1.Saprophytes- get their nutrients from dead organic
matter (AKA:decomposers)
2.Mutualists– live symbiotically (lichen= algae + fungus)
(mycorrhizae = some mushrooms + tree roots)
3.Parasites– absorb nutrients from a host, harming the host
(plant fungal diseases, athlete’s foot, yeast infections)
Parasites in Humans
Ringwor
m
Athlete’s
Foot
Parasites in Plants
Blights Smuts Dutch elm
disease
60. Nonvascular Plants
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
❖ the simplest of all land dwelling plants
❖ lack an internal means for water transportation
❖ do not produce seeds or flowers
-fertilization depends on water to get the
sperm to
the egg
❖ lack a woody tissue necessary for support
around their “stems” and so are usually
relatively short
63. Vascular Plants
•Internal transportation System
• Xylem
• Phloem
•leaves: capture sunlight for photosynthesis
•roots: absorb water and anchor plant
•stems: provide support and pathway to transport
materials
•Some reproduce with spores, some with seeds
67. Seeds
Seeds contain an
embryo plant and
stored food necessary
to sustain that embryo
until it sprouts leaves
and can perform
photosynthesis
68. Animal Kingdom
(Animalia)
Characteristics:
-Multicellular
(cells do not have cell walls)
-Heterotrophs
-Eukaryotes
-Capable of movement at some point in their lives.
(motile)
-Most have organized cells in tissues
-Most reproduce sexually
-95% are invertebrates; 5% are vertebrates
69. 2nd
Criteria for Animal Classification
Skeletal Characteristics
*Invertebrates
have a hard external skeleton made of
chitin known as an exoskeleton
*Vertebrates
have a hard internal skeleton made of
bone or cartilage
71. Phylum: Porifera
Sac of cells with tiny pores (holes), no organs, central open
space
Ex: sponges
Venus’s flower basket
72. Phylum: Cnidaria
Soft bodies, layers of cells/tissues with gut and
mouth, tentacles, and stinging cells
Ex: jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, hydra, and other stingers (Their stinger is called a nematocyst.)
***Medusa form- tentacles hang down
***Polyp form- tentacles wave upward
76. Planaria
Hermaphrodites
– fertilize their own sex cells internally
– zygotes are released into water to
hatch
Capable of regeneration
being studied to understand stem
cells ability to differentiate.
77. Phylum: Nematoda
Roundworms= smooth, cylindrical bodies and
pointed ends
Ex: hookworms and pin worms
Nematodes commonly parasitic on humans include ascarids (Ascaris), filarias), filarias, hookworms), filarias,
hookworms, pinworms (Enterobius) and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura). The species Trichinella spiralis,
commonly known as the trichina worm, occurs in rats, pigs, and humans, and is responsible for the disease
trichinosis.
#17:Viruses are transmitted/spread through vectors (a carrier that transfers an infective agent from one host to another)
#22:You generally have to wait for the virus to run its course and let your immune system fight it off.
#23:Everything found in the kingdoms exhibits all of the characteristics of living things.
#37:"Junk drawer" kingdom – includes organisms that don't belong in plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms.
#38:Some protists can photosynthesize like plants (e.g., Euglena).
Others behave like animals by moving and hunting food (e.g., Amoeba).
Protists can cause diseases (e.g., Plasmodium causes malaria).
#53:A unicellular fungus used in baking and brewing.
Performs fermentation to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol.
#63: Xylem – tissues that carries water
Phloem – tissues that carry food (glucose)
enables plants to evolve into larger specimens
