Coordinated Control of Interconnected Microgrid and Energy Storage System

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 8, No. 6, December 2018, pp. 4781~4789
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp4781-4789  4781
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
Coordinated Control of Interconnected Microgrid and Energy
Storage System
Md. Asaduz-Zaman1
, Md. Habibur Rahaman2
, Md. Selim Reza3
, Md. Mafizul Islam4
1
Department of TMDM, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Bangladesh
3
Department of EEE, Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology, Bangladesh
4
Department of TMDM, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Bangladesh
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Dec 29, 2017
Revised Jul 28, 2018
Accepted Aug 15, 2018
Several microgrids can be interconnected together to enhance the grid
reliability and reduce the cost of supplying power to an island area where
conventional power grid cannot be connected. Source and load demand do
not properly balance always. Besides that, sometimes power and frequency
fluctuation has occurred in MG at island mode. Need to design a special
control for maintaining the state of charge (SoC) of energy storage system.
This paper proposes a new power supply system for an island area that
interconnects two microgrids with a single energy storage system (ESS). An
algorithm has been proposed that control the microgrids energy storage
system for spinning reserve and load power/frequency regulation purpose.
The minimum loading constraints of diesel engine generator (DEG) is
considered and the SOC of the ESS is properly maintained.
Keyword:
A state of charge
Energy storage system
Interconnected microgrid
Load frequency control
Spinning reserve Copyright © 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Md. Habibur Rahaman,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology,
Bangladesh.
Email: habibieee@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The micro grid is considered as the smart electrical power management system for the isolated areas
that cannot access to the conventional power grid. The operation and control strategies may be different
according to connection configurations of the micro grid.
An MG can only supply a maximum load capacity of 10 MVA [1]. However, several microgrids can
be interconnected to form larger power pool to meet greater power demands. It also has more redundancy and
ensures better supply reliability [1]. Interconnected microgrids are generally called multi-microgrid (MMG);
it is a relatively new concept. Interconnected microgrids can achieve greater stability and controllability with
a distributed control structure. The possibility of having a large number of controllable MGs, DG units and
MV loads under demand side management (DSM) control requires the use of a hierarchical control scheme
that enables an efficient control and management of this kind of system [2].
Since energy storage system (ESS) is an integral part of MGs and it can provide fast active power
compensation, it also can be used to improve the performance of load frequency controller (LFC) [3]-[4]. The
minimum loading constraints of diesel engine generator are considered and the state of charge (SOC) of the
ESS is properly maintained. Objectives also include optimum utilization of total wind, solar PV energy, and
ESS contribution to the interconnected microgrid.

 ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 6, December 2018 : 4781 - 4789
4782
2. VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY CONTROL OF MG
The main purpose of MG is to reduce loss, emissions and cost of energy. Balancing between source
and load is a great challenge in isolated MG system. These can be overcomed by using decentralized,
centralized, hierarchical or distributed control [5]. It is also great challenge to reduce commutation link
failure, to reduce line frequency and voltage fluctuation, to control the primary and central controllers of
MGs fighting to each other and the coordination of energy storages (i.e. batteries) etc [6]. In the grid
connected mode, similar to a conventional utility system, each DG unit can be controlled to produce real and
reactive power (PQ-bus) or generate real power and maintain its terminal voltage (PV-bus) as like as
conventional interconnected grid system. The frequency and real/reactive power in a power grid should be
under controlled and maintain a smooth balance between power generation and loads.
The control makes an interface between power management and voltage source control (VSC) as
shown in Figure 1 [7] in which signal processing block and phase locked loop (PLL) has been used a
necessary part of this system.
Power
Management
dq Current
Control+
Gate Pulse
Voltage
Source
Control
(VSC)
Signal
Processor
& PLL
nG
( )di ref
nG
( )qi ref
nS
( )v t sR
sL
( )nG v t
( )nG i t
( )nG i t
( )nG v t
n
Bus
Figure 1. Control procedure of nth
EI-DG unit
3. THE ENERGY STORAGE CONTROL IN ISLAND MODE
For mitigating power fluctuation EES is used in MG. Sometimes overcharge and over discharge in
EESs may occur due to use of finite number of battery banks. Thus, to maintain a SoC in EES, a suitable
control system is necessary. Traditionally autonomous SoC control has been used but now different types of
advance controller are used to maintain SoC as shown in Figure 2 [8], this will reduce frequency and power
fluctuations of a microgrid.
DG
Controller
ESS
PDG_mf_comp
PDG
PDG_ref_snc
SOC Data of ESS
PESS
PESS_ref
+
+
+
+
-
-
Figure 2. EESs SoC control procedure
The MG has some traditional control procedure but in present day’s two types of control system has
been used like microgrid management system (MMS) and local controller (LC). An LC system is a local
controller that is worked at each MG source and controls the output power of MG based on the parameters
sated by MMS. On the other hand, the MMS is a robust and suitable controller which deals with management
functions such as fault disconnection and re-synchronization of the microgrid and the load shedding process.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Coordinated Control of Interconnected Microgrid and Energy Storage System (Md. Asaduz Zaman)
4783
4. OPTIMUM SIZING OF EES
Microgrids is a low voltage distribution network in which design an EES is very important to
properly maintain the electricity demand and support in the isolated MGs like in island area [9]-[10]. Very
traditional methods are that to store extra energy from renewable sources at low demand and delivering the
stored energy during peak demand [11]. The equations given below represent the charging & discharging
equation [12]:
( 1) ( ) E
tC t C t tP    (1)
subject to:
Output power limits: maxE
t EP P (2)
Stored energy limits: min max( )C C t C  (3)
where, starting limits: (0) SC C
where, E
tP is the power supplied by battery banks; max
EP is the maximum charge and discharge rate; SC is
the initial stored energy. For safety operation of ESSs, battery management system can be applied. In this
system, batteries voltage, current and temperature is controlled from centrally. It’s a great challenge to design
EES avoiding optimizing problems [13]. The lifetime of battery depends on power and energy densities,
operating conditions and cycle life etc. Considering those factors Lithium-ion, Sodium Sulphur and Zinc
bromine batteries or Nickel-cadmium batteries have good characteristics [14].
5. CONFIGURATION OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The studied interconnected MG and ESS is shown in Figure 3 One micro grid consists of a DEG,
solar PV and wind power, and load. The other micro grid has DEG, wind power and load. The tie-line
connected MMG system has a common ESS.
Solar PV
Diesel Engine Generator
Wind Turbine Generator
Microgrid1
Microgrid2
Energy
Storage
System
Load
Load
PWTG
PDEG
PPV
PL
PL
PESS
Tie-line
Wind Turbine Generator
Diesel Engine Generator
PWTG
PDEG
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of interconnected microgrid and ESS
Combining the aforementioned various renewable energy resources with energy storage systems and
diesel engine generator in an interconnected system, the generated electric energy can be effectively
distributed and controlled to meet the energy requirement of the connected loads.
6. POWER SYSTEM MODELLING
The modeling of the different components of the proposed microgrid system is presented in this
section.

 ISSN: 2088-8708
4784
6.1. Diesel Engine Generator (DEG)
To meet the required load demand, any standby DEG works continuously to supply the power that is
normally connected to the microgrid system. The transfer functions of the DEG can be written as follows
considering a first order lag [15],
( )
1
DEG DEG
DEG
DEG
P K
G s
f sT

 
  (4)
where, KDEG and TDEG are the gain and time constants respectively.
The DEG should be operated economically to control the governing system so that the generation
costs will be lower. The diesel generators optimum generated output power is 70-89% from the rated power
[16]. The capacity of a DEG is normally sated almost 30-50% or more [17]-[18]. Therefore, the relation can
be written as,
PDEG≥PDEG(Min) (5)
where, PDEG and PDEG(Min) is the operating power and lower limit constraints of the DEG, respectively.
6.2. Wind Turbine Generator (WTG)
The generated output power from a WTG is greatly depended on wind speed (VW). Thus, the wind
turbine mechanical power output can be written as follows [19]:
31
2
WT r P WP A C V (6)
where, ρ represents the air density in kg/m3
, Ar represents the swept area of the blade in m2
, and Cp represents
the power coeﬃcient. The transfer function can be written as follows,
( )
1
WTG WTG
WTG
WT WTG
P K
G s
P sT

 
  (7)
where, KWTG and TWTG represents the gain and time constants of WTG respectively.
6.3. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
A solar PV system consists of many small cells connected to provide the desired voltage and
current. The output power of the PV system can be expressed as [15],
 1 0.005( 25)PV aP S T    (8)
where, η is conversion efficiency of the PV array, S is measured the area of PV array (m2
), φ is solar
irradiation (kW/m2
) and Ta is ambient temperature (0
C). The transfer function of PV can be given by a simple
linear ﬁrst order lag,
( )
1
PV PV
PV
PV
P K
G s
sT

 
  (9)
where, KPV and TPV represents the gain constant and time constant of solar PV respectively.
6.4. Energy Storage System
Energy storage systems are important devices to supply energy of the hybrid power system very fast
to maintain system stability [15]. The transfer functions of the energy storage systems can be taken as first
order lag,
( )
1
ESS ESS
ESS
ESS
P K
G s
f sT

 
  (10)

4785
where, KESS is gain constant and TESS is the time constant of ESS.
Hence, a relatively simple model is used in this work to represent charge/discharge process and the
SoC of ESS [20].
3600
ESS
b
P
SOC
W s

  
 (11)
where, Wb is the battery capacity. The selection of optimum sizes of EES has been described in section 4.
6.5. Power Deviation and System Frequency Variation
The output power should be controlled based on power demand to maintain stable operation [15].
The total power generation (PT) is the algebraic summation of all generators like diesel engine generator
(PDEG), wind power (PWTG), solar photovoltaic power (PPV) and power of energy storage system (PESS) as
shown in Figure 3.
T DEG WTG PV ESSP P P P P   
(12)
The difference between PT and PD is given by Eq. 13 where PD represents the demanded power [20].
e T DP P P   (13)
because system frequency is changed with net power variation, the system frequency variation ∆f is
calculated by,
e
sys
P
f
K

 
(14)
where, Ksys represents the system frequency. Since an inherent time delay exists between system frequency
variation and power deviation, the transfer function for system frequency variation to per unit power
deviation can be expressed by,
1 1
( )
(1 )
sys
e sys sys
f
G s
P K sT D Ms

  
  
(15)
where, M and D are the equivalent inertia constant and damping constant of the microgrid system
respectively [19].
7. INTERCONNECTION OF MICROGRIDS WITH TIE-LINE
Reliable power supply to the connected load may be achieved by the interconnection of neighboring
isolated MGs through tie-line. Tie-line is used to exchange energy between control areas to provide inter-area
support in case of faulted condition. If there is an unbalance situation occurs between generation and load,
the deviation in frequency for a particular area occurs [19]. Interconnected microgrid with two-area
interconnection is represented as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Modelling of tie-line connection
∆f12
∆f2
∆f1∆Ptie
-
+
Microgrid 1
Microgrid 2

 ISSN: 2088-8708
4786
Expressing the tie-line power deviation (∆Ptie) in terms of frequency deviation (∆f) and
synchronizing power coefficient (Ps) is represented as,
1 2( )tie sP P f dt f dt      (16)
taking the Laplace transform we have,
( )
( )
tie s
tie
P s P
G
f s s

 
 (17)
8. OPERATION STRATEGY
In MGs system, change in frequency depends upon changes in load demand; whenever load demand
increases system frequency decreases and vice-versa. When the change in frequency (∆f) becomes negative,
the ESS supplies power to the system. If SOC of the battery is greater than SOCL, then ESS supply power to
the system and get discharged. Otherwise, ESS does not deliver power. When the change in frequency
becomes positive, the ESS is charged. Before charging the ESS its SOC is compared to its upper limit of the
state of charge (SOCU). If SOC is less than its SOCU then ESS is in charging mode and consuming power
from the system, otherwise, ESS does not charge. The control strategy of ESS is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Proposed algorithms for ESS control
The total renewable power generation (PR) by the microgrid system is the algebraic summation of
wind power (PWTG), solar photovoltaic power (PPV).
R WTG PVP P P 
(18)
the difference between total renewable power generation PR and power demand reference PD is the extra
power and given by equation 16.
E R DP P P   (19)
If ∆PE>0, the remaining power will be used to charge the ESS. If the batteries are completely
charged, the excess power is dumped. If ∆PE<0, the remaining power will be given by the ESS or by the
diesel generator, depending on the economic dispatch strategy. If the ESS is able to give ∆PE, then ESS
discharge and diesel generator turn off. But if the ESS is not able to give ∆PE, the diesel generator turns on,

4787
and the ESS will neither be charged nor discharged. In this case, only ESS will be used for frequency
regulation purpose.
9. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Results and analysis of the time domain simulation of the system are presented in this section. For
the purpose of calculation, all input and output quantities in the plots are considered in per unit (p.u.) values.
Parameter values of the configurations are taken from [15], [19], [21]-[26] and listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Parameter Values of the Studied MG Systems
Parameter Definition MG1 MG2
M(pu) Inertia constant 0.8 0.7
D (pu) Damping constant 0.02 0.03
TDEG(s) DEG time constant 2 2
TWTG(s) WTG time constant 1.5 1.5
TPV(s) PV time constant 1.8 -
Ps(pu) Syn. power coefficient 0.0754
SOCU Upper limit of SOC 0.7
SOCL Lower limit of SOC 0.3
SOC0 Initial state of SOC 0.4
TESS(s) ESS time constant 0.1
Simulation time for the system is taken to be 300s. The SOC of ESS is properly controlled. Figure
6(a) to (c) show the generated power and load profiles in each MGs and their total variation.
Time (sec)
Figure 6. Power and load profiles at (a) MG1; (b) MG2; (c) Total (MG1+MG2)
Figure 7 shows the power output of DEGs and Figure 8 shows the frequency deviation at MG1 and
MG2, respectively. Figures 9 (a) to (c) show the deviations of ESS Power, ESS SOC, and Tie-line power.
Time (sec)
Figure 7. DEG power output at (a) MG1; and (b) MG2
(a))
OFF ONON
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b))
OFFONON OFF

 ISSN: 2088-8708
4788
Time (sec)
Figure 8. Deviation of (a) Frequency at MG1, and (b) Frequency at MG2
Time (sec)
Figure 9. Deviation of (a) ESS Power; (b) ESS SOC; (c) Tie-line power
From 0 to 58s both the microgrids operate independently. The renewable energy at each MG is
lower than the load. Each DEG supplies the deficit power in the respective MG. There is no energy exchange
between MG1 and MG2. The ESS is used only for load frequency control of the microgrid. From 58 to 245s
surplus renewable energy is available at MG1 and extra energy is transferred from MG1 to MG2 depending
on the load demand or stored at the ESS. In this case DEG1 at MG1 is stopped. From 67 to the 96s output
power of DEG2 is lower than the minimum loading constraints i.e. less than 0.1 pu. To operate economically,
DEG2 is stopped and ESS is used as the spinning reserve. After 96s DEG2 starts and continues up to about
203s. After 203s sufficient renewable energy is available compared to load. The extra energy is stored at
ESS. In this case, both DEG is stopped.
At about 245s the MG2 has lower renewable energy and DEG2 should be started. But by
considering minimum loading constraints, the DEG2 is stopped. Only DEG1 is started and deficit energy at
MG2 is transferred from MG1. Figure 9 (a) and 9 (b) show that when ESS is used as the spinning reserve, the
SOC is decreased. Also, SOC increases if sufficient renewable energy is available and stored at ESS.
10. CONCLUSION
Coordinated operations strategy of two interconnected microgrids with a single energy storage
system has been proposed in this paper. The required power for the connected loads can be effectively
delivered and supplied for the proposed system with appropriate control and effective coordination among
various components. The employed mathematical models for the various component of the system are
represented by ﬁrst-order transfer functions to simplify the tasks of system simulation. Simulation results
show that a single ESS can be used for both microgrids for load frequency control and spinning reserve
purpose. As a result, DEGs can be economically operated with great flexibility. However, the ON/OFF cycle
of DEG increases. Further research is required to drive the operating strategies of DEG to reduce
ON/OFF cycle.
(a))
(b))
(a) (b)
(c)
(a)) (b))

4789
REFERENCES
[1] S. Chowdhury, et al., “Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks,” The Institution of Engineering and
Technology, Renewable Energy Series, vol. 6, 2009.
[2] N. J. Gil, and J. A. P. Lopes, “Hierarchical Frequency Control Scheme for Islanded Multi-Microgrids Operation,”
IEEE Lausanne Power Tech Lausanne, pp. 473-478, 2007.
[3] M. U. Usama, et al., “Utilizing Spinning Reserves as Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Integration,” Power
Systems Conference, Clemson University, pp. 1-5, 2014.
[4] S. K. Aditya, and D. Das, “Load-Frequency Control of an Interconnected Hydro-Thermal Power System with New
Area Control Error Considering Battery Energy Storage Facility,” International Journal of Energy Research, vol.
24, pp. 525-538, 2000.
[5] F. Katiraei, et al., “Microgrids Management: Controls and Operation Aspects of Microgrids,” IEEE Power and
Energy Magazine, 2008.
[6] F. Shahnia, “System of Interconnected Microgrid-Challenges and Solution,” 2017. Available online at:
pace.ee.uwa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/flyer-s006.pdf.
[7] K. X. Guoa, et al., “New Power Management Strategies for a Microgrid with Energy Storage Systems,” Energy
Procardia, vol. 16, pp. 1678–1684, 2012.
[8] J. Y. Kim, et al., “Performance Evaluation of Microgrid Management Function in KERI pilot plant,” Int. Conf. on
Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’10), Granada (Spain), pp. 196-201, 2010.
[9] A. Berrada and K. Loudiyi, “Optimal Modeling of Energy Storage System” International Journal of Modeling and
Optimization, vol/issue: 5(1), 2015.
[10] “Energy storage is a key ingredient for all microgrids,” 2015. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/
articles/2015/10/energy-storage-is-a-key-ingredient-for-all-microgrids.html.
[11] H. Alharbi and K. Bhattacharya, “Optimal Sizing of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Microgrids,” 2014 IEEE
Electrical Power and Energy Conference, Calgary, Canada, 2014.
[12] S. X. Chen and H. B. Gooi, “Sizing of Energy Storage System for Microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,
vol/issue: 3(1), pp. 142-151.
[13] Y. Wang, et al., “Coordinated Control of Battery Energy Storage System in a Microgrid,” Conference 2013 IEEE
PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 2013.
[14] Abbey C. and Joós G., “A stochastic optimization approach to rating of energy storage systems in wind-diesel
isolated grids,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, pp. 418–426, 2009.
[15] D. J. Lee, and L. Wang, “Small-Signal Stability Analysis of an Autonomous Hybrid Renewable Energy Power
Generation/Energy Storage System Part I: Time-Domain Simulations,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
vol/issue: 23(1), pp. 311-320, 2008.
[16] S. H. El-Hefnawi, “Photovoltaic Diesel-Generator Hybrid Power System Sizing,” Renewable Energy, vol/issue:
13(1), pp. 33-40, 1998.
[17] F. Katiraei and C. Abbey, “Diesel Plant Sizing and Performance Analysis of a Remote Wind-Diesel Microgrid,”
Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007.
[18] C. Wang, et al., ‘‘Cooperative Operation and Optimal Design for Islanded Microgrid,” Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies (ISGT), pp. 1-8, 2012.
[19] P. K. Ray, et al., “Small-Signal Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Systems in Presence of
Ultracapacitor and Tie–Line Operation,” Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol/issue: 61(4), pp. 205-214, 2010.
[20] S. Chanana and A. Kumar, “Operation and control of BESS using frequency-linked pricing in real-time market with
high wind penetration,” International Journal of Energy Sector Management, vol/issue: 5(4), pp. 585-602, 2011.
[21] D. Kottick, et al., “Battery Energy Storage for frequency regulation in an Island Power System,” IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion, vol/issue: 8(3), pp. 455-459, 1993.
[22] H. Bevrani, et al., “Intelligent Frequency Control in an AC Microgrid: Online PSO-Based Fuzzy Tuning Approach,”
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol/issue: 3(4), pp. 1935–1944, 2012.
[23] T. Senjyu, et al., “A Hybrid Power System Using Alternative Energy Facilities in Isolated Island,” IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol/issue: 20(2), pp. 406-414, 2005.
[24] M. Dris and B. Djilani, “Hybrid System Power Generation 'Wind-photovoltaic' Connected to the Electrical Network
220 kV,” International Journal of Applied Power Engineering, vol/issue: 7(1), pp. 10-17, 2018.
[25] M. A. M. Albreem and R. M. Aspan, “Micro Hydropower System Design for Gua Kelam Electricity Supply,”
International Journal of Applied Power Engineering, vol/issue: 7(2), pp. 116-118, 2018.
[26] N. Karthik, et al., “Optimal Operation of Microgrids-A Survey,” International Journal of Applied Power
Engineering, vol/issue: 7(2), pp. 179-186, 2018.

Coordinated Control of Interconnected Microgrid and Energy Storage System

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to Coordinated Control of Interconnected Microgrid and Energy Storage System (20)

More from IJECEIAES (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Coordinated Control of Interconnected Microgrid and Energy Storage System