Development in building fire detection and evacuation system-a comprehensive review

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2020, pp. 6644~6654
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6644-6654  6644
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE
Development in building fire detection and
evacuation system-a comprehensive review
Gajanand S. Birajdar1
, Rajesh Singh2
, Anita Gehlot3
, Amit Kumar Thakur4
1,2,3
Department of Electronics Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
ReceivedFeb27, 2020
Revised Jun6, 2020
Accepted Jun 18, 2020
Fire is both beneficial to man and his environment as well as destructive and
deadly among all the natural disasters. A fire Accident occurs very rarely,
but once it crops up its consequences will be devastating. The early detection
of fire will help to avoid further consequences and saves the life of people.
During the fire accidents, it is also important to guide people within
the building to exit safely. Because of this, the paper gives a review of
literature related to recent advancements in building fire detection and
emergency evacuation system. It is intended to provide details about fire
simulation tools with features, suitable hardware, communication methods,
and effective user interface.
Keywords:
Fire detection
IoT
LoRa
Safe evacuation
Smart fire detection Copyright © 2020Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Amit Kumar Thakur,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Lovely Professional University,
Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411-India.
Email: amitthakur3177@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
With the rapid growth in population, buildings are also growing vertically due to the shortage of
occupancies. However, with these buildings growing vertically, there arise problems regarding the safe
evacuation of people during an emergency like a fire. Similarly, with the growth of insulating materials
which catch fire easily and their excessive use in building, a threat to the life of building and human is also
increasing. Many people are killed every year, and more are hospitalized due to the fire in India. An average
of 520 injuries and 40 deaths occurs per year according to the data provided by NFPA.
A fire Accident occurs very rarely, but once it occurs it’s consequences will be devastating.
As a result, there is substantial attention given by researchers worldwide for the development of intelligent
building systems. Many of these casualties can be avoided if we detect a fire early and guide people to a safe
location. To build a suitable fire detection and safe evacuation system it is necessary to focus on parameters
such as appropriate sensors, software and hardware tools, and combination techniques and at the end
effective user interface.
This article gives systematic reviews of intelligent fire detection and evacuation system as
a combination of fire detection (sensors, technology), evacuation assistance (Static/Dynamic Display) and
crowd monitoring and prediction (Video, non-video, GPS, Bluetooth). Besides, the review is evaluated based
on (i) fire and building simulation software, (ii) suitable hardware (with their merits and demerits), (iii) fire
and smoke detecting sensors, (iv) communication methods and (v) effective user interface for a safe exit.
In this, efforts have been taken to identify research gaps, and suggestions are made to fulfill the need.
Further, a novel architecture is recommended for future fire detection and safe evacuation system.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Development in building fire detection and evacuation system ... (Gajanand S. Birajdar)
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2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Early detection of fires is important to save the life of human beings as well as property. In this case,
multiple sensors need to be installed at different places of the building which plays a crucial role [1].
A system based on LabVIEW is proposed to detect and alert fire events in [2]. A portable community video
surveillance system developed in [3] can be used to detect people’s motion. Environmental parameters such
as temperature, the concentration of toxic gases are measured and monitored in [4] using NodeMCU and
sensors. In [5], Low-cost IoT based evacuation Service is implemented for real-life situations of Building
Automation System (BAS) applications.The Mobile terminal-based system is discussed in [6][8] which
provides a 3D interactive model of building and guide evacuees to exit safely. In [9], the author proposed an
FPGA based fire warning and multi-door control system which provides the information onthe floor where
the fire occurred. The integration of IoT with WSN would be effective for fire detection and alerting
application [10]. RFID devices and wireless sensors have been used to detect environmental conditions and
image identification techniques and digital signage are used to guide people through a safe route [11][13].
To enhance evacuation, plan a Situation-Aware System is used in which end-user specific business rules
were created that practically helps actions concerning evacuation plans [14].
Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools can be used to create a virtual environment for fire
emergency evacuation [15], [16]. A rescue operation during fire emergency can be fastened using cloud-
based Rescue Worker Interface (RWI) which assists rescue warden by proving real-time information of
building fire, the flow of fire, people density, and position of remaining warden [17][18]. In [19], the author
proposed a system which formulates real-time evacuation path based on real-time data acquisition and
calculations of risk distributions. In case of fire events system provides directional guidance concerning the
time and location of fire accidents [20]. GIS and IoT technology is used to obtain information about the
building. Further, the evacuation path has been estimated using Matlab [21]. ZigBee based fire alarming and
prevention system is proposed in[22].In [23], a motion detection sensor based person detection technique is
discussed for IoT based fire evacuation assisting system. A sudden change in the motion of an individual
in-crowd is detected by the optical flow model [24]. Indoor navigation and evacuation can be improved using
a mobile terminal based app like EasyGo [25]. To deal with outdoor evacuation UAV is preferred [26].
LoRa, which is low power and long-range communication technology, is introduced in [27]. In [30],
the author suggested a system with a mesh network of fire sensor, and path planning strategy which detects
fire event alerts about an emergency to occupants and fire services. A detailed comparison table is being
depicted in Table1.
Table1. Comparison of hardware, fire sensing devices, simulation software,
communication technology and user interface used by various researchers
Source Hardware/Technology FireSensing Devices Simulation Software Communication
Technology
User Interface
[1] Raspberry Pi LM 35Smoke
SensorGas Sensor
(MQ9)
FDS GSM No work on
evacuation
[3] nRF24L01 transceivers,
Laptopwith Arduino
IR Flame Sensor PythonMATLAB’s
roboticsPackage
RF transceivers HTML/CSS based
website
[5] Ardunio RFM23B RFID,
LM35, HC-05,PIR
Sensor
BIM Bluetooth Audio Signal, SMS
on user mobile.
[4] Mobile Phone with
RFIDReader capability
RFID tags Path Planner,
Viewpoint Calculator,
and MobiX3D
RFID
technology
Mobile phone-
based App
[7] Mobile Phone with
NFC and RFID reader
Active temperature and
RFID sensor tags
MobiX3D, Viewpoint
Calculator
RFID, Cloud
Computing
Mobile Phone
[9] FPGA, Microcontroller Temperature Sensor TimeNET Wireless
Transceiver
Direct Alarm
System is provided
at each floor
[12] Zigbee, RFID Temperature,
Humidity, and Light
MySQL Database WSN
Technology
LCD Display
[17] Microcontroller Smoke BAS(Building
Automation System)
Cloud App on Smartphone
[21] IoT, Arduino LM35, HC-05, PIR
Sensor
BIM Bluetooth, RF
Communication
Audio Signal, SMS
on user mobile.
[31] Turtlebot2, Parrot AR.
Drone 2.0& DJI
Phantom 4
Illuminance sensor,
Arduino Uno as a
sensor
Google Map Wireless Application Mobile
[50] IoT, Microcontroller Temperature, CO,
OpticalDensity Sensor
GIS, Matlab wireless sensor
Network
Fire Alarm,
Emergency
Lightening system

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Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2020 : 6644 - 6654
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3. DEVELOPMENT IN FIRE DETECTION AND EMERGENCY EVACUATION
3.1. Fire sensing, sensors and devices
It involves a Multi-sensor module for sensing parameters like heat, smoke, flame, gas etc.as
depicted in Figure 1, with signal conditioning, amplifier circuit, processing unit, alarm system, and safe
evacuation path display [33].
Figure 1. Fire sensing technologies[31]
3.2. Hardware platforms
After detecting a fire event it needs to be processed for further course of actions, for which effective
hardware platform plays a key role. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the fire alarm system. Many
hardware devices are used by researchers till now, the details are given below:
Figure 2. Block diagram fire alarm system [34]
3.2.1. Raspberry pi
It is cheaper and minicomputer that can easily plug into a monitor. Connecting the internet to
Raspberry pi is very easy as it is having an Ethernet port and USB Wi-Fi dongles. Multiprocessing is possible
using this board. Programming languages like Python, C, C++, and Ruby can be used.It is a low-cost
computer based on Linux OS, featured with an Ethernet controller and two USB ports. It is having
ARM-architecture, with 512 MB data memory, onboard graphics processing unit (Videocore IV). It supports
multiple programming languages and software installation. We can install Apache HTTP Webserver to serve
the webpage.
3.2.2. Arduino board
Arduino boards are equipped with many digital inputs and output pins that can be interfaced with
different expansion boards or shields and other required circuits. These boards featured with serial
communications interfaces such as USB, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers.
These boards can be programmed using programming languages such as C and C++.
3.2.3. FPGA
The Filed Programming Gate Arrays (FPGA) are semiconductor-baseddevices equipped with
interconnection circuits and programmable logic blocks. The FPGA provides features such as the high speed
with real-time processing. It can be programmed to meet the requirement of functionality even after its
Raspberry
Pi
Arduino
Gas
Sensor
Actuator
Webcam

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manufacturing.The emergency evacuation system for multi-storey buildings using FPGA is proposed which
can operate at the very clocking rate and can handle multiple inputs and multiple outputs simultaneously.
This feature of FPGA’s is very useful when there is multi-storey building as it needs many sensors and local
control boards for every floor.
3.2.4. DSP
DSP is a kind of processor for processing real-time signals. During fire accidents, fire signals need
to be processed in real-time with high precision and high speed. DSP not only controls the sampling
procedure but deals with the sampling data in advance also.Table 2 provides the comparison of all
hardware platforms used which readily displays the response time with the kind of language supported,
thus highlighting that FGPA and DSP have faster response time as compared with Raspberry Pi and
Arduino board.
Table 2. Comparison of hardware platform
Hardware Response time Language Supported Cost Onboard
Storage
Multi
Programming
I/Os
(Approx.)
Arduino Board Comparatively Slow C/C++ Low Cost Available Not Possible 13
Raspberry Pi Faster than Arduino C, C++, Python, ruby Expensive Need SD Card Possible 40
FPGA Faster VHDL Expensive Available Possible 500
DSP Fast real-time
computation
C++, C, JAVA,
JavaScript, LLVM bit
code
Expensive Need External
Memory
Possible 110
3.3. Simulation tools
3.3.1. BIM
Building Information Modeling (BIM) provides the facility to makea layout in three-dimension (3D)
and carry out disaster prevention activities. Specifically, it is used in the design of fire sprinklers and an
alarming system. e.g. BIM 360, AutoCAD, Revit, etc. A 3-dimensional building evacuation and guidance
system overcomes the problem of poor visibility in 2 dimensional based systems. The basic use of BIM
technology is the exchanging and processing of building information, so the architecture of the fire
evacuation system can be designed. BIM-based 3-dimensional model is very close to a real-time scenario and
it is proven that this model helps to provide information such as rescue conditions, evacuation paths, etc[35].
3.3.2. GIS
Spatial or geographical information can be achieved through a software tool such as a geographic
information system (GIS)[36]. It contains activities such as capture, store, manipulate, analyzes, manage, and
present. GIS and CAD integration helps to visualize geospatial information from various locations of
the building during a fire emergency.The GIS is used to simulate evacuation environment and to visualize
evacuation process. In [37], the author presented a multi-agent-based fire evacuation model, in which GIS is
used to capture the geospatial data of agents and trace its location and provide a safe exit path.
3.3.3. FDS
Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is a fire-driven fluid flow model with computational fluid
dynamics. It is a sort of a simulation tool developed by NIST's Building Fire Research Laboratory. FDS can
analyze three-dimensional fires very quickly [38]. This enables simulation of smoke and heat transfer from
fire, besides, FDS provides a fire detector and water sprinkler analysis.PyroSim is a kind of simulation tool
can be used as a Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS). It can also be used to simulate the motion of people.
3.3.4. MATLAB
MATLAB based image processing can be used to detect a fire accident. Any CCTV camera
mounted in the building premises will take the input image for the device from video in real-time.
Initially, we need to separate the fire and background from the received image using the color segmentation
method. Further, fire growth is estimated by comparing two consecutive fire images. If fire growth continues
over certain images, the emergency alarm is switched on and the computer screen displays the real-time
video with the fire indication in red color.MATLAB robotics package has been used to perform path
planning. MATLAB AHP toolbox can be used to calculate available evacuation paths and avoid high-risk
ones based on the information of the properties, people density, and evacuation distance. Figure 3 displays
color segmentation with a five frame difference in the image processing methodology adopted for fire
detection based on MATLAB. Detail comparison of software tools is mentioned in Table 3.

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Input Image
Color
Segmentation
5 Frame
Difference
Output Image
Alarm
Figure 3. MATLAB based image processing for fire detection [31]
Table 3. Comparison of simulation tools used to design smart fire detection and safe evacuation system
Source Software Tool Use cases in Fire safety
[7] Mobix3D To show a 3D view of the exit path
[19] CAD 3D Floor design
[29] FDS To determine the flow of fire
[34] BIM 3D dimensional building visualization
[37] GIS For designing routing service
[31] MATLAB Image processing for fire detection
3.4. Communication technology
Sensors are the end devices that are meant to collect various environmental parameters for early
detection of fire. These sensors are connected in a suitable type of network for smooth communication
among them. Following are the communication technology preferred by researchers:
3.4.1. Zigbee
It is a wireless communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4, used for remote low-power
digital radios and automation. It is used for various applications like monitoring hydrant, fire alarming
system, predicting safe exit path, etc., in fire detection and safe evacuation system. The physical range of
ZigBee wireless communication is about 10 to 20 meters and it varies according to environmental conditions.
Figure 4 displays the flow diagram of a wireless sensor network. It uses small and low powered radio devices
and it consumes less amount of power to transmit and receive data.
Figure 4. Flow diagram of wireless sensor network
3.4.2. RFID
Radio-Frequency Identification tag (RFID) uses radio waves to read and collect tag information
attached to any object. It can detect and read from several feet of distance and it not needs to be within
LoS. In many research works RFID tags are used to find the accurate evacuation path and in some cases, it is
used to know the density of people in a particular region. The RFID-based module used to calculate
the density of individuals in each room and to predict an algorithm-based evacuation path. This RFID reader
receives signals from all tags and decides where each tag is located using a unique number.
3.4.3. Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology used for the exchange of data between fixed and mobile devices
for short-range communication. It's very suitable for IoT-based applications because it's power-efficient and
low cost.It is preferred where distance is not a matter like within a room, communication between sensor
nodes. A detailed comparison is mentioned in Table 4.
Table 4. Comparison of communication technology used in fire detection
Hardware ZigBee RFID Bluetooth WiFi
IEEE Spec. 802.15.4 -- 802.15.1 802.11 a/b/g
Frequency (MHz) 868-868.2 433, 860-960 2402-2482 2400-2500
Range (m) 100+ Upto 100 10 10-100
Power consumption Very Low Varies with frequency Medium High
Data Speed 250 Kbps 640 kbps 1 Mbps 54 Mbps
Network Topology Mesh Point-to-Point Point-to-Point Star
Security
Highly secure 128-bit AES-
based encryption system
Hardware and Protocol Level Protocol Level WPA, WEP, etc.
Sensor
ZigBee
Protocol
Home Sink

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3.5. User interface
When fire accidents happen, people stuck inside the building should be evacuated through a path,
and information ona safe evacuation route needs to be conveyed properly. Following are the available options
for guiding people about safe exit path.
3.5.1. Mobile terminal with app and/or web browser
Withthe rapid evolution in the mobile manufacturing industry, Smartphone is easily available at
a decent price. In general, each person carries his/her own Smartphone. We can develop mobile phone-based
apps and/web app which can alert individuals during an emergency and also guide them by proving safe exit
paths. The mobile-based app can provide a 3D view of the evacuation path using tools such as MobiX3D
viewer. According to some researchers, based on the number of smartphones carrying by peoples in
a geographical area it is also possible to predict the density of people in that area.
3.5.2. Digital signage and audio visualization
Digital signage is placed on the walls of the building, which provides information related to
the environment[39]. During an emergency, these modules receive an emergency signal from the controlling
unit. Along with digital signage, audio signals assist people to exit safely with proper guidance.
4. RESEARCH GAP AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1. Long range communication technology
Connected devices have so far running on traditional protocols like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Cellular
Network, etc. But embedded sensors and other IoT devices have different network requirements like low
power, long-range, etc. The basic architecture of LoRa can be seen in Figure 5. To meet these requirements
one can go for LPWAN, LoRa. LoRa is a Long Range, low power wireless, low data rate communication
protocol built to construct an IoT network [40]40[41]. LoRa uses sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands which
are license-free. It provides long-range transmissions (1-15 km) with low power consumption.
Node1
Node2
Node N
Node1
Node2
Node N
Node1
Node2
Node N
Application area1
Application area 2
Application area N
UG87 LoRaWAN
Gateway
Network server
Application server
3G/4G/Etherent
Bachhaul Connectivity
Figure 5. The architecture of LoRa
4.2. Intelligent digital display
During fire accidents, people caught inside building needs to be evacuated through a safe exit path.
Traditional fire exit paths may lead to the wrong destination as fire spreads in any direction. Hence,
the intelligent digital display needs to be developed which can guide people based on real-time situations.
Figure 6 displays the sign conventions for the intelligent and dynamic LED display for right and left turn
with no and safe entry [42]2, [43].

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Figure 6. Intelligent and dynamic LED display
4.3. Hardware selection & customization
The selection of hardware is a key parameter while designing fire detection and evacuation system.
The parameters like accuracy, quick response, cost, size, robustness, and reliability need to be considered
while selecting hardware [44]. Instead of considering ready boards for the designing system, it is
recommended to develop customized hardware that assists to reduce cost and size. Also, it provides more
scalability for future expansion.
4.4. Density of people
Secure evacuation of people from the building is of utmost importance during a fire emergency.
People density is a key parameter in rescue operation during a fire event and it is partially addressed till
now[45]5[46]. We need to install an effective system that can measure several persons stuck in a fire. Motion
sensors, RFID, IP Based camera, etc, are the solution for measuring people's density.
5. NOVEL ARCHITECTURE FOR FIRE DETECTION AND EVACUATION
Early detection of fire helps to reduce major casualties and saves the life of human beings and
property. In the view of this general architecture of smart fire detection and evacuation system is suggested in
Figure 7. It is constituted by end devices, Controlling unit, Central Controlling Unit, and End-user Interface.
Popular communication technologies such as Bluetooth, wifi, LoRA, etc. are used in the proposed system.
Figure 7. A novel architecture for fire detection and evacuation system

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5.1. End devices
The key component of our system is end devices, which play the role of collecting valuable data.
The collected data like temperature, humidity can be used to decide the fire accident and take further action.
These end devices involve sensors such as temperature sensor, smoke sensor, humidity sensors, actuators
such as sprinkler system for controlling fire, IP based CCTV for finding the flow of fire and detecting
number people inside the building and led display for guiding people to safe exit [47]7[48].
5.2. Controlling unit
These devices are controlling the end devices through Wi-Fi and or Bluetooth. They are capable to
collect data from sensors and cameras and further based on programming it will actuate the sprinkler system
and LED display accordingly. The controlling unit can be of any microcontroller/Microprocessor-based
system such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP8266, etc. It is enabled with a wireless protocol such as
ZigBee [49].
5.3. Central controlling unit
It acts as a mediator between the controlling unit and the end-user application. In this case,
to communicate with end-user such a fire department we need long-range communication technology. LoRa
is a long-range communication technology that contains Long Range communication capability hardware.
5.4. End-user interface
End-user such people inside the building should know the status of fire accidents on their mobile
phones. It is possible through a mobile-based Android app [32]. It is also necessary to inform the authorized
fire department regarding fire accident with live status and location. Mobile or desktop-based applications
will act as a user interface for the evacuee and fire department [50].
6. CONCLUSION
With the rapid growth in technology, the life of human beings is changing enormously as things are
becoming smarter. In the era of modern technology and lifestyle, we should think about human safety and
security in an emergency condition. Fire accident is one of the dangerous events which need to be addressed
effectively with the help smart technology. Because of this, we have surveyed the available methods and
systems for fire detection and evacuation systems. Detail analysis is done according to parameters such as
sensors, hardware platforms, software tools, and user interface for safe exit during an emergency.
We have identified some areas where still improvement is possible, and it can be done with
advanced methods such as (i) LoRa for long-range communication, (ii) customized hardware for more
reliability,(iii) Dynamic display guide, and (iv)people density for safe evacuation are suggested. To overcome
the issues with the existing system we have proposed a novel architecture for smart fire detection and
evacuation. The proposed architecture involves accurate and early sensing of a fire event, IP cameras for
tracing people inside building under fire, LoRa for long communication, Zigbee for inter-node
communication, actuators to enable sprinkler system and effective user interface.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Gajanand S. Birajdaris a Research Scholar at Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.
He has completed his bachelor degree in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering from
SPPU Pune and M. Tech in Embedded Systems from JNTU Hyderabad. His area of interest is
IoT, Embedded Systems, Fire Safety, WSN, etc.
Dr. Rajesh Singhis currently working as a Professor with more than fifteen years of experience
in academics. He has been awarded as a gold medalist in M.Tech and honors in his B.E. His area
of expertise includes embedded systems, robotics, wireless sensor networks, and the Internet of
Things. He has organized and conducted several workshops, summer internships, and expert
lectures for students as well as faculty. He has 27 patents in his account. He has published
around hundred research papers in refereed journals/conferences. Under his mentorship students
have participated in national/international competitions including Texas competition in Delhi
and Laureate award of excellence in robotics engineering in Spain. Twice in the last four years,
he has been awarded a “certificate of appreciation”.
Dr. Anita Gehlothas more than twelve years of experience in academics. She has twenty-four
patents in her account. She has published more than fifty research papers in refereed journals and
conferences. She has organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for
students. She has been awarded a “certificate of appreciation” from the University of Petroleum
and Energy Studies for exemplary work. She has published fifteen books in the area of
Embedded Systems and Internet of Things with reputed publishers like CRC/Taylor & Francis,
Narosa, GBS, IRP, NIPA, River Publishers, Bentham Science, and RI publication. She is an
editor of a special issue published by the AISC book series, Springer with the title “Intelligent
Communication, Control, and Devices-2018”.

 ISSN: 2088-8708
6654
Dr. Amit Kumar Thakur is currently associated with Lovely Professional University as an
Associate Professor with more than seventeen years of experience in academics and research.
His area of expertise includes Renewable energy technologies, Thermal energy, Robotics, and
the Internet of Things. He has organized and conducted several workshops, summer internships,
and expert lectures for students as well as faculty. He has published around Twenty four research
papers in refereed journals/conferences. He is the Life Member of The Indian Society for
Technical Education (ISTE), a faculty member of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE),
life member of The Aeronautical Society of India (AMeASI). He is the editorial board member
and reviewer of various reputed journals. He was the Research sub-coordinator for ADRDE,
DRDO in the project of design and development of the deceleration system for the Space capsule
recovery experiment (SRE). He has five patents to his name. He is the editor of two books, one
from CRC press by Taylor & Francis and one from Nova Science Publishers.

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