Trafﬁc Light Signal Parameters Optimization Using Modiﬁcation of Multielement Genetic Algorithm

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 8, No. 1, February 2018, pp. 246 – 253
ISSN: 2088-8708 246
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
Traffic Light Signal Parameters Optimization Using
Modification of Multielement Genetic Algorithm
I Gede Pasek Suta Wijaya1
, Keeichi Uchimura2
, and Gou Koutaki3
1
Informatics Engineering Dept., Engineering Faculty, Mataram University, Indonesia
2,3
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Dept., Kumamoto University, Japan
Article Info
Article history:
Received: Jun 3, 2017
Revised: Nov 29, 2017
Accepted: Dec 14, 2017
Keyword:
Artificial intelligence
GA
optimization
signal parameters
transportation system
ABSTRACT
A strategy to optimize traffic light signal parameters is presented for solving traffic con-
gestion problem using modification of the Multielement Genetic Algorithm (MEGA). The
aim of this method is to improve the lack of vehicle throughput (FF ) of the works called
as traffic light signal parameters optimization using the MEGA and Particle Swarm Opti-
mization (PSO). In this case, the modification of MEGA is done by adding Hash-Table for
saving some best populations for accelerating the recombination process of MEGA which
is shortly called as H-MEGA. The experimental results show that the H-MEGA based opti-
mization provides better performance than MEGA and PSO based methods (improving the
FF of both MEGA and PSO based optimization methods by about 10.01% (from 82,63%
to 92.64%) and 6.88% (from 85.76% to 92.64%), respectively). In addition, the H-MEGA
improve significantly the real FF of Ooe Toroku road network of Kumamoto City, Japan
about 21.62%.
Copyright c 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Name I Gede Pasek Suta Wijaya
Affiliation Informatics Engineering Dept., Engineering Faculty, Mataram University
Address Jl. Majapahit 62 Mataram, Lombok, INDONESIA
Phone +62-37-636126
Email gpsutawijaya@unram.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
The traffic congestion is big problems which causes many negative effects not only to road users physiological
but also to economic and environmental [1]. Physiologically, the traffic congestion makes the pedestrians and drivers
have to pay a lot of attentions during on the roads. Economically, the traffic jam increases the fuel consumption, which
implies to transportation cost. Environmentally, the traffic jam increases the pollution of vehicle disposal gas such as
CO2 raising the greenhouse effect on the environment.
There are three categories of strategy to optimize traffic signals which are worked based on the level of vehicle
involvement [2]. The first category utilizes legacy devices with no vehicular involvement, which can be to redefine the
signal timing of the junction using certain technique. The second category utilizes vehicles on the road to wirelessly
transmit data about themselves (e.g. location, velocity). It means the signal timing is optimized by considering the
reports of vehicles on the roads. The last category seems costly because it requires sophisticated devices and software
to performing automatically the optimization on-board.
In this research, the first category of traffic light signal parameters optimization is proposed by modifying the
Multielement Genetic Algorithm using Hash-Table which is shortly called as H-MEGA. The H-MEGA is an improve-
ment of previous works called as traffic light signal parameters optimization using the Multielement Genetic Algorithm
(MEGA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [1, 3].
2. RELATED WORKS
Some works for traffic light signal parameters optimizations have been proposed which can be classified to
three approaches: firstly, using artificial intelligence (GA, Fuzzy, Neural Networks) and their variations; secondly,
using statistical such as stochastic[4]; and finally using vehicle involvement [2]. Among them, the approaches using
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Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i1.pp246-253

IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 247
artificial intelligence play important roles for traffic light signal parameters optimizations such as approaches based on
PSO [1], GA [5, 6, 7, 8, 9], fuzzy logic which determine the best signal parameters using fuzzy rule [10, 11]. However,
some of them were not implemented on real road network and had lack of performances.
Traffic light optimization also can be performed by considering vehicular involvement via communication
devices. The Ref. [12] also developed a signal control algorithm that allows for vehicle paths and signal control to be
jointly optimized based on advanced communication technology between approaching vehicles and signal controller.
However, the algorithm assumed that vehicle trajectories could be fully optimized and it was developed assuming a
simple intersection with two single-lane. The Ref. [13] proposed signal setting optimization on urban road transport
networks which worked based on travel demand to congested road transport network. In this case, two interacting pro-
cedures are developed to solve the system of models: (i) an optimization procedure to obtain an optimal configuration
of signal setting parameters and (ii) an assignment procedure, incorporating a path choice model with explicit path
enumeration and a flow propagation model, to capture the effects of signal setting configuration on user path choice be-
havior. The Ref. [14] presented traffic bottleneck identification and optimization. Two main factor traffic bottlenecks
are signal timing at intersections together with static properties of left-turn and straight-through lanes of roads[14].
The ant colony algorithm was proposed to find out optimal coordinated signal timing for a regional network. The
Ref. [15] had proposed an optimization of pedestrian phase patterns and signal timings for isolated intersection which
establishes quantitative criteria for selecting pedestrian phase patterns between the exclusive pedestrian phase (EPP)
and the normal two-way crossing (TWC) with both safety and efficiency factors traded-off in an economic evaluation
framework. The proposed method is able to assist transportation professionals in properly selecting pedestrian phase
patterns at signalized intersections. The Ref. [9] also proposed intersection signal control multi-objective optimization
using GA, which works to obtain a signal control multi-object optimization method to reduce vehicle emissions, fuel
consumption and vehicle delay simultaneously at an intersection. Moreover, the vehicle anti-collision alert system in
FPGA has been developed to decrease the number of road accidents[16] which not only cause injuries, deaths but also
traffic jam. It means the alert system is an device that can be used to drop-off traffic congestion.
In addition, a variation of GA such as optimization using MEGA has been proposed for finding traffic light
signal parameters[3, 7, 17]. That method has been proved to solve traffic congestion in real Ooe Toroku road network,
Kumamoto Shi, Japan. However, it is lack of network throughput (percentage of vehicle flow) and time consuming
on obtaining the optimal traffic light signal parameters on the Aimsun 6.1 for simple road network (see Fig. 3(a)). To
improve MEGA’s performance, particle swarm optimization (PSO) was employed instead of MEGA[1]. However, it
just improved 3.13% of MEGA’s achievement. In addition, it also needed almost the same computational time.
3. THE OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM
The optimization algorithm is based on H-MEGA that is employed to search the optimum offset, cycles, splits
time of four nodes/junctions of Ooe Toroku road network. The Ooe Toroku road network (Fig. 3(b)) is located in
Kumamoto City Japan, at latitude and longitude point 32.81 and 130.72 or in url: https://www.google.com/
maps/@32.8054628,130.7218806,17z. It is one of road network having most traffic congestion in Kumamoto
city. The properties of Ooe Toroku road network including the node/junction, signal model, and signal timing has been
clearly presented by Ref. [1].
3.1. Traffic Light Signal Parameters
Each node/junction has traffic light equipped with signal parameters: offset, cycle, Yellow, all Red, and split
[3, 7]. The offset parameter is the time coordination between traffic light (node) representing the starting of green signal
timing. For instance, the Node 1 and 2 having 0 and 3 seconds offset parameters means that the Node 2 starts the cycle
signal timing at 3 seconds after started the cycle of Node 1. The cycle parameter represents the total time of traffic
light starting from Green and returning to Green. The Yellow and all Red are usually defined constantly representing
the duration of yellow and all red signal of the traffic light. The split that consists of main and sub split means the
Green time percentage of main road and sub road, respectively. In this paper, the optimization algorithm searches the
optimum offset, cycles, and split to get maximum vehicle gone out, minimum vehicle in and wait out, less vehicle stop,
and short delay time of considered real road network.
3.2. Modification of MEGA
There are some variations of genetic algorithm (GA) which were developed to solve specific problems[3, 18,
19]. For instance, the multielement GA (MEGA[3]) was developed to optimize traffic light signal parameters, the
parallel GA[18] was developed for solving the university scheduling problem, and the augmented GA[19] was formed
to utilize feature reduction on data mining. The algorithm of MEGA for finding the best traffic light signal parameters
Traffic Light Signal Parameters Optimization Using Modification ... (I Gede Pasek Suta Wijaya)

248 ISSN: 2088-8708
is given in Fig. 1(a). In MEGA, the populations consist of many chromosomes extracted from the road network traffic
lights. The MEGA, which is also included by elitism, has been proved that it could be used to find good traffic light
signal parameters as presented in Refs. [7, 8, 17].
In this paper, the MEGA and PSO based optimization are improved by modifying the MEGA using Hash-
Table (H-MEGA). This idea comes from the PSO algorithm which was inspired by social behavior of bird flocking
or fish schooling[20]. It means the solution is searched in around current optimum solution. Therefore, a Hash-Table
having key for indexing the n-best populations is added to MEGA. Like PSO, the best solution of MEGA is just
searched in around the Hash-Table by performing the recombination such as selection, crossover and mutation. The
different between MEGA and H-MEGA is presented in Fig. 1. There are some addition processes to improve the
MEGA (Fig. 1(a)) which are shown by light green block (see Fig. 1(b)) as follows:
1. H-MEGA initialization which gives initial value Hash-Table size, number of populations and chromosomes.
2. Putting first n-best fitness to Hash-Table means first n-best populations corresponding to first n best fitness
are appended to Hash-Table for next recombination process. The recombination process involving selection,
crossover, and mutation are performed based on the populations existed in Hash-Table.
3. Deleting the same populations: populations result of recombination that are same as existed populations in Hash-
Table are deleted for decreasing the computation time because they previously have been evaluated.
(a) MEGA (b) H-MEGA
Start
Initialize (ME-GA)
For Gen=0 to N-1 do
Calculate Fitness (Pop [i])
Sorting Fitness 
Crossover
• Selecting Parent Population
• Defining cut-point
• Doing the crossover
Roulette Wheel
For selection
Mutation
• Defining the gen for mutation
• Doing mutation
Gen =
Max?
Gen++
The best
Pop
End
Doing Simulation on
API + AIMSUN6.1
No
Yes
Gen =
Max?
The best Pop
End
No
Yes
DDeelleettee Updated Pop
Initialize Hash and MEGA
Doing Simulation on API +
AIMSUN6.1
For Gen=0 to N-1 do
Calculate Fitness (Pop [i])
SSoorrttiinngg FFiittnneessss 
PPuuttttiinngg ffiirrsstt--nn bbeesstt
Fitness ttoo HHaasshh--TTaabbllee
CCrroossssoovveerr aanndd MMuuttaattiioonn
UUppddaatteedd PPoopp iiss eexxiisstt
iinn HHaasshh--TTaabbllee??
MMaaxx??
YYeess
NNoo GGeenn++++
SSttaarrtt
RRoouulleettttee
WWhheeeell
Figure 1. Flow Chart of MEGA[3] and H-MEGA.
In this case, the fitness formula for performing populations evaluation is given by Fp = exp Vwo
Cwo
+ exp Vin
Cin
+
exp
tD
CtD
. Where the tD is defined as tD = tD
totD
T r
. The constant values (Cwo, Cin, and CtD) are given as follows:
Cwo = 100, Cin=500, and CtD =500. These constant values were chosen to minimize the effect of each variables to
the fitness value. These values have been utilized to evaluate the PSO[1] and MEGA[8], and they could obtain good
solution.
The parameters (vehicle wait out (Vwo), vehicle in (Vin), travel distance (totD
T r), and time delay (tD)) are
taken from simulation outputs. The Vwo means the total vehicles which are waiting to enter into the road network,
Vin means the total vehicles that still exist in the road network, the totD
T r is total travel distance of the vehicles in
simulation, and the tD is defined as the delay time of vehicles in simulation.
3.3. Optimization Process
Optimization process involves Aimsun 6.1 simulator, application interface (API) which is a DLL modul that
is provided by Aimsun 6.1 written in C++, and H-MEGA modules. Aimsun 6.1 simulator is transport modeling soft-
IJECE Vol. 8, No. 1, February 2018: 246 – 253

IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 249
ware which is used to perform the traffic simulation of Ooe Toroku road network. Aimsun 6.1 simulator is developed
and marketed by TSS-Transport Simulation Systems and is widely used by universities, consultants, and government
agencies worldwide for transportation planning, traffic simulation, and emergency evacuation studies[1]. It is em-
ployed to improve road infrastructure, reduce emissions, cut congestion and design urban environments for vehicles
and pedestrians.
The coordination and communication of three modules of optimization process works based on Diagram block
are given in the Fig. 2. The optimization process can be described as follows:
1. The Aimsun 6.1 gives the API initial data for n populations, m-generations, yellow time, all red time, and the
range value of offset, cycles, and split,
2. The API passes the initial data to H-MEGA and orders the H-MEGA performing initialization n-populations of
traffic light signal parameters.
3. Through the API, the n-populations of traffic light signal parameters are saved as output by H-MEGA .
4. The API orders the Aimsun 6.1 performing traffic simulation on road network for all n-populations of traffic
light signal parameters and save the simulation results on the database.
5. After finishing traffic simulation, the API passes results to H-MEGA for performing evaluation and recombina-
tion of all traffic light signal parameters, and finally saving the results as new traffic light signal parameters.
6. Repeat the point 3 to 5 until reaching m-generations.
API
H-
MEGA
AIMSUN
6.1
Simulation
Output
Vgo, Vin,
Vwo, tDist,
& tDelay
Output H-MEGA:
Signal Parameters
Figure 2. Diagram block of coordination and communication among Aimsun 6.1, API, and H-MEGA[1].
4. EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION
In order to know the performance of H-MEGA for obtaining the optimum traffic light signal parameters, some
experiments were carried out using two road networks: simple road network (Fig. 3(a)) and real road network (Fig.
3(b)). The experiments in the simple road network was to find out whether the H-MEGA can deliver optimum traffic
light signal parameters. While the experiments in the real road network was to confirm that the H-MEGA could be used
to find out the best traffic light signal parameters. All experiments used 5 minutes warming up and signal parameters
constraints as follows: firstly, 0 ≤ Offset ≥ 120 and δOffset = 1; secondly, 60 ≤ Cycle ≥ 180 and δCycle = 5;
and thirdly, 10 ≤ Split ≥ 90 and δSplit = 5.
Red Number: Road ID
288
(a) Simple (b) Ooe Toroku
Figure 3. Two road networks for experiments[3, 7, 8, 17]

250 ISSN: 2088-8708
4.1. Experiment on Simple Road Network
Experiments on simple road network were carried out using two network states having vehicle flow (VF)
4800 per hour which its distribution is shown in Table 1. The first network state had straightway and turn left, while
the second network state had straightway and turn right signals[3]. The vehicle turning percentage of each junction
for simple network is 50%. The first experimental results show that the proposed method can find the best traffic
Table 1. Vehicle flow distribution in simple road network model[3, 8].
Road ID* 286 292 298 302 310 312 320 324 Total
VF 800 400 400 800 800 400 400 800 4800
*: Road ID of Fig. 3(a)
Table 2. Throughput of simple road network model.
No Pattern VF Method Vgo Vin Vwo
=VF-
Vgo
Delay
Time
FF(%)
1
The First
Network
State
4800
MEGA 4431 231 299 369 183.80 89.32
PSO 4308 242 427 492 199.15 86.56
H-MEGA 4449 266 256 351 199.94 89.50
2
The Second
Network
State
4800
MEGA 3269 347 1422 1531 470.90 64.89
PSO 3408 421 1183 1392 460.97 68.00
H-MEGA 3509 368 1139 1291 474.45 69.96
Table 3. The effect of nElites to H-MEGA on the second network
states of simple road network.
Pattern Method nElites Vgo Vin Vwo D
Delay
Time
FF(%)
The First
Network
State
H-MEGA
2 4449 266 256 351 199.94 89.50
4 4447 256 258 353 193.53 89.64
6 4467 251 238 333 194.04 90.13
8 4437 254 272 363 200.71 89.40
10 4411 290 258 389 197.07 88.95
light signal parameters for both tested networks state. In addition, the proposed method provided almost similar
performance as two most related methods (MEGA[3, 7, 8] and PSO[1], which is shown by almost similar throughput
(FF ) about 89.50% for the first network state and 69.96% for the second network state (See Table 2). It means that
H-MEGA method is proved that it can be employed to search the best traffic light signal parameters for solving the
traffic congestion on the simple road network
The second simulation was carried out to know the effect of number of best populations on finding the best
traffic light signal parameters on simple road network. In this simulation, the number of best populations (nElites)
saving in Hash-Table was varied from 2 ∼ 10. The simulation results show that the best nElites for H-MEGA to search
the best traffic light signal parameters is six (6) which can provide the highest FF among the others, as shown in Table
3. In addition, this simulation result also shows that H-MEGA provides higher FF compared to that of MEGA and
PSO of previous experiments (see Table 2). It confirms that the H-MEGA can be employed to obtain the best traffic
light signal parameters of simple road network.
Regarding to computational time, the H-MEGA needs much shorter computational time (41.73 minutes) than
that of MEGA and PSO (62.54 and 50.85 minutes, respectively). The computational time is defined as a total time that
is required by Aimsun 6.1, API, and H-MEGA to accomplish the simulation with 40 populations and 50 generations.
Mostly computational time in the simulation is influenced by Aimsun 6.1 which takes the almost 0.671 seconds to
simulate replication of road network for 1 hour vehicles movement in the road network. It means that the H-MEGA
not only improve the traffic light signal parameters but also the computational time of the existing methods. It can be
achieved because the H-MEGA searches optimum traffic light signal parameters in the entire some best populations
saved in Hash-Table and the H-MEGA also does not performance the evaluation on populations which are the same as
those of in the Hash-Table.
4.2. Experiment on Real Ooe Toroku Road Network
Further evaluation of H-MEGA was carried out in real Ooe Toroku road network (see Fig 3(b)). The Ooe
Toroku road network had 5510 vehicles flow (VF) per hour, which were distributed as presented in Table 4. It also had
3708 pedestrian flow per hour that were distributed into four junctions/nodes: 636, 1386, 415, and 860 people for node
1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The turning percentage of VF per hour of each road in Ooe Toroku road network was set
by real data that were obtained from the Oee Toroku site which were manually counted at peaks sessions (8:00 AM to
9:00 AM)[1, 8].
In this simulation, the H-MEGA was compared to the related works: MEGA (base-line)[8] and PSO[1].
The fitness of population evaluation during the simulation show that all methods tend to find best traffic light signal
parameters of real road network, as presented in the Fig. 4. The H-MEGA tends to give better performance in terms FF
than MEGA and PSO, because the fitness of H-MEGA is smaller than that of the others. Factually, by using the best
traffic light signal parameters for Ooe Toroku network obtained by H-MEGA (presented Table 5), the FF of H-MEGA
(92.64%) is much higher than that of MEGA (82.63%) and PSO (85.76%) while the real FF is about 71.02% (see
Table 6). From Table 6, the proposed method can improve significantly the traffic congestion of real Ooe Toroku road
network by about 21.61% of the real FF . While the MEGA and PSO can improve by about 11.60% and 14.74% of

IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 251
the real FF . This simulation results are inline to simple road network achievement. It reconfirms that the H-MEGA
not only can obtain the best traffic light signal parameters for solving the traffic congestion but also can improve the
performances of MEGA and PSO for real Ooe Toroku Road Network.
1
100
10000
1000000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Fittness
Generations
MEGA
PSO
H-MEGA
Figure 4. Fitness of H-MEGA compared to existing methods.
Table 4. The vehicles flow of Ooe Toroku road network[1, 7, 17].
Sheet1
Page 1
Vehicles
Flow/hour of Road ID*
Total297 298 304 307 310 314 316 319
Car 486 586 1594 1122 318 164 432 456 5158
Bus 8 18 24 30 0 0 2 12 94
Truck 24 28 64 64 12 6 30 30 258
*: Road ID of Fig. 3(b)
Table 5. The best traffic light signal parameters of Ooe Toroku
obtained by H-MEGA.
Junctions Offset
(s)
Cycle
(s)
Main
Split (%)
Sub
Split (%)
Node 1 0 135 65 35
Node 2 13 95 45 40
Node 3 86 175 70 30
Node 4 14 70 60 30
The traffic congestion condition of before and after optimization were verified by simulating the Ooe Toroku
road network using the original traffic light signal parameters[1] and the best one (Table 5). The simulation results were
compared in Fig. 5, which show that the real traffic congestions are happen in the 8 roads singed by red roman number
(see Fig. 5(a)).The heavy traffic congestions are happen in road section I, II, III, V, VII and VIII which is indicated
by many vehicles queue symbolized by small blue rectangular. However, when using the best traffic light signal
parameters, the traffic congestions decrease significantly, as shown in Fig. 5(b). In detail, heavy traffic congestions are
just happen in road section I and VI. It is still happen because the vehicles flow from in the section I (Road ID 316
and 317 (Fig. 3(b)), is high enough 432 with road width just 3 meter which mean the road density is overflow. From
this verification, the traffic congestion can be solved by resetting the traffic light signal parameters using appropriate
ones which can be searched by artificial intelligence such GA, PSO, Neural Network, etc. Overall, this verification
supports the previous conclusion that the H-MEGA is alternative solution for searching the optimum traffic light signal
parameters and it also can improve the performances of MEGA[8] and PSO[1].
Table 6. Throughput of H-MEGA on Ooe Toroku road network compared to mostly related works.
No Methods Vehicle VF Vgo Vin Vwo
=VF-
Vgo
Delay
Time
D
Trtot (km) FF(%)
1 Real
Bus 94 81 20 32 13
NA
NA 71.02
Car 5158 3085 1132 1340 2073
Truck 258 159 55 65 99
Pedestrian 3708 3239 34 0 469
Total 9218 6564 1241 1437 2654 NA
2
Base
Line[8]
Bus 94 86 12 5 8
913.99
5790.43 82.63
Car 5158 3784 894 381 1374
Truck 258 254 37 23 4
Pedestrian 3708 3453 162 79 255
Total 9218 7577 1105 488 1641 0.222*
3 PSO[1]
Bus 94 82 7 5 12
1682.42
6089.83 85.76
Car 5158 4052 742 329 1106
Truck 258 273 50 17 -15
Pedestrian 3708 3502 150 13 206
Total 9218 7909 949 364 1309 0.212*
4
H-
MEGA
Bus 94 97 6 0 -3
795.20 6961.81 92.64
Car 5158 4543 528 45 615
Truck 258 294 29 3 -36
Pedestrian 3708 3623 69 0 85
Total 9218 8557 632 48 661 0.093*
Note: * The delay time divided by Vgo
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
The proposed traffic light signal parameters optimization using H-MEGA has been implemented successfully
to find the best traffic light signal parameters, which is shown by higher throughput of both simple and real road

252 ISSN: 2088-8708
(a) Real traffic light signal (b) The best traffic light signal of H-MEGA
Figure 5. Traffic congestion verification of Ooe Toroku road network using Aimsun 6.1 simulator using real and best traffic light
signal parameters.
networks. In detail, the H-MEGA can increase significantly the throughput (FF ) of real Ooe Toroku road network by
about 21.62% (from 71.02% to 92.64%). It means, the H-MEGA is successfully to search the best traffics light signal
parameters of considered junctions that affects the decrease traffic congestion on the Ooe Toroku road network. In
terms of computational time, the proposed method needs much shorter time for accomplishing the simulation among
mostly related methods (MEGA and PSO).
In future, the Aimsun 6.1 simulator will be modeled by Neural Network for decreasing the computational time
of accomplishing the simulation. In addition, the proposed methods will be formulated for finding the best traffic light
signal parameters on complex road network .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to send our great thank to Japan Students Services Organization (JASSO) for funding of my
research in GSST-Kumamoto University.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
I Gede Pasek Suta Wijaya received the B.Eng. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Gadjah
Mada University in 1997, M.Eng. degrees in Computer Informatics System from Gadjah Mada
University in 2001, and Doctor of Engineering degrees in Computer Science from Kumamoto uni-
versity, Japan in 2010. During 1998-1999 he worked in Toyota Astra Motor Company in Indonesia
as Planning Production Control, and from 1999-2000, next, he worked as lecturer assistance in Yo-
gyakarta National Technology College in Indonesia, and since 2000 up today, he has been full time
lecturer and stays in Expert Systems Laboratory in Informatics Engineering Department, Mataram
University, Indonesia. His research interests are pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, and im-
age processing application on computer vision.
Keiichi Uchimura received the B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees from Kumamoto University, Ku-
mamoto, Japan, in 1975 and 1977, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from Tohoku University,
Miyagi, Japan, in 1987. He is currently a Professor with the Graduate School of Science and Tech-
nology, Kumamoto University. He is engaged in research on intelligent transportation systems,
and computer vision. From 1992 to 1993, he was a Visiting Researcher at McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, Canada. His research interests are computer vision and optimization problems in
the Intelligence Transport System.
Gou Koutaki eceived the B.Eng., M.Eng., and Ph.D.degree from Kumamoto University, Ku-
mamoto, Japan, in 2002, 2004, and 2007, respectively. From 2007 to 2010, he was with Production
Engineering Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University. He is engaged in research on
image processing and pattern recognition of the Intelligence Transport System.

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