Agents summary final
- 1. AGENTS SUMMARY VANEEZA ARSHAD IQRA HOORIAN KASHAF MEERAB DIN NOOR UL HUDA
- 2. CONTRIBUTIONS presenters •Vaneeza Arshad •Kashaf •Iqra hoorain Data collectors •Meerab Din •Noor ul huda slides •Iqra hoorian •Noor ul huda • SALMONELLA ---------------------- BACTERIA • HEPATITIS --------------------------- VIRUS • COCCIDIOIDES IMMITUS --------------FUNGI Presentation topic
- 3. HEPATITIS • INTRODUCTION INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER CAN BE SELF LIMITING OR CAN LEAD TO FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS OR LIVER CANCER. HEPATITIS VIRUS ARE THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HEPATITIS. • TYPES HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV
- 4. HAV+HEV Positive single stranded RNA. HEV is a floating virus, not assigned to any family Occupational infection Hepatitis A is a documented hazard in animal handlers. Hepatitis E appears to be less of a risk to personnel than hepatitis A.
- 5. Natural Modes of Infection Most infections with hepatitis A are foodborne and occasionally water-borne. The virus is present in feces during the prodromal phase of the disease and usually disappears once jaundice occurs. Hepatitis E virus causes acute enterically transmitted cases of hepatitis, mostly waterborne. In Asia, epidemics involving thousands of cases have occurred.
- 6. LABORATORY SAFETY AND CONTAINMENT Feces, stool suspensions, and other contaminated materials are the primary hazards to laboratory personnel. Care should be taken to avoid puncture wounds when handling contaminated blood from humans or nonhuman primates. There is no evidence that aerosol exposure results in infection. BSL-2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for the manipulation of hepatitis A and E virus ABSL-2 practices and facilities are recommended for activities using naturally or experimentally RISK GROUP 2
- 7. FIRST AID DISINFECTANT AND PREVENTION Highly contagious Surfaces that are frequently touched should be cleaned and sanitized often by chlorine bleach Toilet Room Surfaces Kitchen Surface Doorknobs Recreation Equipment Light Switch Plate Phones Computer Keyboards Railings High Chairs Tables and Chairs Wheelchairs and Walkers Remote Controls
- 8. CLEANING OF SPILLS AND PROTECTIVE METHODS • Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks and gowns. • Block-off area immediately. • Clean up visible debris using disposable absorbent material (paper towels or other type of disposable cloths) and minimize aerosols. • Disinfect area and objects surrounding the contamination with an appropriate disinfectant • Always wash your hands after handling any contaminated material, trash or waste. • Dispose off the waste in an appropriate way TREATMENT
- 9. SPECIAL ISSUES • STORAGE IN LEAK PROOF CONTAINER • VACCINES AVAILABLE FOR HAV BUT NOT FOR HEV • TRANSFER OF AGENT CDC, USDA IMPORTATION PERMITS ARE REQUIRED A DOC PERMIT MAY ALSO BE REQUIRED FOR THE EXPORT. • HANDLING USE CHEMICALS IN WELL-VENTILATED AREAS. AVOID CONTACT BETWEEN INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS. PREVENT CHEMICAL CONTACT WITH FOOD DURING CLEANING.
- 10. HBV+HCV Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Orthohepadnavirus genus in the family Hepadnaviridae. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepacivirus genus in the family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis D virus (HDV), genus Deltavirus. Modes of infection • Acquired from a carrier during blood transfusion, vaccination, tattooing, or body piercing with inadequately sterilized instruments. • Non-parenteral routes, such as domestic contact and unprotected (heterosexual and homosexual) intercourse, are also major modes of transmission. Risks Individuals who are infected with the HBV are at risk of infection with HDV, a defective RNA virus that requires the presence of HBV virus for replication. Infection with HDV usually exacerbates the symptoms caused by HBV infection.
- 11. Occupational Infections • Hepatitis B, a high-risk group • HCV, spread predominantly by the parenteral route. Lab hazard • HBV may be present in blood and blood products of human origin, in urine, semen, CSF and saliva. • Parenteral inoculation, are the primary laboratory hazards. • The virus may be stable in dried blood for several days. • HCV primarily in blood and serum, less frequently in saliva and rarely in urine or semen.
- 12. Storage • It appears to be relatively unstable to storage at room temperature and repeated freezing and thawing. Lab safety and containment • BSL-2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended . • BSL-3, for activities with aerosol production. • ABSL-2 practices Protective measures • Gloves should be worn • Persons working with HBV, HCV, or other bloodborne pathogens should consult the OSHA
- 13. Spills and disposal method Same as above Vaccine Recombinant vaccines against hepatitis B are available and are highly recommended Vaccines against hepatitis C and D are not yet available
- 14. COCCIDIODES IMMITIS INTRODUCTION ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC FUNGAL PATHOGENS OCCUPATIONAL INFECTION DOCUMENTED HAZARD OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE RISK FROM EXPOSURE TO AEROSOLS IS VERY LOW. ACCIDENTAL PERCUTANEOUS INOCULATION RESULTED IN LOCAL GRANULOMA FORMATION.
- 15. • . Natural modes of infection Single spore larger multicellular spherules (upto 70 micron with no infection) Infections is subclinical, results in life- long protection from exposures
- 16. Pathogenicity and symptoms Incubation period one to three weeks Manifests as a community-acquired pneumonia Along with immunologically mediated fatigue, skin rashes and joint pain. synonyms for coccidioidomycosis is desert rheumatism. Hematogenous dissemination from the lungs to other organs Disseminated infection is likely in persons with cellular immunodeficiencies
- 17. LABORATORY SAFETY AND CONTAINMENT Arthroconidia are conducive to ready Larger size of the spherule less effective Spherules presence Arthroconidia presence Hazards Inhalation of arthroconidia Sources and specimen BSL-2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended BSL-3 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended
- 18. Protective measures • Wash hands after handling biological materials, removing gloves, or before leaving work area. • Never mouth pipette. • Conduct procedures likely to create splashes, sprays, or aerosols within a biological safety cabinet that is certified annually. • Wear a BUTTONED lab coat to protect street clothes. • Wear gloves when hands may contact potentially infectious materials, contaminated surfaces, or equipment. • Be familiar with written instructions for laboratory procedures and proper responses to emergencies. • Decontaminate work surfaces at least daily. Disposal • Decontaminate waste materials before disposal. Spill • Report spills, exposures, illnesses, and injuries immediately.
- 19. First aid/ treatment Anticoccidial Chemicals leading to the death of coccidia. Phytoextract/Plant Extract. Phytocompound/Phytochemicals Disinfection They tested the ability of 10% bleach, 70% ethanol, and Vesphene to inactivate 107 arthroconidia in an aqueous suspension within 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20 minutes of contact time Storage In sealed container with appropriate label Vaccine Multiple production but mostly failed
- 20. RISK GROUP CLASSIFICATION 2/3 SELECT AGENT REQUIRING REGISTRATION WITH CDC AND/OR USDA FOR POSSESSION, USE, STORAGE AND/OR TRANSFER TRANSFER OF AGENT DOMESTIC TRANSPORT OF THIS AGENT MAY REQUIRE A PERMIT FROM USDA/APHIS/VS. TRANSPORT MATERIALS OUTSIDE OF THE LABORATORY USING SECONDARY CONTAINMENT AND A CART. AVOID PUBLIC AREAS DURING TRANSPORT. TRANSFER MATERIALS TO AND FROM THE VANDERBILT CAMPUS ACCORDING TO FEDERAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS.
- 21. SALMONELLA • INTRODUCTION • SALMONELLAE ARE GRAM-NEGATIVE ENTERIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH DIARRHEAL ILLNESS IN HUMANS. • THEY ARE MOTILE OXIDASE-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS THAT ARE EASILY CULTIVATED ON STANDARD BACTERIOLOGIC MEDIA, ALTHOUGH ENRICHMENT AND SELECTIVE MEDIA MAY BE REQUIRED FOR ISOLATION. • SPECIES SALMONELLA ENTERICA SALMONELLA BONGORI
- 22. OCCUPATIONAL INFECTIONS SALMONELLOSIS IS A DOCUMENTED HAZARD TO LABORATORY PERSONNEL. PRIMARY RESERVOIR HOSTS SYMPTOMS
- 23. Natural mode of infection • transferred to humans through raw or undercooked infected food including meat and eggs. • In poultry from bird to bird, most commonly through their droppings. • it causes typhi fever and is common is countries where hygiene is poor and water can be contaminated with sewage. LABORATORY SAFETY AND CONTAINMENTS • Ingestion or parental inoculation are primary lab hazards • Naturally or experimentally infected animals are a potential source of infection for laboratory • BSL 2
- 24. PROTECTIVE MEASURE • CARE IN MANIPULATING FAUCET HANDLES TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION OF CLEANED HANDS OR THE USE OF SINKS EQUIPPED WITH REMOTE WATER CONTROL DEVICES, SUCH AS FOOT PEDALS, IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED.
- 25. Risk group 2 Treatment • Anti-diarrhels. Medications such as loperamide (Imodium A-D) • Antibiotics. Disinfectant • Clorox Disinfecting Spray • Lysol Disinfecting Spray • Dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride • Safeway Orange Spray etc Disposal • Biohazard bin
- 26. SPECIAL ISSUES • VACCINES • SELECT AGENT • TRANSFER OF AGENT • IMPORTATION OF THIS AGENT MAY REQUIRE CDC AND/OR USDA IMPORTATION PERMITS.