How to design, code, deploy and execute a smart contract

Instructor Introduction
• Joseph Holbrook
• Consulting Blockchain Solutions Architect/Trainer/Speaker out of Jacksonville, FL
• Certified Blockchain Solutions Architect (CBSA)
• Certified Blockchain Expert (CBE)
• Certified Bitcoin Professional (CBP)
• Certified Blockchain Developer Hyperledger (CBDH)
• Certified Corda Developer
• Certified Google Cloud Platform Cloud Architect
• Certified AWS Solutions Architect
• Brocade Distinguished Architect (BDA) 2013
• EMC Proven Professional – Expert – Cloud (EMCCE)
• Published Course Author on Pearson Safari, Udemy, Linkedin Learning
• Author “Architecting Enterprise Blockchain Solutions” – Wiley July 2019
• Prior US Navy Veteran

Webinar Objectives
By the end of this webinar you should be able to understand
 The concepts, use cases and basics of smart contracts
 How Blockchain and smart contracts work and developer success
 How smart contracts work on both the Ethereum and Hyperledger platforms from a
practical level
 The constructs of smart contract, common coding requirements and demos
 What are the most in demand Blockchain Certifications?
 How do these certification meet the needs of todays Enterprises?
 What about Blockchain Career Demand?

The concepts, use cases and basics of smart contracts

Smart Contracts
 The concepts, use cases and basics
of smart contracts are generally the
same for all blockchain platforms.
Before we get into details lets
discuss what a smart contract is.

Smart Contracts
 Smart contract is a term used to describe computer program code that is
capable of facilitating, executing, and enforcing the negotiation or performance
of an agreement using Blockchain technology. (Contract)
 The entire process is automated can act as a complement, or substitute, for legal
contracts.
 Terms of the smart contract are recorded in a computer language as a set of
instructions

Smart Contracts
 Smart contracts are becoming a central capability of blockchain platforms, where
rules can be embedded into the blockchain through code.
From a context of Blockchain, smart contracts are:
 Computer program, run autonomously
 Stored and replicated on a distributed storage platform ,
 Executed/run by a network of computers
 Can result in ledger updates (e.g. transaction data)

Smart Contracts
• Contract made
• Individuals involved are anonymous
(Permissionless)
• Contract is deployed on the
blockchain
• When triggered (event)/
received, contract executes
• Contract performs agreed
action
• Contract code is
publicly available
• Compliance

Smart Contracts Provide
 Autonomy
 Trust
 Backup
 Safety
 Speed
 Savings
 Accuracy
Dilbert Cartoon - Scott Adams

Comparing Smart Contracts

Smart Contracts Define?
 Smart contracts define the rules and penalties
around an agreement in the same way that a
traditional contract does
 Automatically enforce those obligations.
 Several smart contracts can make up a dapp
generally

DaPPS
 Dapps are “decentralized applications” -
These applications run on a P2P network
of computers, instead of a one computer.
 One or more Smart contracts.

DaPPS Define?
 Open-source
 Data & the records of operation of application to be cryptographically stored on
ledger
 Uses cryptographic token
 Generate tokens
 Decentralized P2P Network
 Access with Mist Browser

Transactions
 'Transaction’ in Ethereum - Signed data package that contains a message to
be sent from an externally owned account to another account on the
Ethereum blockchain
 The state of all accounts is the state of the Ethereum network
 State of the network is updated with every block

Developer Success

Developer Success
Common Development Languages
• Python
• Golang
• Javascript
• Solidity

Developer Success
Common Development roles:
• Enterprise Skills (Networking, Security)
• Agile, DevOps, Angular, Spring Development Skills
• Compliance, Legal, and Regulatory experience
• Open Source Interopability
• APIs, Node.Js, Solidity, C++, Go, Python, Java, etc.

How Blockchain and smart contracts work

Smart Contracts Development
 Solidity is the language to code Ethereum smart contracts
 The syntax is very similar to JavaScript
 It's designed with the Ethereum Virtual Machine in mind
 An ever growing language in use
 Latest version is 0.4.25 as of 1st July 2018

Smart Contracts Development
Solidity contracts are much like classes in object-oriented programming languages such as Java
 Every contract contains declarations of elements such as
 Functions: Blocks of code that are executed when called
 Function modifiers
 State variables: State variables are values, permanently stored in the contract’s storage
 Struct, enum and other data types,
 Events as needed for its purpose
 Contracts in Solidity can inherit elements from other contracts

Solidity has four types of visibilities for both functions and variables:
 Public: Can be called internally or through messages
 Private: Only available to the current contract and not derived contracts
 Internal: Can only be accessed internally (current contract or derived)
 External: Can be called from other contracts and transactions. They cannot be
 Called internally, except with "this.functionName()"

Ethereum Variables and Types
Int Integers, or number values including negative value
Uint (unsigned) Integers, or number values
Address A 20 bytes value, which is meant to store an Ethereum address
Bytes1 - Bytes32 A fixed-size byte array
Bytes A dynamically-sized byte array
String A dynamically signed string (Strings are costworthy on the Ethereum
blockchain, and when possible, you should actually use type of bytes)
Enum A custom types with finite value sets
E.g. enum contractState { Created, Locked, Inactive}
Mapping Hash tables with key types and value types (examples in following slides)
Struct Structs allow you to define new types

Smart Contracts Functions
Types of functions which are required in a smart contract:
 Constructor Function - The function which is called only once, when you deploy the
smart contract. For example it can be used to receive the initial Ether sent to it, at the
time of deployment.
 Fallback Function - The function without a name (literally no name, defined as function
(){ code... }) which is invoked when someone sends Ether to the address of your smart
contract. In the lack of this function, Ether sent to the smart contract will be rejected.

Ethereum Events
Events in Solidity are a
convenience interface for EVM
logging facilities.
This makes them excellent for
keeping track of what is
happening with a contract
Event Example
event Student( // creating event
string name,
uint age
);
function setStudent(string _fName,
uint _age) public {
fName = _fName;
age = _age;
Student(_fName, _age); // Trigger
event
}

New Ethereum Language
 Vyper is a general-purpose, experimental programming language that compiles down
to EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) bytecode, as does Solidity
 Vyper is designed to massively simplify to create easier-to-understand Smart
 Contracts that are more transparent for all parties involved
 Vyper looks logically similar to Solidity, and syntactically similar to Python
 Vyper is still in v0.1.0-beta.1 as of June 2018
 https://blockgeeks.com/guides/understanding-vyper/98

Metamask
Working with a web wallet – Metamask
1. Installing MetaMask – (Chrome Plug-in)
2. Creating new Wallet – Store mnemonic or seed safely
3. Switching between different accounts
4. Changing to different environments
5. Sending Ether – Explore about transaction confirmation
6. Funding your wallet – Test faucet
7. Learn about ERC20 token in Metamask

View in Etherscan

Ethereum TestNets
To practice development Ethereum has some test networks.
These generally use the latest stable Ethereum code base.
• Rinkeby
• Kovan
• Ropsten
An you can use localhost or a custom RPC

Remix is a browser-based IDE built by the Ethereum development team
• Open source tool to write Solidity contracts straight from the browser
• Written in Javascript, Remix supports both usage in the browser or locally
• Remix also supports testing and deploying of smart contracts
• Simply visit the online version at http://remix.ethereum.org
• Remix documentation: https://remix.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
• Remix alpha - version where new Remix features are release for testing

Smart Contracts Review
 Smart contracts provide security that is better to traditional contracts.
 Cut transactional costs associated with traditional contracting.
 Smart contracts on Ethereum network run on something called Ethereum
Virtual Machine (EVM)
 The Decentralized Applications (ĐApps) running on the Ethereum network are
basically complex Smart Contracts.

How smart contracts work on both the Ethereum and
Hyperledger platforms from a practical level

How smart contracts work on both the Ethereum and Hyperledger
platforms from a practical level
Smart Contracts Enforcement
 Basics of Ethereum states that all modifications to a contract's data must be
performed by its code.
 Modification of a contract's data requires a blockchain user to send requests to
its code. This process kickoff determines whether and how to fulfill those
requests.
 A traditional database uses an “enforced stored procedure”.
 Think of this approach as “pre defined rules”

Smart Contracts Legal Enforcement
 Smart Contracts may not be legally
enforceable. Especially across borders.
 Could be used as evidence
 Think of a vending machine where you
put in the required funds to get the
drinks or food…

Smart Contracts Functions
 Constructor Function

Hyperledger Smart Contracts
 Smart Contracts = Chaincode in Hyperledger - A smart contract is code –
invoked by a client application external to the blockchain network – that
manages access and modifications to a set of key-value pairs in the World State
 Chaincode services are secured and lightweight.
 The environment is a “locked down” and is a secured container with a set of
signed base images which contains secure OS and Chaincode language,
runtime and SDK images for Golang, Java, and Node.js

Hyperledger Smart Contracts
 Every Chaincode implements the Chaincode interface in particular, Init and
Invoke functions.
 Init - is called during Instantiate transaction after the chaincode container has
been established for the first time, allowing the chaincode to initialize its
internal data.
 Invoke - is called to update or query the ledger in a proposal transaction.
Updated state variables are not committed to the ledger until the transaction is
committed

The constructs of smart contract, common coding requirements
and demos

The constructs of smart contract, common coding requirements and
demos
Chaincode in Hyperledger
 Getting started- Writing chaincode you
will want to make sure that you have
the Go programming language installed
and correctly configured.
 Make sure that a directory is created for
your chaincode application as a child
// Extract the function and args from the transaction
proposal
fn, args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters()
var result string
var err error
if fn == "set" {
result, err = set(stub, args)
} else {
result, err = get(stub, args)
}
if err != nil {
return shim.Error(err.Error())
}
// Return the result as success payload
return shim.Success([]byte(result))
}

demos
 We can then implement the init
function. Init is called during chaincode
instantiation, and it will initialize any
data.
Chaincode:
// Init is called during chaincode
instantiation to initialize any data.
func (t *SimpleAsset) Init(stub
shim.ChaincodeStubInterface)
peer.Response
{
}

demos
 Now our example chaincode application
implements two functions that can be
invoked via the invoke function.
// Set stores the asset (both key and value) on the
ledger. If the key exists,
// it will override the value with the new one
func set(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args
[]string) (string, error) {
if len(args) != 2 {
return "", fmt.Errorf("Incorrect arguments. Expecting a
key and a value")
}
err := stub.PutState(args[0], []byte(args[1]))
if err != nil {
return "", fmt.Errorf("Failed to set asset: %s", args[0])
}
return args[1], nil
}

What are the most in demand Blockchain Certifications?

Certified Blockchain Solutions Architect (CBSA)
• The Certified Blockchain Solution Architect (CBSA) exam is an elite
way to demonstrate your knowledge and skills in the Blockchain
arena.
• You will become a member of a community of Blockchain leaders.
• https://blockchaintrainingalliance.com/products/cbsa

Certified Blockchain Solutions Architect (CBSA)
• Discount Code – Save 30% - JH30QS
• https://blockchaintrainingalliance.com/products/cbsa

Certified Blockchain Professional (CBCP)
• The Certified Blockchain Professional (CBCP) certification is designed
for professionals currently working in blockchain, Bitcoin and
cryptocurrency roles, or those who wish to understand and work
with these technologies, level up their professional skills and certify
their level of competency and expertise.
• https://blockchaininstituteoftechnology.com/certifications/certified-
blockchain-professional/

IBM Blockchain Essentials
• This badge earner has developed an understanding of Blockchain principles
and practices and how they can be applied within a business environment.
They have an understanding of Blockchain and distributed ledger systems, the
important concepts and key use cases of Blockchain and how assets can be
transferred in a Blockchain network. https://www-
03.ibm.com/services/learning/ites.wss/zz-
en?pageType=badges&id=00aa7abf-f310-47c3-96a3-26eedb323b56

How do these certification meet the needs of todays Enterprises?

How do these certification meet the needs of todays Enterprises?
Enterprises are constantly challenged for blockchain skills.
Enterprises require employees that have at least a base knowledge
in blockchain.
• Certifications from Blockchain Training Alliance(BTA), Blockchain
Institute of Technology(BIT) and IBM provide most current
content and certifications.
• Developed by experts in the field.
• Enterprise focused Certifications.

What about Blockchain Career Demand?

Blockchain Careers
Blockchain Careers
• Blockchain Developer
• Blockchain Architect
• Software Developers (PHP, Solidity, Python, etc.)
• Solutions Architect
• Sales Engineer
• Blockchain Analyst

Blockchain Careers
Blockchain Careers
Demand in Blockchain expertise:
• Demand is growing for developers and architects
• Pre-sales and Post-sales experience desired
• Multiple stages of Blockchain adoption drive demand
• Industries such as finance, retail, supply chain, and healthcare

Blockchain Careers
Blockchain Careers
• LinkedIn has over 4100 roles listed in the US and over 1406 in the United Kingdom
• Cryptojobslist has over 60 roles listed worldwide.
• Demand is growing and now is a great time to learn more about the blockchain.

Blockchain Courses on Quickstart
Blockchain Course on Quickstart

• Enterprise Blockchain Bootcamp
• https://www.quickstart.com/enterprise-blockchain-bootcamp-for-solutions-
engineers.html

Blockchain Course on Quickstart
Coming Soon to the Quickstart Platform
• Intro to Blockchain Technology – March 2019
• Blockchain Architecture Fundamentals – March 2019
• Hyperledger Fabric Crash Course - March 2019
• Certified Blockchain Solutions Architect March 2019
• R3 Corda Blockchain Basics – April 2019
• Smart Contract Programming – April 2019

Thank you
• Questions
• Thank you

Blockchain Fundamentals
BONUS MATERIALS
What is a Blockchain

What exactly is Blockchain technology?

What Exactly is Blockchain Technology
What is a Blockchain?
• A cryptographically secure, shared, distributed ledger.
• Immutable transactions are written on this distributed ledger on distributed nodes
• Transformational technology in which business and government invest in.
• It’s a decentralized database which stores information in the form of transactions.

A Blockchain essentially is a record of transactions similar
to a traditional ledger. These transactions can be recorded
for anything and not just financial
• Blockchain is NOT Bitcoin
• Blockchain is NOT just about Cryptocurrency
• Blockchain is to Bitcoin, what the internet is to email

A distributed ledger is a database that is stored and updated
independently by each or node in the blockchain.
• The decentralized and distributed nature is what makes it
unique.
• In blockchain they are immutable
• Every single node on the network processes every
transaction that occurs.

What is a Cryptocurrency?
• Digital currencies are secured using cryptography and
combining that with their role as a currency.
• Are mined. Not printed.
• Considered digital gold, silver..
• Bitcoin is the most widely known and has the largest
market cap.

Lets Discuss Bitcoin Briefly
• Bitcoin(BTC) was created by a discrete creator
named Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. To this day no
one knows who he or she is.
• Bitcoin now has a fork called Bitcoin Cash.
• Bitcoin is known as “crypto gold”

Blockchain is evolving
• Bitcoin was released in Jan 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto
• Blockchain technology then enabled cryptocurrencies, inspired by distributed ledgers,
asymmetric encryption and Merkle trees technologies
• Altcoins for specific use cases = Dogecoin, Ethereum, etc (2011-2017)
• Enterprises explore potential benefits of the technology (Hyperledger, Corda and
Quorum)

Built from these technologies.
• P2P Networks
• Private Key Encryption
• Programs

Digital Identity is established
• Combining a public and private key creates a
strong digital identity reference based on
possession.
• Private Key
• Public Key

Blockchain is revolutionary in several ways
• Blockchain is not new technology but a synching of
technologies that now make sense.
• Trust is at the center and essentially removes
intermediaries. (efficiency)
• Tamperproof public ledger of value.
• Disruptive to the status quo. Legacy is out
• Platform with numerous use cases

Transactions in Blockchain
• In a Blockchain for a transaction to be considered valid, it will be processed by a
validation process known as blockchain mining.
• Mining is when a group of nodes use their computing resources to create a block of
valid transactions.

Smart Contracts
Smart Contract is a term to describe computer program code that is capable of facilitating,
executing, and enforcing the negotiation or performance of an agreement using Blockchain
technology. (Contract)
• The entire process is automated and can act as a complement or substitute for legal
contracts.
• Terms of the smart contract are recorded in a computer language as a set of instructions.

Smart Contracts
Smart Contracts
• Smart contracts define the rules and penalties
around an agreement in the same way that a
traditional contract does
• Automatically enforce those obligations
• Several smart contracts can make up a dApp
generally

Why are companies are embracing Blockchain technologies?

Blockchain and Change
• Enterprises require innovation
• Enterprises require efficiencies
• Enterprises must adapt or fail
• Provides new market opportunities
• Adapt to ever changing business needs
• Meet Compliance demands

• Some Blockchain Humor

• In PwC’s 2018 survey of 600 executives from 15
territories, 84% say their organizations have at least
some involvement with blockchain technology.
https://www.pwc.com/blockchainsurvey

• The business value-add of blockchain will grow to
slightly more than $176 billion by 2025, and then it will
exceed $3.1 trillion by 2030.
• https://www.gartner.com/doc/3627117/forecast-
blockchain-business-value-worldwide

Overview of major Enterprise Blockchains

Enterprise Blockchains
Lets Discuss the most common smart contract enterprise blockchains

Ethereum
• Most widely used Open Source Blockchain-based distributed
computing application platform
• Mainly used for building & implementing smart contracts
functionality
• It offers a Decentralized Virtual Machine aka Ethereum Virtual
Machine (EVM)
• Initiated by Vitalik Buterin in 2013
• Ethereum's live Blockchain was launched on 30 July 2015

Ethereum
• Ether is the native token of the Ethereum blockchain which is used
to pay for transaction fees, miner rewards, and other services on
the network.
• Ethereum is an open software platform based on blockchain
technology that enables developers to write smart contracts and
build and deploy decentralized applications.

Hyperledger
• Hyperledger is an open source project that came out
of the Linux Foundation and was created in order to
help advance cross-industry blockchain technologies.
• It is essentially a global open source collaboration
involving leaders from numerous industries.

Hyperledger Blockchains
The Framework Module includes
• Hyperledger Indy
• Hyperledger Fabric
• Hyperledger Iroha
• Hyperledger Sawtooth
• Hyperledger Burrow

R3 Corda
• R3 is an enterprise blockchain software firm working with a broad
ecosystem of more than 200 members and partners across multiple
industries from both the private and public sectors to develop on
Corda, our open-source blockchain platform, and Corda Enterprise, a
commercial version for enterprise usage.
• Corda removes costly friction in business transactions by enabling
institutions to transact directly using smart contracts, while ensuring
the highest levels of privacy and security.

R3 Corda
• R3 Corda aka “Corda” and was developed in 2016
• Corda was first built to record, manage and automate
financial agreements.
• Corda was developed specifically for banks with some
limited use cases outside of that area.

Quorum
• Quorum is ideal for any application requiring high speed and high
throughput processing of private transactions within
a permissioned group of known participants.
• Quorum addresses specific challenges to blockchain technology
adoption within the financial industry, and beyond.
• Quorum was built on the Ethereum Platform and sponsored by
JPMorgan Chase

Quorum
• Quorum is an Ethereum side chain
• Quorum has benefits over Ethereum
such as Privacy and Consensus Choices.
• Quorum supports two distinct Consensus
Algos RAFT and IBFT

Transactions Per Second (TPS)

Lets Compare

How to design, code, deploy and execute a smart contract

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Editor's Notes