Optimizing the performance of nano additions for cement concrete in the long run

Prof.Mainak Ghosal
–PRESENTER
&
Prof.Arun Kr. Chakraborty
Dep’t of Civil Engineering,IIEST,Shibpur,India.
(Formerly Bengal Engineering & Science University)
9-10th September,2016

A nos. of Photos & Slides have been
taken from Internet
------- Rights Acknowledged : AUTHOR

 Has written over 100 Technical Reports
 Has Authored over 18 Technical Papers
 Formerly Assistant Engineer,PHED,Gov. of W.B
 Adjunct Professor,JIS College of Engineering
 Consultant/Registered Valuer,CBDT,G.O.I
 Research Scholar, Dep't of Civil Engg.,IIEST,Shibpur
 Is a Life Member of –
* Indian Science Congress
* Institution of Engineers[I]
* Indian Concrete Institute
* Indian Association of Structural Engineers
* Institution of Valuers
* Consulting Engineers Association of India
& Several other Organizations……

“The construction industry was the only industry to
identify nanotechnology as a promising emerging
technology in the UK Delphi Survey in the early
1990s… However, construction has lagged behind
other industrial sectors, such as automotive, chemicals,
electronics and biotech sectors...............
“Application of Nanotechnology in Construction”, Materials and
Structures, 37, 649 (2004), Springer.

 By 2030 India’s Population is expected to cross
1.5 billion mark - surpass China in terms of
Population….means a 800 million square
meters of residential & commercial space
needs to be built annually up to 2030
 Death in every minute due to Water
Scarcity/related disease…. Concrete is next to
Water in Consumption Demand

Optimizing the performance of nano additions for cement concrete in the long run

ATOMS (paramánavah) are :-1 particle thrown
off by the wheel of a chariot(Book
II,ChapterXX).

Nanotechnology is the
manipulation of matter
on an atomic, molecular
&
supramolecular scale

 The ISO defines :
Nanoscale (or nano[10-9] range):
Size from 1 nm to 100 nm

Admixtures/
Nanomaterials
Nano-Additions

TEM Image of
Dispersed CNTs in Cement

HOW
NANO-TECHNOLOGY
AFFECTS/EFFECTS
CEMENT CONCRETE
BEHAVIOUR
???
1.FRESH PROPERTIES
2.HARDENED PROPERTIES

Normal
Cement
Concrete
Nano-
Cement
Concrete
WORKABILITY

NORMAL CEMENT
CONCRETE
NANO CEMENT
CONCRETE

NORMAL CEMENT
CONCRETE BEHAVIOUR
NANO CEMENT
CONCRETE BEHAVIOUR

Nano Technology
MYTH
OR
REALITY

 Improves the materials’ bulk properties.
 To obtain thinner final elements(more Floor
Space) and quicker setting time.
 Brings down Weight & Cost Effective.
 Allows For Rationalization Of Design.
 Lowered levels of environmental contamination.
 Improved Carbon Ratings.
 Added Nucleation products[C-S-H]

 Nano-Silica(nS)
 Carbon Nanotubes(CNT)
 Nano-Titanium Oxides(n-TiO2)

 It is the first nano-product that replaced micro-
silica
 No Admixtures/Plasticizers required
 Study of concrete at nanoscale have proved
nano-silica much better than micro silica used
in conventional concrete

Sample
(Nano -
Silica)
% Content(Lit.) Specific
Gravity(Lab.)
% Content(Lab.) Specific Gravity(Lit.)
XLP 14-16% 1.12 21.4% 1.08-1.11
XTX 30-32% 1.16 40.74% 1.20-1.22
XFXLa 40-43% 1.24 41.935% 1.30-1.32

o Carbon Nano Tubes(CNTs) are molecular
tubes of graphitic Carbon with excellent
properties.
o They can be several millimeters in length &
can have one “layer” or wall (Single walled
nano tubes) or more than one wall (Multi walled
nano tubes)

 Excellent MECHANICAL Properties[Stronger than
Steel, Lighter than Aluminum, Elastic like Plastic]
 Has ELECTRICAL [Electric Conductivity]Properties
 Has THERMAL[Fire Resisting Properties]
 Have smaller diameters.
 Are the stiffest & strongest fibers
 Highly Flexible

Item Description
Diameter 20-40nm
Length 25-45nm
Purity 80-85%(a/c Raman Spectrometer & SEM analysis)
Amorphous Carbon 5-8%
Residue(Calcination in Air) 5-6% by Wt.
Average interlayer distance 0.34nm
Specific surface area 90-220 m2/g
Bulk density 0.07-0.32gm/cc
Real density 1-8 gm/cc
Volume Resistivity 0.1-0.15 ohm.cm(measured at pressure in powder)

 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

 Most Widely Used Construction Material
 TiO2 is Manufactured from Kerala’s Beach
Sand by Kerala Metals & Minerals Ltd

 Have excellent Self-Cleansing Properties
 Results in the Improvement of the Compressive
strength of Paste, Mortar and Concrete under
adverse conditions
 cvc
Conventional
Glass
Self-Cleaning
Glass

Nano Titanium Oxide % 97
Rutile content % 98
pH 7
Average particle size (TEM) 30-40 nm
Treatment Nil
Moisture % 1.75-2
Bulk Density 0.31gm/cc
Water Solubility In-soluble

 PROTECTIVE SHIELDING APPLICATIONS

SCOPE OF WORK:-
The AIM is to Investigate the
INFLUENCES of Nano-
Additions on Ordinary Cement
& Standard Concrete
Testing of Nano-materials (nS,
CNT & n-TiO2) for7, 28,90,180 &
365 days compressive strength
for OPC Mortar at OPTIMIZED
additions & repeat the same for
Concrete

EXPERIMENTAL
PROGRAMME:-
Mechanical Tests are
done for Nano
Additions in
Mortar/Concrete
samples using OPC for
diff. %s of Nano
Materials
Materials
Cement-OPC
Water
Drinking/Tap
water
Chemical
Admixture
Superpasticizer
( Poly Carboxylate
Ether)
*NANO SILICA,CARBON
NANO-TUBES &
TITANIUM OXIDE
Fine/Coarse
Aggregate
Natural River
Sand,10mm,20mm

Testing the
Compressive
Strength of
Cement Mortar
after 7,
28,90,180 & 365
days ordinary
curing in
TESTING M/C
(I) Testing
of addition
of nS,CNT
&TiO2 in
OPC
Mortar cubes
filled with
Cement : Sand =
1: 3 with Water
& nano additions

Testing the
Compressive/Flexure
/Split Strength of
Concrete @28 days
ordinary curing in
TESTING M/C
(II) Testing
of addition
of nS &
CNT in
Concrete
Casting as per Mix
Design [IS:10262]
for M40
Concrete.w/c=0.4

CNTs/TiO2 exist in Entangled Mass like
form -- like COTTON FIBRES
So Dispersion Agent is needed to
ACTIVATE -Poly Carboxylate
Ether(PCE) was used

% Nano
additions in
OPCement
1 Day Strength
(% incr.)
3 Days Strength
(% incr.)
7 Days Strength
(% incr.)
28 Days
Strength
(% incr.)
0% nS
19.59 Mpa
(--)
23.72 Mpa
(--)
21.08 MPa
(--)
31.89MPa
(--)
0.5% nS
16.28 Mpa
(-16.89%)
27.16 Mpa
(14.50%)
23.85MPa
(13.14%)
35.1MPa
(11.35%)
0.75% nS
16.83 Mpa
(-14.08%)
30.10 Mpa
(26.89%)
27.73MPa
(31.54%)
42.27MPa
(32.55%)
1.0% nS
18.36 Mpa
(-6.27%)
19.38 Mpa
(-18.29%)
25.07MPa
(18.93%)
37.36MPa
(17.15%)
1.25% nS
20.16 Mpa
(2.91%)
27.54 Mpa
(16.10%)
23.17MPa
(9.91%)
30.85MPa
(-3.26%)
1.50% nS 20.69 Mpa
(5.62%)
23.35 Mpa
(-1.56%)
23.81MPa
(12.95%)
37.79MPa
(18.50%)

% Nano additions
in OPCement
28 Days Strength
(% incr.)
90 Days Strength
(% incr.)
180 Days Strength
(% incr.)
365 Days Strength
(% incr.)
0% nS
31.89MPa
(--)
31.20MPa
(--)
30.01MPa
(--)
30.01MPa
(---)
0.5% nS
35.1MPa
(11.35%)
41.30MPa
(32.37%)
27.47MPa
(-9.24%)
26.76MPa
(-4.29%)
0.75% nS
42.27MPa
(32.55%)
49.85MPa
(59.78%)
32.52MPa
(8.36%)
31.5MPa
(4.96%)
1.0% nS
37.36MPa
(17.15%)
42.98MPa
(37.76%)
33.68MPa
(12.23%)
32.41MPa
(8.0%)
1.25% nS
30.85MPa
(-3.26%)
39.45MPa
(26.44%)
35.24MPa
(17.43%)
31.3MPa
(4.29%)
1.50% nS 37.79MPa
(18.50%)
33.42MPa
(7.12%)
31.23MPa
(4.07%)
29.12MPa
(-2.96%)

% Nano
additions in
OPCement
7 Days
Compressiv
e Str
(% incr.)
28 Days
Compressive
Str
(% incr.)
90 Days
Compressive
Str
(% incr.)
180 Days
Compressive
Str
(% incr.)
365 Days
Strength
(% incr.)
0%
CNT/TiO2
21.08MPa
(--)
31.89MPa
(--)
31.20MPa
(--)
30.01MPa
(--)
30.01MPa
(--)
0.02%CNT 17.69MPa
(-16.08%)
43.75MPa
(37.19%)
35.59MPa
(14.07%)
30.89MPa
(0%)
28.53MPa
(-4.93%)
0.05%CNT
27.19MPa
(28.98%)
34.88MPa
(9.37%)
31.85MPa
(2.08%)
38.55MPa
(3%)
41.69MPa
(38.92%)
0.1%CNT 21.69MPa
(2.89%)
24.83MPa
(-22.14%)
31.50MPa
(0.96%)
30.16MPa
(0%)
50.78MPa
(69.21%)
1%TiO2
25.24MPa
(19.73%)
36.71MPa
(12.59%)
35.92MPa
(15.13%)
33.42MPa
(11.36%)
41.16MPa
(37.15%)
2.5%TiO2
20.34MPa
(-3.51%)
34.97MPa
(9.58%)
37.80MPa
(21.15%)
40.95MPa
(36.45%)
28.16MPa
(-6.16%)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7 Day 28 Day 90 Day 180 Day 365 Day
CompressiveStrength,N/mm2
Strength at various Ages of Nano Silica added OPC Mortar
0% nS/CNT/TiO2
0.5% nS
0.75% nS
1% nS
1.25% nS
1.5% nS

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Strength at various Ages of Carbon Nano Tubes added OPC Mortar
0% nS/CNT/TiO2
0.02% CNT
0.05% CNT
0.1% CNT

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Strength at various Ages of Nano TiO2 added OPC Mortar
0% nS/CNT/TiO2
1% TiO2
1.5% TiO2

Type of Concrete Density(Kg/m3) 28 Days
Compressive Str
(% incr.)
28 Days Flexure
Str.
(% incr.)
28 Days Split
Tensile Str.
(% incr.)
OPC
(0M-40 Grade
Concrete
2564 40.12MPa
(--)
7.13MPa
(--)
3.34MPa
(--)
0M-40 Grade
Nano-
Concrete(0.75
% nS)
2531.33 49.77MPa
(24.1%)
7.63MPa
(7.01%)
4.52MPa
(35.3%)
0M-40 Grade
Nano-
Concrete(0.02
% CNT)
2563.72 54.58MPa
(36%)
8.82MPa
(23.7%)
4.92MPa
(47.3%)

 Nano-Additions never resulted in any
appreciable change in PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS of Cement –
COLOUR,SHAPE,SIZE,WEIGHT,DENSITY
 Nano-Additions in PCE for CNT/TiO2
REDUCED THE SETTING TIME[From 3
Days to 1.5 Day]

 The OPC mortar compressive strength determined
as per IS:4031 shows a 32.55% increase in strength
at 0.75% nS[optimized addition]addition at 28 days,
with the rate of strength gain increasing up to
59.8% at 90 days but then the gain suddenly falling
by 8.4% at 180 days at same optimization
 In Long Term (@ 365 days), 1% nS got maximum
strength of 32.41MPa [8% gain] when compared a
strength of 31.5MPa for 0.75% nS [4.7% gain]

 For CNTs, the gain in strength was 38.7%
at 28 days but the gain falling to 15.48% at
90 days and 10% at 180 days for 0.02%CNT
addition[optimized]
 In Long Term (@ 365 days) with slight
increased additions of nanomaterials in
excess of the optimized….more STRENGTH
GAIN…increasing the CNT to 0.05% and
0.1% gives a gain of 38.92% and 69.21%
when compared to optimized 0.02%CNT

 The same optimizations when repeated for M40
Concrete yielded good results

 OPTIMIZATIONS for Nano Materials in
Ordinary Cement Mortar -nS, CNT & TiO2
are 0.75%,0.02% & 1% w.r.to Cement weight
at 28 Days
Results indicate that for OPC, slight
increase of Ns/CNT dose from the
optimized one gives an overall increase
in strength in Long Term

For Concrete the same optimizations holds
good
Further research on MICRO STRUCTURAL
studies are necessary for Characterization of
Nano Materials -XRD,SEM-EDS,TEM,AFM in
Cement Concrete

Optimizing the performance of nano additions for cement concrete in the long run

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