Constractive analysis

CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
AND ERROR ANALYSIS
CREATED BY :
EMMA SULISTYANI
MEYCA AUDINA
RIZKY DWI NOVITA N.
AFDALENI
SITI AZIZAH

CONSONANT
 Affricates
Fricative
Lateral
Semi Vowels
Nasal

place of
articulation
Manner
of articulation
Bilabial
Labio
dental
Dental Alveoler
Alveoler
-palatal
Palatal Velar Glottal
English/Indo E I E I E I E I E I E I E I E I
Plosive Vd b p d d g g
Vl p t t k k ? ?
Fricative Vd v ð z z ʒ h h
Vl f f θ S s ∫
Affricate Vd j dʒ
Vl c t∫
Lateral Vd l l
Nasal Vd m m n n ny ŋ ŋ
Semi Vowel
Vd w w r j j
Chart Consonants

Affricate are consonant that are
formed by stopping the flow of
air somewhere in the vocal
apparatus, and then releasing the
air relatively slowly so that a
friction sound is produced.
Affricate

ENGLISH AFFRICATES
Alveo-palatal
Voiced
/ʤ/
Voiceless
/ʧ/

INDONESIAN AFFRICATES
Alveoler
Voiced
/ʤ/
Voiceless
/ʧ/

AFFRICATES
ENGLISH
Voiced / ʤ /
 Ridge /rɪdʒ /
 Ginger /dʒindʒər/
 Judge /dʒΛdʒ/
Voiceless /ʧ /
 Chin /tʃin/
 Rich /ritʃ /
 Church /tʃз: tʃ/
IN D O N E S IA N
Voiced / J /
 Jumpa
 Jambu
 jelita
Voiceless / C /
 Cangkir
 Cantik
 Cerewet

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONS
English Indonesia
Alveo-palatal Alveolar
Rounding of the lip Not lip rounding
Example
Cantik Chantik
Jakarta Jhakarta
Cara Chara

FRICATIVE
ENGLISH
English Fricative go in
2 pair
- Voiced, and
- Voiceless
Labiodental /f/ and /v/
Dental /Ɵ/ and /ð/
Alveolar /s/ and /z/
Alveo-palatal /ʃ/ and
/ʒ/
Glotal /h/
INDONESIA
In Indonesia there
are only 3 Fricative
and all of which
are voiceless
/f/ , /s/ ,/h/

/F/ WITH /P/ AND /Z/ WITH /S/ OR /ʤ/
ENGLISH
Enough : /ɪnʌf/
Zip : /zɪp/
Zero : /zɪərəʊ/
INDONESIA
Enough : /ɪnʌp/
Zip : /sɪp/ or
/ʤɪp/
Zero : /sɪro/ or
/ʤɪro/

/ V , Ɵ , Ð , Z , Ʃ , Ʒ /
ENGLISH
/v/ -> /f/ or /w/
Very : /verɪ/
/Ɵ/ -> /t/ or /s/
Three : /Ɵrɪ:/
/ð/ -> /d/
The : /ðə/
INDONESIA
/v/ -> /f/ or /w/
Very : /ferɪ/ or /werɪ/
/Ɵ/ -> /t/ or /s/
Three : /trɪ/ or
/srɪ/
/ð/ -> /d/
The : /də/

/ V , Ɵ , Ð , Z , Ʃ , Ʒ /
ENGLISH
/z/ -> /s/ or /ʤ/
Zero : /zɪərəʊ/
/ʃ/ -> /s/
She : /ʃɪ:/
/ʒ/ -> /s/ or /ʤ/
Pleasure : /pleʒə(r)/
INDONESIA
/z/ -> /s/ or /ʤ/
Zero : /sɪro/ or /ʤɪro/
/ʃ/ -> /s/
She : /sɪ/
/ʒ/ -> /s/ or /ʤ/
Pleasure : /plesə/ or
/pledʒə/

Lateral are a consonant sounds are
produced by rising the tip of the
tongue against the roof of the mouth
so that the airstream flow pass one
or both said of the mouth
LATERAL

ENGLISH LATERAL
Alveolar
Voiced
Dark
/L/
Clear
/L/

INDONESIAN LATERALS
Alveolar
Voiced
Clear
/L/

ENGLISH LATERAL
CLEAR /L/
 Lamp
 Alone
 Long
DARK /L/
 Milk
 Ball
 Bottle

INDONESIAN LATERAL
CLEAR /L/
Lampu
Belajar
Belanja
Indonesian /L/ is always clear. The problem
for Indonesian learners is the production of
dark /L/.

Semi-Vowels are consonant
sounds where the tongue approach
the roof of the mouth, so that there
is not enough obstruction to create
any friction.
Semi-vowels

SEMI VOWELS
ENGLISH
Voiced /w/
 Hour /αʊər/
 Who /hυ:/
 Watch /wɒt/
Voiced /j/
 Young /jΛɳ/
 Use /jυ:z/
 Yellow /jeləʊ/
INDONESIAN
Voiced /w/
 Pulau
 Kalau
 Walau
Voiced /j/
 Pakai
 Santai
 Mulai

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONS
Indonesian learner usually have a problem only
when /j/ occurs after /h/ because /j/ is never in that
position in Indonesian.
Example:
Huge /hju:ʤ/
Human /hju:mən/
Humorist /hju:mərist/

NASALS
ENGLISH
Nasal Consonant are :
Bilabial : /m/
(voiced)
Alveolar : /n/ (voiced)
Velar : /ŋ/
(voiced)
Example :
Sing : /sɪŋ/
Wing : /wɪŋ/
INDONESIA
Nasal Consonant are :
Bilabial : /m/
(voiced)
Alveolar : /n/ (voiced)
Velar : /ŋ/ (voiced)
Palatal : /ñ/
Example :
/ ŋantuk/
/ ŋuʤi/
/ ŋgambar/

CONSONANT CLUSTER
INDONESIA
a) Consonant Cluster consist of only 2 consonant
- 2nd consonant is /r/ or /l/
/krupuk/ /plinplan/ /blimbing/ /trampil/
- 1st consonant is a nasal and the 2nd is a plosive
produced at the same point of articulation
/ngaji/ /ntar/ /mbantu/ /ndidik/
b) /str/ is the only Consonant Cluster in Indonesia
which consist of 3 consonant.
Example : /struktur/ /struk/

CONSONANT CLUSTER
ENGLISH
English Consonant Cluster are more varied and do not only
occur before a vowel.
Stupid Watch
Fifth Month
- Indonesia Learners difficult to say and usually insert the
schwa /ə/ between the consonant in the cluster
Example:
Splendid
Watched
Judge

SUMMARY
There are different production
between consonant English and
consonant Indonesian, so it is
make some errors

Constractive analysis

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Constractive analysis