Fundamentals of-algorithm
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This document discusses fundamentals of algorithms and flowcharts. It begins by defining a flowchart as a diagram that uses boxes and arrows to show the steps and order of an algorithm or process. It then describes the common symbols used in flowcharts including terminals, processes, decisions, inputs/outputs, connectors, and flowlines. The next sections explain each symbol in more detail and the advantages of using flowcharts. Finally, it discusses the main structures that can be represented in a flowchart including sequence, decision, and repetition.
Fundamentals of-algorithm
- 1. Fundamentals of Algorithm SUNAWAR KHAN MSCS IIUI
- 2. Flowcharts A flowchart is a type of diagram that uses an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. A flowchart is a graphical representation of the sequence of operations in a program
- 3. Flowcharts Symbols 1 Terminal(Start/stop) 2 Process 3 Decision 4 Input/output 5 Connectors 6 Flowlines
- 4. Flowcharts Symbols Terminal Symbol Every flowchart has a unique starting point and an ending point. The Starting Point is indicated with the word START inside the terminator symbol. The Ending Point is indicated with the word STOP inside the terminator symbol. There can be only one START and one STOP terminator in you entire flowchart. In case a program logic involves a pause, it is also indicated with the terminal symbol. Input/output Symbol This symbol is used to denote any input/output function in the program.
- 5. Flowcharts Symbols Process Symbol A process symbol is used to represent arithmetic and data movement instructions in the flowchart. All arithmetic processes of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are indicated in the process symbol. If there are more than one process instructions to be executed sequentially, they can be placed in the same process box. Decision Symbol The decision symbol is used in a flowchart to indicate the point where a decision is to be made and branching done upon the result of the decision to one or more alternative paths. The criteria for decision making is written in the decision box.
- 6. Flowcharts Symbols Flowlines Flowlines are solid lines with arrowheads which indicate the flow of operation. They show the exact sequence in which the instructions are to be executed. The normal flow of the flowchart is depicted from top to bottom and left to right. Connectors whenever the flowchart becomes complex and spreads over a number of pages connectors are used. The connector represents entry from or exit to another part of the flowchart. a connector indicates an exit from some section in the flowchart and an entry into another section.
- 7. Advantages of flowcharts There are a number of advantages when using flowcharts in problem solving. Developing the program logic and sequence A flowchart being a pictorial representation of a program, makes it easier for the programmer to explain the logic of the program It shows the execution of logical steps without the syntax and language complexities of a program - Flowcharts provide a strong documentation in the overall documentation of the software system Once the flowchart is complete, it becomes very easy for programmers to write the program from the starting point to the ending point A flowchart is very helpful in the process of debugging a program.
- 9. Flow Chart Structures Sequence A sequence is a flowchart structure that represents a series of steps to be performed one after another. It is probably the most basic flowchart concept and is commonly used outside of flowchart design in the form of any sequential step-by-step guide Decision The decision structure in a flowchart diagram is used when there is appropriately a decision to be made about how to proceed according to what the current state of program data or progress of a project actually is. A decision structure is also known as a conditional. In programming, a conditional is a common tool used to help a program make a decision about what to do. A conditional is also known as an "if, then" statement in programming languages
- 10. Flow Chart Structures Repetition The loop structure is used in a flowchart to indicate where a program or person should repeat multiple steps until a certain condition is present.