HIV/AIDS | AS16

HIV/AIDS
Presented by: Shreya Pandey
Aasik Shrestha
Swostika Neupane
Niti Sharma Ghimire

Introduction
A - Acquired - Not born with
I - Immune - Body Defence System
D - Deficiency - Not Working properly
S - Syndrome - A group of signs and symptoms
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(HIV/AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that attacks the body’s immune
system, specifically the white blood cells called CD4 cells. HIV destroys these CD4
cells, weakening a person’s immunity against opportunistic infections, such as
tuberculosis and fungal infections, severe bacterial infections and some cancers.
1

An infection caused by Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus detected in 1983 by
Dr. Luc Montagnier (France) and Dr. Robert Gallo (USA)
Initial name was HTLV – III (Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type III)
In 1986, scientists gave the name HIV
HIV is a retrovirus of Retroviridae family of viruses
Retrovirus transcribes RNA into DNA with enzyme and remain lifelong inside
the cells
HIV Infection :
2

Have unprotected sex: Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time
you have sex. Anal sex is riskier than is vaginal sex. Your risk of HIV increases if
you have multiple sexual partners.
Have an STI: Many STIs produce open sores on your genitals. These sores act
as doorways for HIV to enter your body.
Use illicit injection drugs: People who use illicit injection drugs often share
needles and syringes. This exposes them to droplets of other people's blood.
Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can be infected with HIV/AIDS.
However, you're at greatest risk of HIV/AIDS if you:
Risk factors
3

Following exposure HIV nucleic acid sequences may be detected in the blood within
1-4 weeks following infection and HIV antibodies can be detected within 4-12
weeks1.
The time from HIV infection to diagnosis of AIDS has an observed range of less than
1 year to 15 years or longer. The increasing availability of anti-HIV treatment has
reduced the development of clinical AIDS in most industrialized countries2.
For perinatally acquired HIV infection, the time to development of clinical AIDS may
be shorter than in adults. Signs associated with HIV infection appear in over 80% of
seropostive infants by the age of 5 months. Approximately 50% of children with
perinatally acquired HIV infection are alive at 9 years.
Incubation period
5

In the first few weeks after initial infection people may experience no symptoms or
an influenza-like illness including fever, headache, rash or sore throat.
As the infection progressively weakens the immune system, they can develop other
signs and symptoms, such as swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, diarrhoea
and cough.
Without treatment, they could also develop severe illnesses such as tuberculosis
(TB), cryptococcal meningitis, severe bacterial infections, and cancers such as
lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma.
The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection. Though people living
with HIV tend to be most infectious in the first few months after being infected, many
are unaware of their status until the later stages.
Signs and symptoms
6

Prevention and Control
Controlling HIV/AIDS and STDs involves a comprehensive approach that
includes prevention, testing, treatment, and support. Here are some
strategies that can be effective in controlling HIV/AIDS and STDs:
1) Prevention:
The most effective way to control HIV/AIDS and STDs is through prevention.
This can involve education and awareness campaigns to promote safer sex
practices, including the use of condoms and other forms of protection. It can
also involve outreach to high-risk populations such as sex workers and men
who have sex with men.
2) Testing:
Regular testing for HIV/AIDS and STDs is important, especially for those who
engage in high-risk behaviors. This can help identify infections early and
prevent transmission to others. 8

3) Treatment:
There are effective treatments available for HIV/AIDS and some STDs.
Early treatment can improve health outcomes and reduce the risk of
transmission.
4) Support:
People living with HIV/AIDS and STDs may need support to manage their
condition and maintain their health. This can include access to healthcare,
counseling, and social services.
5) Partner notification:
It is important to inform sexual partners of a positive HIV/AIDS or STD test
result to prevent further transmission.
9

Public Health Intervention
1) Awareness:
Awaring people about condom use, provision of clean injecting equipment,
and HIV testing and counselling.
2) Public education:
Education campaigns can increase public awareness of STDs, HIV and AIDS
and promote 5P's of prevention i.e ,Partners, Sexual Practices, Past STDs,
Pregnancy history and plans, and Protection from STDs.
3) Early detection and treatment :
Early detection of STDs , HIV and AIDS in infected individuals can help to
prevent complications and reduce the spread of the disease.
10

4) Screening and case finding among vulnerable groups (for example,
pregnant women)
5)Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP):
PrEP is a medication taken by HIV-negative individuals that reduces the risk
of acquiring HIV. Encouraging PrEP use among high-risk populations can help
prevent new HIV infections.
6)Partner notification and contact tracing:
Encouraging individuals who have been diagnosed with an STD, HIV, or AIDS
to notify their sexual partners and seek testing and treatment can help
prevent the spread of infection.
11

Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
Treatment of opportunistic infections
Supportive care
There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but there are effective treatments
that can suppress the virus and prevent the progression of the disease. Here
are some of the common treatments for HIV/AIDS:
12

HIV/AIDS is a global health issue affecting millions worldwide
In 2019, an estimated 38 million people were living with HIV/AIDS
In 2019, there were 1.7 million new HIV infections, representing a 23% decline
since 2010
In 2019, there were 690,000 AIDS-related deaths, representing a 39% decline
since 2010
As of 2021, there are 37.7 million people living with HIV
In 2020, there were 1.5 million new HIV infections
In 2020, there were 680,000 deaths due to AIDS
As of 2020, 27.5 million people living with HIV were on antiretroviral therapy
(ART)
HIV/AIDS as Global Health Issue
13

Nepal has a low HIV prevalence rate, estimated at 0.2% among adults aged
15-49
In 2019, there were an estimated 2,800 new HIV infections in Nepal,
representing a 51% decline since 2010
In 2019, there were an estimated 1,300 AIDS-related deaths in Nepal,
representing a 45% decline since 2010
The first HIV infection was detected in Nepal in 1988
The HIV epidemic in Nepal has evolved from low to concentrated among key
affected populations, including people with injecting drugs (PWID), male and
female sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men (MSM),
third gender (TG), migrants and their spouses, prison inmates, with
heterosexual transmission being dominant
HIV prevalence in the general population of Nepal is less than 1%
HIV/AIDS IN NEPAL
14

Programs and Plans Related to
HIV/AIDS in Nepal
The government of Nepal has implemented several programs and plans related to
HIV/AIDS in Nepal. Here are some of them:
National HIV Strategic Plan (2016-2021): Aims to prevent new HIV infections,
improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS, and reduce HIV-related
stigma and discrimination. Targets populations most at risk of HIV, such as sex
workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs.
National HIV Testing and Counseling Program (NHTCP): Provides HIV testing and
counseling services to people at risk of HIV, and promotes uptake of HIV testing
services. Supports HIV-positive individuals and links them to care and treatment
services.
16

Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Program (PMTCT): Reduces
transmission of HIV from mothers to children. Provides HIV testing and counseling
services to pregnant women, and antiretroviral therapy to HIV-positive pregnant
women.
Condom Promotion Program: Increases availability and use of condoms in Nepal.
Distributes free condoms through various channels, such as health facilities,
community-based organizations, and social marketing.
Harm Reduction Program: Reduces transmission of HIV among people who inject
drugs. Provides needle and syringe exchange services, opioid substitution therapy,
and HIV testing and counseling services.
HIV and AIDS Act: Passed in 2017 to protect the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS
and to prevent HIV-related stigma and discrimination 17

1.https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/NPL_2020_countryreport.pdf
2.https://www.usaid.gov/nepal/hivaids
3.https://dohs.gov.np/centers/hivaids-and-sti/
4.http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01063/WEB/0__CO-13.HTM
5.https://www.cdc.gov/
6.Park, K. (2007) Parks Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine.
References

HIV/AIDS | AS16

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