5 - OOP - Smalltalk in a Nutshell (a)
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The document discusses Smalltalk's object-oriented model. The key points are: 1) Everything in Smalltalk is an object, including classes. 2) There is only one inheritance hierarchy - classes inherit from one another in the same way as regular objects. 3) Methods are public, while instance variables are private to their class and protected in subclasses. 4) Lookup works the same for all objects - messages are sent and handled by the receiver's class.
![S.Ducasse 4
Complete Syntax on a PostCard
exampleWithNumber: x
“Illustrates every part of Smalltalk method syntax. It has unary, binary,
and key word messages, declares arguments and temporaries, accesses a
global variable (but not and instance variable), uses literals (array, character,
symbol, string, integer, float), uses the pseudo variable true false, nil, self, and
super, and has sequence, assignment, return and cascade. It has both zero
argument and one argument blocks.”
|y|
true & false not & (nil isNil) ifFalse: [self halt].
y := self size + super size.
#($a #a ‘a’ 1 1.0)
do: [:each | Transcript
show: (each class name);
show: (each printString);
show:‘ ‘].
^ x < y](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-4-320.jpg)
![S.Ducasse 5
Language Constructs
^ return
“ comments
# symbol or array
‘ string
[ ] block or byte array
. separator and not terminator (or namespace access inVW)
; cascade (sending several messages to the same instance)
| local or block variable
:= assignment
$ character
: end of selector name
e, r number exponent or radix
! file element separator
<primitive: ...> forVM primitive calls](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-5-320.jpg)
![S.Ducasse 6
Syntax in a Nutshell (I)
comment: “a comment”
character: $c $h $a $r $a $c $t $e $r $s $# $@
string: ‘a nice string’ ‘lulu’ ‘l’’idiot’
symbol: #mac #+
array: #(1 2 3 (1 3) $a 4)
byte array: #[1 2 3]
integer: 1, 2r101
real: 1.5, 6.03e-34,4, 2.4e7
float: 1/33
boolean: true, false
point: 10@120
Note that @ is not an element of the syntax, but just a message sent to a
number.This is the same for /, bitShift, ifTrue:, do: ...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-6-320.jpg)
![S.Ducasse 7
Syntax in a Nutshell (II)
assigment: var := aValue
block: [:var ||tmp| expr...]
temporary variable: |tmp|
block variable: :var
unary message: receiver selector
binary message: receiver selector argument
keyword based: receiver keyword1: arg1 keyword2:
arg2...
cascade: message ; selector ...
separator: message . message
result: ^
parenthesis: (...)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-7-320.jpg)
![S.Ducasse 8
Messages instead of a predefined syntax
• In Java, C, C++,Ada constructs like >>, if, for, etc. are
hardcoded into the grammar
• In Smalltalk there are just messages defined on objects
• (>>) bitShift: is just a message sent to numbers
– 10 bitShift: 2
• (if) ifTrue: is just messages sent to a boolean
– (1> x) ifTrue:
• (for) do:, to:do: are just messages to collections or numbers
– #(a b c d) do: [:each | Transcript show: each ; cr]
– 1 to: 10 do: [:i |Transcript show: each printString; cr]
• Minimal parsing
• Language is extensible](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-8-320.jpg)
![S.Ducasse 11
How to Define a Method?
• Normally defined in a browser or (by
directly invoking the compiler)
• Methods are public
• Always return self
Tomagoshi>>digest
"Digest slowly: every two cycles, remove one from the
tummy”
(dayCount isDivisibleBy: 2)
ifTrue: [ tummy := tummy -1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-11-320.jpg)
![S.Ducasse 12
How to Define a Method?
Normally defined in a browser or (by directly
invoking the compiler)
Methods are public
Always return self
Node>>accept: thePacket
"If the packet is addressed to me, print it.
Else just behave like a normal node"
(thePacket isAddressedTo: self)
ifTrue: [self print: thePacket]
ifFalse: [super accept: thePacket]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-12-320.jpg)
![S.Ducasse 14
Messages and their Composition
• Three kinds of messages
– Unary: Node new
– Binary: 1 + 2, 3@4
– Keywords: aTomagoshi eat: #cooky furiously: true
• Message Priority
• (Msg) > unary > binary > keywords
• Same Level from left to right
• Example:
• (10@0 extent: 10@100) bottomRight
• s isNil ifTrue: [ self halt ]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-14-320.jpg)
![S.Ducasse 15
• Anonymous method
• Passed as method argument or stored
• Functions
fct(x)= x*x+3, fct(2).
fct :=[:x| x * x + 3]. fct value: 2
Integer>>factorial
tmp:= 1.
2 to: self do: [:i| tmp := tmp * i]
#(1 2 3) do: [:each |Transcript show: each printString ; cr]
Blocks](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stoop-005-smalltalkinanushell-101025142555-phpapp02/85/5-OOP-Smalltalk-in-a-Nutshell-a-15-320.jpg)
5 - OOP - Smalltalk in a Nutshell (a)
- 1. S.Ducasse 1 QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture. Stéphane Ducasse Stephane.Ducasse@univ-savoie.fr http://www.iam.unibe.ch/~ducasse/ Smalltalk in a Nutshell
- 2. S.Ducasse 2 Goals • Syntax in a Nutshell • OO Model in a Nutshell
- 3. S.Ducasse 3 Smalltalk OO Model ***Everything*** is an object Only message passing Only late binding Instance variables are private to the object and protected to the subclasses Methods are public Everything is a pointer Garbage collector Single inheritance between classes Only message passing between objects
- 4. S.Ducasse 4 Complete Syntax on a PostCard exampleWithNumber: x “Illustrates every part of Smalltalk method syntax. It has unary, binary, and key word messages, declares arguments and temporaries, accesses a global variable (but not and instance variable), uses literals (array, character, symbol, string, integer, float), uses the pseudo variable true false, nil, self, and super, and has sequence, assignment, return and cascade. It has both zero argument and one argument blocks.” |y| true & false not & (nil isNil) ifFalse: [self halt]. y := self size + super size. #($a #a ‘a’ 1 1.0) do: [:each | Transcript show: (each class name); show: (each printString); show:‘ ‘]. ^ x < y
- 5. S.Ducasse 5 Language Constructs ^ return “ comments # symbol or array ‘ string [ ] block or byte array . separator and not terminator (or namespace access inVW) ; cascade (sending several messages to the same instance) | local or block variable := assignment $ character : end of selector name e, r number exponent or radix ! file element separator <primitive: ...> forVM primitive calls
- 6. S.Ducasse 6 Syntax in a Nutshell (I) comment: “a comment” character: $c $h $a $r $a $c $t $e $r $s $# $@ string: ‘a nice string’ ‘lulu’ ‘l’’idiot’ symbol: #mac #+ array: #(1 2 3 (1 3) $a 4) byte array: #[1 2 3] integer: 1, 2r101 real: 1.5, 6.03e-34,4, 2.4e7 float: 1/33 boolean: true, false point: 10@120 Note that @ is not an element of the syntax, but just a message sent to a number.This is the same for /, bitShift, ifTrue:, do: ...
- 7. S.Ducasse 7 Syntax in a Nutshell (II) assigment: var := aValue block: [:var ||tmp| expr...] temporary variable: |tmp| block variable: :var unary message: receiver selector binary message: receiver selector argument keyword based: receiver keyword1: arg1 keyword2: arg2... cascade: message ; selector ... separator: message . message result: ^ parenthesis: (...)
- 8. S.Ducasse 8 Messages instead of a predefined syntax • In Java, C, C++,Ada constructs like >>, if, for, etc. are hardcoded into the grammar • In Smalltalk there are just messages defined on objects • (>>) bitShift: is just a message sent to numbers – 10 bitShift: 2 • (if) ifTrue: is just messages sent to a boolean – (1> x) ifTrue: • (for) do:, to:do: are just messages to collections or numbers – #(a b c d) do: [:each | Transcript show: each ; cr] – 1 to: 10 do: [:i |Transcript show: each printString; cr] • Minimal parsing • Language is extensible
- 9. S.Ducasse 9 How to Define a Class (Sq)? • Class Definition:A message sent to another class Object subclass: #Tomagoshi instanceVariableNames: ‘tummy hunger dayCount’ classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: ‘Monster Inc’ • Instance variables are instance-based protected (not visible by clients)
- 10. S.Ducasse 10 Smalltalk defineClass: #Packet superclass: #{Object} indexedType: #none private: false instanceVariableNames: 'addressee originator contents' classInstanceVariableNames: '' imports: '' category: 'LAN' How to Define a Class (VW)?
- 11. S.Ducasse 11 How to Define a Method? • Normally defined in a browser or (by directly invoking the compiler) • Methods are public • Always return self Tomagoshi>>digest "Digest slowly: every two cycles, remove one from the tummy” (dayCount isDivisibleBy: 2) ifTrue: [ tummy := tummy -1]
- 12. S.Ducasse 12 How to Define a Method? Normally defined in a browser or (by directly invoking the compiler) Methods are public Always return self Node>>accept: thePacket "If the packet is addressed to me, print it. Else just behave like a normal node" (thePacket isAddressedTo: self) ifTrue: [self print: thePacket] ifFalse: [super accept: thePacket]
- 13. S.Ducasse 13 Instance Creation 1,‘abc’ Basic class creation messages are new, new:, basicNew, basicNew: Monster new Class specific message creation (messages sent to classes) Tomagoshi withHunger: 10
- 14. S.Ducasse 14 Messages and their Composition • Three kinds of messages – Unary: Node new – Binary: 1 + 2, 3@4 – Keywords: aTomagoshi eat: #cooky furiously: true • Message Priority • (Msg) > unary > binary > keywords • Same Level from left to right • Example: • (10@0 extent: 10@100) bottomRight • s isNil ifTrue: [ self halt ]
- 15. S.Ducasse 15 • Anonymous method • Passed as method argument or stored • Functions fct(x)= x*x+3, fct(2). fct :=[:x| x * x + 3]. fct value: 2 Integer>>factorial tmp:= 1. 2 to: self do: [:i| tmp := tmp * i] #(1 2 3) do: [:each |Transcript show: each printString ; cr] Blocks
- 16. S.Ducasse 16 Summary Objects and Messages Three kinds of messages unary binary keywords Block: a.k.a innerclass or closures or lambda Unary>Binary>Keywords
- 17. S.Ducasse 17 Roadmap • Syntax in a Nutshell • OO Model in a Nutshell
- 18. S.Ducasse 18 Instance and Class Only one model Uniformly applied Classes are objects too
- 19. S.Ducasse 19 Lookup…Class + Inheritance 1 2
- 20. S.Ducasse 20 Classes are objects too • Instance creation is just a message send to a ... Class • Same method lookup than with any other objects • a Class is the single instance of amanonymous class • Point is the single instance of Point class
- 21. S.Ducasse 21 Parallel Inheritance between classes
- 22. S.Ducasse 22 Lookup and Class Methods 1 2 1 2 Workstation withName: ‘BigMac’ aWorkstation name
- 23. S.Ducasse 23 About the Buttons
- 24. S.Ducasse 24 Summary - Everything is an object - One single model - Single inheritance - Public methods - Object based private attribute - Protected to subclasses - Classes are simply objects too - Class is instance of another class - One unique method lookup look in the class of the receiver