Chapter8 part2
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The document discusses types of grammar instruction including exploring collocation patterns and learning explicit grammatical rules through consciousness raising activities and language-focused correction. It also examines causes of second language errors such as interference from the first language and reduction to increase efficiency. Finally, it lists task-based sources of error and useful discourse features for teaching English listening and speaking.
Chapter8 part2
- 1. Chapter8 (Cont’d) Language-focused Learning Deliberate Teaching Nation & Newton. (2009). Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. Routledge. 영어 말하기 듣기 지도
- 2. Types of Grammar Instruction 1. Exploring Collocation Patterns 2. Learning Explicit Grammatical Rules • Consciousness Raising Activities • Language-focused Correction
- 3. CR Activities 1. having to underline or note examples of an item in a text 2. being given examples and having to construct a rule 3. having to classify examples into categories such as countable/uncountable or active/passive 4. performing rule based error correction 5. using a rule to construct a sentence 6. recognising instances of a rule in operation.
- 4. Correcting Grammar Errors Table 8.1 Causes and Examples of Second Language Errors 1. Interference from the first language 2. Interference from the second language 3. Reduction to increase efficiency 4. Accidental error
- 5. Task-based Sources of Error 1. The learners were not sufficiently prepared for the task, or the control of the task was not sufficient. 2. The other learners in the group did not provide support or feedback. 3. The task was not guided enough; the contribution that the learner had to make was too great. 4. The learner’s self-monitoring and coping strategies were not sufficient.
- 6. Useful Discourse Features • how to take a long turn, how to bid for a turn in a conversation, how to be vague and imprecise (Brown, 1979), how to encourage others to continue speaking, and how to turn to different topics. • Stenstrom (1990) (p. 146)