Learning programming by: Ysa & Faye
- 4. • Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852), born Augusta Ada Byron and now commonly known as Ada Lovelace, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. • She created the first algorithm designed for processing by a computer and is usually recognized as history's first computer programmer. • Lovelace's notes are important in the early history of computers. She also developed a vision on the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching, while others, including Babbage himself, focused only on those capabilities.
- 12. Procedural Languages Programming language which are considered procedural uses a series of instructions or statements which are sequential from the beginning to the end. This means that execution of instructions is line by line and it is terminated after the last instruction. Examples of Procedural Language are the following: • BASIC (Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) • COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) • PASCAL • FORTRAN (Formula Translated) • C • PL 1 (Programming Language 1 )
- 13. Non- Procedural Languages • These programming languages are considered as object- oriented programming language. They are event- duvet which means that a programmer selects an event that needs to occur before the instruction or statement is occurred. It is different from a procedural language since statement are not executed line per line instead a series of instructions are executed as a whole when an event occurs. Examples of event are click, double-click, drag and drop, mouse over and other event. Examples of Non-Procedural Languages are: VISUAL BASIC C++ • JAVA DELPHI
- 15. Shape Name Action Represented Oval Terminal symbol Represents start and end of program. Parallelogram Input / output Indicates input output Rectangle Process This represents processing of action. E.g. mathematical operator. Diamond Decision Since computer only answer the question yes/no, this is used to represent logical test for the program. Hexagon Initialization/ preparation This is used to prepare memory for repetition of an action. Arrow Lines and Arrow Heads Direction This shows the flow of the program. Annotation This is used to describe action or variables. Circle On page connector This is used to show connector or part of program to another part. Pentagon Off-page connector This is used to connect part of a program to another part on the other page or paper.
- 16. Levels of Programming Languages There are five levels of programming languages. These languages are used in their respective generation. Basically each generation is an improvement of the latter generation. Machine Languages or First Generation Programming Language This is considered to be the lowest level of programming language. The program is represented by 1s and 0s. We all know that 1s and 0s or binary number is the only language the computer understands. Machine language programming is a very tedious task because for just a simple task, the program code required would be very long. Assembly Language or Second Language Programming Language This is also considered as low level language. However, programmers would find this language easier to use than machine language. Instead of using 1s and 0s, assembly language uses mnemonic codes. Mnemonic codes are abbreviations that are easy to remember. Each type of computer has its own assembly language. This means that once you have started your programming, you cannot use a different computer to continue your work.
- 17. High Level Language or Third Generation Programming Languages (3GL) This language transformed programming in the early 1960s. It makes programming easier since the language is now written in English like manner. If assemble is used by assembly language, third generation languages use translator to convert the program into a machine language. Very High Level Languages or Fourth Generation Languages (4GL) Fourth generation languages (4GL) simplifies further the third level generation language (3GL) because there is a reduction in the number of instructional statements. One hundred (100) lines of instruction in 3GLs can be reduced to five (5) to twenty (20) lines of instructions 4GL. Natural Languages These languages are considered to be that fifth generation languages. These programming languages are called natural languages because of their resemblance to English language. Natural Languages have the capability to translate human instructions into code that a computer understands. If it gets confused with the user’s instructions, it asks for further explanation.
- 18. FAYEREENE APRIELLE SUDARA YSADOR A GRACE PILAR