JavaScript is a lightweight programming language used to build interactive effects into web pages. It is interpreted rather than compiled, and is most commonly used on the client-side to manipulate web page content and interact with users. JavaScript code can be added directly via <script> tags or referenced externally. It allows for dynamic content, user feedback without page reloads, and richer interfaces. Limitations include a lack of file access from the client-side for security reasons and no multithreading capabilities. Basic form validation with JavaScript confirms required fields are completed and email addresses are properly formatted.