A New Way Of Distributed Or Cloud Computing

A New Way Of Distributed Or Cloud Computing
The very way of distributed or cloud computing is such that it enables organisations to influence
manpower, all the more rapidly and according to organisation needs. This is on the grounds that
distributed computing helps in distributing workloads across the organisation and can be remotely
accessed by end–clients, regardless of their location. Organisations could even hire a worldwide
and, maybe, less expensive workforce when they use distributed computing. Additionally, resources
and staff can be immediately scaled up or down as indicated by the pace of interest. This gives
organisations a competitive edge wherein they can rapidly meet the requests and expectations of
their clients. "We took a hybrid approach to migration and selected different vendors and solutions
for each business function," Bob Shirilla, Owner of Simply Custom Bags. "This allowed us to
evaluate each solution based on the specific value it provides to our business. For example, we
selected an order management system that was already PCI compliant." 4.3 Disaster Recovery Files
on individual laptops and desktops are susceptible to security breaks that can antagonistically affect
business. Break–ins and thefts of individual machines by hackers are very hazardous. The same
sensitive data on the cloud is significantly more protected and available from any location.
Frequently the cloud suppliers have different backups for the data. Most third party cloud encrypt
information for improved security.
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Design of Multi-Agent Systems
Design of MAS In multi agent systems, there are four basic elements that collaborate to build the
design of the system. The first element is agents, which composes of group of autonomous agents
that are considered the first and main part of the internal structure of the MAS design (Manzoni,
2009). Those agents are different in their numbers, method of response, smartness, dealing with
problems, and internal architecture in general. Since agents are necessary to interact and cooperate
with each other to find a solution for common tasks or uncommon tasks as well, by communicating
via special messages that can arrive at any time. Hence, every one of these agents must be based on
particular information in regarding of its actions and making decisions (Wooldrige, 2009).
Communication and interaction is the second element of the MAS design, which is considered the
central estate of any distributed system. However, the interaction only happens when two or more
agents share the same interest in regard to solving a problem. More than that, it is significantly
important in the system because of the difference between agents (Wooldrige, 2009). Agents that are
in the same system interact in three different ways: direct interaction (messages passing), through an
intermediary agent, or through their environment. In more detail, they could be directly
communicated by sending messages when they understand each other's language. This means
speaking the same language and using the same

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Grid Computing
This paper gives an overview about Grid Computing and the various key issues related to that.Today
we are in the Internet world and everyone prefers to get fast access to the Internet. The growth of the
internet with various resources and high speed networks changes the society enormously. We can
improve the speed of the computer using Grid. This paper presents clearly the vision of the grid
computing and the architecture of grid computing.The advantages and the disadvantages of the grid
computing has also been discussed.
1.Introduction
The grid vision is the computational power such as resources, power, data are readily available as
electric power1.Grid allows the user to use these resources efficiently and securely. Grid computing
is an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main services provided through utility grids are software and special equipments. For instance,
the applications can be run on one machine and all the users can send their data to be processed to
that machine and receive the result back.Grid Computing will not come in reality unless it provides
a core of services ,reliability and enough usability1.
III. Advantages and Disadvantages
There is no need to have large number of SMP servers. It efficiently uses the idle resources. If there
is any failure in one grid ,the grid environment automatically uses the other resources. Easy to
scalable. Jobs can be executed in parallel and increase the speed of the computation. Grid computing
consists of some disadvantages too. Some applications need to be modified in order to use this
application in grid computing. The applications which are not designed to use an MPI (Message
Passing Interface) will have to revert to an SMP (Symmetric Multi–Processing). Grid computing
requires an advanced infrastructure like small servers, fast connections between the servers and the
use of quality tools, software and skilled technicians to manage the grid.This grid computing is also
costly and security issues also need to be

The Cambridge distributed computing system has performed...
The Cambridge distributed computing system has performed an essential role in enhancing the
quality associated with communications and exposed a fresh method in which processing techniques
could be utilized for obtaining better outcomes. Investigation in this spot began in about 1975 and
until now much development has done, producing the growth of Ethernet along with many other
products for greater communications via computers. By using processing techniques instant
outcomes could be acquired which may make it feasible to deliver and obtain data anytime as well
as storage might be carried out in the preferred method. Sophisticated technology has created it
feasible for people to get computers within their ownership and obtain the best ... Show more
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Amoeba distributed operating system was created by experts so that people might use the whole
system simultaneously and like a solitary model. Unique kind of process is utilized for this program
which is called FLIP. Python will be the programming language that created to be utilized by this
program. Experts have utilized sophisticated technology to ensure that people might have
advantages from Amoeba distributed operating system and obtain all the functions concurrently.
Numerous processors are linked in Amoeba distributed operating system and load spreading is
carried out so that people can obtain fast and immediate outcomes. Numerous file servers tend to be
utilized within Amoeba distributed operating system to ensure that load might be distributed
anytime and experts are creating standard improvements in this program so that customers can have
the preferred efficiency without difficulties. Amazing accomplishment is carried out throughout
2001 inside this program and numerous modifications were launched leading to enhanced efficiency.
Special slots are designated by experts in Amoeba distributed operating system to ensure that
communications along with interactions might be managed for obtaining the greatest outcomes.
Unique slots are operating as details for customers and data

Photovoltaic ( Pv ) Based Distributed Generators Essay
Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) based distributed generators (DGs) are generally controlled as current
source to deliver only active power generated by PV source to the grid. However, reactive power
transfer capability of such DGs must be utilized to satisfy reactive power demand of the load or to
provide reactive power support to the grid. Reactive power management for several such PV based
DGs operating in parallel is a challenging task as the available reactive power capacity of each
depends on the environmental conditions and may vary continuously. The proposed algorithm
considers the effect of environmental conditions on the active power generated by the DGs and
accordingly assigns reactive power references for the inverters after computing the available
capacity of the inverters. Hence, irrespective of variation in active powers of the DGs, the proposed
algorithm not only helps to avoid the overloading of the inverters but also operates all inverters at
same apparent power rating to ensure equal utilization of the inverters. The algorithm is evaluated in
terms of its capability to obtain the best solution that gives the least standard deviation of utilization
factors of the inverters. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are included to
confirm its effectiveness over other algorithms. 1. Introduction
Distributed power generation especially through renewable energy sources is gaining more attention
compared to conventional power generation by non renewable

A Cloud Enviroment For Backup And Data Storage
A Cloud Enviroment for Backup and Data Storage Hugo E. Camacho, J. Alfredo Brambila, Alfredo
Peña, José M. Vargas Designing Information Technology, Polytechnic University of Altamira,
Altamira Tamaulipas, México {hugo.camacho, alfredo.brambila, alfredo.pena,
manuel.vargas}@upalt.edu.mx Theoretical – Currently determined from advances and mechanical
advancements can have Input–Output gadgets ever better ready to store more data. The utilization of
the plates of the hubs of a group as worldwide capacity framework is a cheap answer for a cloud the
earth. The requirement for the accessible of data from anyplace is expanding; this speaks to an issue
for some clients who use applications, for example, databases, media, individual document, reports,
and so forth. The I/O information requests of these applications get higher as they get bigger.
Keeping in mind the end goal to enhance execution of these applications can utilize parallel record
frameworks. Pvfs2 is a free parallel record framework created by a multi–establishment group of
parallel I/O, systems administration and capacity specialists. In this paper we show the outline of an
execution for cloud environment for ready to store and go down information through utilizing
remote servers that can be gotten to through the Internet. The execution intends to expand the
accessibility of information and diminish in loss of data. Essential words – Cloud, Storage,
reinforcement, File System,

Case Study : Cloud Computing
CASE STUDY: – 02 CLOUD COMPUTING
INTRODUTION
When you store your photographs online rather than on your home machine, or utilization webmail
or an interpersonal interaction webpage, you are utilizing a "distributed computing" administration.
In the event that you are an association, and you need to use, for instance, a web invoicing
administration as opposed to redesigning the in–house one you have been utilizing for a long time,
that web invoicing administration is a "distributed computing" administration. Distributed
computing alludes to the conveyance of processing assets over the Web. As opposed to keeping
information all alone hard drive or overhauling applications for your needs, you utilize an
administration over the Web, at an alternate area, to store your data or utilize its applications. Doing
so may offer climb to certain protection suggestions. Thus the Workplace of the Security Official of
Canada (OPC) has arranged a few reactions to Every now and again Made inquiries (Faqs). We have
additionally created a Truth Sheet that gives data on distributed computing and the protection moves
it displays. [1] Ethics issues of cloud computing
A few issues of morals can emerge from the advancement of distributed computing. As distributed
computing develops, it is beginning to rule a few parts of the web. All things considered, it is
paramount that we take a gander at the moral issue in distributed computing. One issue that could
show up

Sorts Of Cloud Deployment Model
Sorts of Cloud Deployment Model
Public cloud/outer cloud: This model permits cloud environment as straightforwardly or publically
available. Open cloud is off reason in which different endeavors can be utilized to convey the
administrations to clients by taking it from outsider. Private cloud/inside cloud: This model alluded
to on–reason cloud, which is overseen or claimed by an association to give the abnormal state
control over cloud administrations and base. At the end of the day private cloud is assemble
particularly to give the administrations inside of an association for keeping up the security and
protection. Hybrid cloud/virtual private cloud demonstrate: This model traded off both private and
open cloud models where distributed computing environment is facilitated and oversaw by third
get–together (off–reason) however some committed assets are secretly utilized just by an
association. Community model: It permits the distributed computing environment, which is shared
or oversaw by number of related associations.
The Challenges and Factors
Cloud frameworks are not simply one more type of asset provisioning foundation and actually, have
numerous open doors from the standards for cloud bases that will empower further sorts of
utilizations, lessened improvement and provisioning time of distinctive administrations. Distributed
computing has specific attributes that recognize it from established asset and administration
provisioning situations. Endlessly (pretty much)

The Construction Of Smart Grid
Introduction:
Improve the efficiency of power supply have become crucial to satisfying the demands of people
increasing day by day in the life and the development of social production. The world has
accelerated the development of smart grid technology and effectively promote the smart power grid.
The Smart grid has become the new trend of the future power grid development [1]. The
construction of smart grid is based on economic development, to meet the needs of people, and it is
the inevitable result of advanced science and technology development to a certain degree. State Grid
Corporation proposed to speed up the construction of high voltage network power grid as the
backbone network, with informatization, automation, interactive of characteristics of the
coordinated development of power at all levels of the strong and smart grid, and strive to achieve the
power grid from the traditional power grid to a high effective, economical, clean and interaction of
modern power grid upgrades and cross, actively promoting clean energy development, focusing on
from generation, transmission, substation, power distribution, power, scheduling, communication
information, seven aspects such as to study the key technology of Intelligent power grid [3]. A Smart
grid includes STG (Smart Transmission Grid) and SDG (Smart Distribution Grid). A lot of literature
introduced smart grid basic concepts and techniques, but per the literature of SDG is relatively
small. Smart Distribution Grid

A Load Balancing Of Cloud Computing
A load balancing in cloud computing
Presentation
Distributed computing is a pulling in innovation in the field of software engineering. In Gartner 's
report, it says that the cloud will convey changes to the IT business. The cloud is changing our life
by furnishing clients with new sorts of administrations. Clients get administration from a cloud
without paying consideration on the subtle elements. NIST gave a meaning of distributed computing
as a model for empowering omnipresent, helpful, on–interest system access to a mutual pool of
configurable registering assets (e.g., systems, servers, stockpiling, applications, and administrations)
that can be quickly provisioned and discharged with negligible administration exertion or
administration supplier association. More individuals pay consideration on distributed computing.
Distributed computing is productive and versatile however keeping up the strength of preparing
such a variety of employments in the distributed computing environment is an exceptionally
complex issue with burden adjusting getting much consideration for specialists. Since the
occupation landing example is not unsurprising and the limits of every hub in the cloud contrast, for
burden adjusting issue, workload control is essential to enhance framework execution and look after
security. Burden adjusting plans relying upon whether the framework progress are essential can be
either static or element. Static plans don 't utilize the framework data

A Typical Understanding Of Distributed Computing
A typical understanding of "distributed computing" is ceaselessly developing, and the wording and
ideas utilized to characterize it regularly need illuminating. Press scope can be ambiguous or may
not completely catch the degree of what cloud figuring involves or speaks to, here and there
reporting how organizations are making their answers accessible in the "cloud" or how "distributed
computing" is the route forward, however not inspecting the attributes, models, and administrations
included in understanding what distributed computing is and what it can get to be. This white paper
presents web based distributed computing, investigating the attributes, administration models, and
sending models being used today, and additionally the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Qualities, for example, framework, provisioning, system get to, and oversaw metering are
introduced. The essential business administration models being sent, (for example, programming,
stage, and framework as an administration) and normal arrangement models utilized by
administration suppliers and clients to utilize and keep up the cloud administrations, (for example,
the private, open, group, and mixture mists) are examined. Additionally presented are the profits and
difficulties connected with distributed computing, and for those looking to utilize correspondences
benefits in the cloud, quickly introduced are diverse methods for deciding the interfaces required to
utilize these correspondences administrations. Distributed computing gives us a methods by which
we can get to the applications as utilities, over the web. It permits us to make, arrange, and redo the
business applications on the web. This excercise will make you through a stride by–step
methodology while learning Cloud Computing ideas. Cloud Computing: Distributed computing
alludes to controlling, designing, and getting to the applications on the web. It offers online
information stockpiling, base and application. In its broadest use, the term distributed computing
alludes to the conveyance of adaptable IT assets over the Internet, rather than facilitating and
working those assets by regional standards, for example, on a school alternately college system.
Those assets can incorporate

Phacil is an Award-Winning Government Contractor Essay
Introduction and Scope
Phacil understand that ABC has a current infrastructure support contract that is currently running on
an extension of services set to expire in 120 days. ABC is seeking a new Information Technology
Support Services (ITSS) contract that is performance–based, firm–fixed price and supports the
business requirements and strategic mission objectives of ABC. ABC is using a best–value model of
procurement in support of the Common Computing Environment (CCE). We understand that ABC
has a large user population (40,000) users located in 7 regional offices and 50 field offices. We have
a record of accomplishment working with large organizations in diverse location. Past
Performances. Additionally we bring our expertise in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everything we do quality for most in mind
Phacil core compentcies includes: Development, Integration, Operation & Maintenance (O&M),
Cyber security, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Technical Consulting, and Business
Operations Support. We are a partner with Microsoft (Silver: Hosting, Server Platform,
Collaboration & Content, Solution provider in addition we have partner relationships with Cisco,
Citrix, IBM, HP, Bomgar, Google, Adobe and RedHat. We are collaborating with Northrop
Grumman, Raytheon and SAIC in support of federal customers.
Phacil understand that ABC ITSS program is moving to a Distributed Computing Environment
(DCE), which must support their current community and allow for future growth. This includes end
to end / total life cycle support of it IT eco–system. Phacil provides a world class solutions for
enterprise customers, including the federal government . We are currently supporting over 300,000
users worldwide, to include Service Desk and Desktop Support through our Operations and
Maintenance Practice . We provide O&M support to ensure our customers' systems remain available
and operating at peak levels. By implementing metrics based methodologies that optimize system
performance and security.
Through our proven methodologies, we are able to reduce overall costs.
Insert graphic and methodology as well as past performance
Phacil provides a SLA driven solution, based on you requirements (SLAs) and needs
Core

A Brief Note On Professional Research And Communication
ITECH 5500
Professional Research And Communication
Assignment #2
Research Proposal
Submitted By:
1) Salman Mohammed
Student Id:30304792
2) Ramandeep Singh
Student Id:30304343
Tutor: Mr.Mazher Hussain Table of content
1.0 Abstract
1.01 Significant concepts
2.0 Introduction
2.01 background, context, overview
2.02 Purpose, scope
2.03 Method of the study
3.0 Statement of problem
4.0 Literature Review
4.01 Current
4.02 Relevant
4.03 Significant
5.0 Methodology
6.0 Planning, analysis and organisation 6.01 Proposed Model
6.02 Preferences of proposed model
7.0 conclusion
8.0 reference
Abstract
Giving security in an appropriated framework requires more than client confirmation with
passwords or advanced declarations and secrecy in information transmission. Circulated model of
cloud makes it helpless and inclined to refined dispersed interruption assaults like Distributed

Denial of Service (DDOS) and Cross Site Scripting (XSS). To handle expansive scale system access
movement and managerial control of information and application in cloud, another multi–strung
circulated cloud IDS model has been proposed. Our proposed cloud IDS handles huge stream of
information bundles, investigate them and produce reports proficiently by coordinating learning and
conduct examination to distinguish interruptions
Significant concepts
Distributed computing is a style of processing where administration is given over the Internet
utilizing diverse models and layers of

Grid Computing : A Type Of Systems Administration
GRID COMPUTING: A type of systems administration. Not at all like routine systems that attention
on correspondence among gadgets, framework figuring tackles unused preparing cycles of all PCs in
a system for taking care of issues excessively escalated for any stand–alone machine. An understood
lattice registering venture is the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) @Home venture, in
which PC clients overall give unused processor cycles to assist the with analyzing so as to scan for
indications of extraterrestrial life signs originating from space. The task depends on individual
clients to volunteer to permit the venture to bridle the unused preparing force of the client 's PC.
This technique spares the task both cash and assets. Framework registering require extraordinary
programming that is interesting to the processing undertaking for which the lattice is being utilized.
A researcher examining proteins sign into a PC and uses a whole system of PCs to break down
information. A representative gets to his organization 's system through a PDA keeping in mind the
end goal to gauge the fate of a specific stock. An Army authority gets to and arranges PC assets on
three distinctive military systems to figure a fight technique. These situations have one thing in like
manner: They depend on an idea called network figuring. At its most fundamental level, framework
processing is a PC system in which every PC 's assets are imparted to each other PC in the
framework.

Questions On Distributed Computing Administrations
1.Do some Internet research to recognize organizations who have endured on account of cloud
security shortcomings or disappointments. What can organizations who are mulling over distributed
computing administrations gain from the negative encounters of these organizations?
The greater part of us have been caught wind of the most cloud security disappointments in which
all the cloud innovation organizations are kept on developing, despite everything they endure a
similar kind of issues in–house infrastructure's. Distributed computing has turned into a greatest
market in the present innovation. In a report of 2016, investigators at Gartner anticipated that
exchanging to cloud will influence $1 Trillion in Information innovation in the ... Show more
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The assaulted has basically picked up to get the got to into Adobe ID's which encodes client Visas
records, and the login information which is of a full scope of adobe's product was traded off. After
this significant assault, Adobe has made the apparently positive motion of offering a year worth of
credit observing which was just to falter into another PR catastrophe for all the influenced clients.
"It was uncovered the checking was given by Experian – an organization that was all the while
recuperating from a security rupture in which the organization was deceived into offering purchaser
records specifically to an online data fraud benefit."
Knight Capital:
Knight capital is cloud based stock exchanging programming. As per New York post, Knight capital
on an off base and a robotized programming which depended on a mistaken calculation which
chiefly costs a firm amazing $440 million in only forty–five minutes. New York post has been
portrayed it as Meltdown holding up to happen. The program programming which was mistakenly
has purchased the stocks at the market cost bringing about a few billion dollars of undesirable
positions, previously offering the stocks at the offer cost for less cash. This Error has cleared 75
percent of the knight capital's value esteem, which was in the aftermath from the occurrence Knight
capital was fined $12 million by

Designing AApplication Using And.net And The...
In the past applications were monolithic, and were built on a single stack such as .Net or Java and
ran on a single server. There is no way to get around building distributed software in today's market.
Just think about the software out there today. The market consist of many different variations of
architecture tier an application may have such as an UI tier, caching tier, application tier, and
persistence tier such as SQL or table logging.
Multiple components may spread across machines today. Software will have associated
dependencies and these component dependencies can be in conflict. One component might be
dependent on a certain DLL and another component for another one. Those two different versions
might not run or compile ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It will be wasteful to have the same execution environments even though they have different scale
characteristics. Developers also deal with test and production to move throughout the development
life cycle.
Since developers are increasingly building distributed operating systems, the way to deal with
complexity is using the concepts of containers. Containers are a native OS construct that provide
light weight isolation. In Linux there is a concept that is comprised of different sub–concepts. There
are namespaces that provide isolations for user database, processes and IP addresses. Think of a
container as hosted on top of an Linux OS and it gets its own database, processes and IP addresses.
It also gets cgroups which governs resources. They make sure that not one container is using all the
resources but it shared all the way across. Each container gets a read write view such a Union File
system. These three make up the idea of a container.
Containers assist developers in making software portable. The software looks the same everywhere
you deploy and run it. Also developers will not need to install the app dependencies on user's host.
Once you have a distributed system that consist of different pasts, then the different parts can be
hosted in that container.
Docker containers not just an application but

Cloud Computing : A New Paradigm Of Large Scale...
Introduction Cloud Computing is a new paradigm of large–scale distributed computing which is
rapidly becoming one of the hottest topic among business organisations (Pallis, 2010), and
represents a fundamental change in the way of Information Technology (IT) services are invented,
developed, deployed, scaled, updated, maintained and paid for (Martson et al, 2011). On one hand,
use of computing is already a common strategy for organisation when running business, since the
per–unit cost of computing is continuously falling due to development of technology. On the other
hand, as computing is becoming widespread feature of modern business organisation, the increasing
complexity of managing the whole infrastructure of disparate information ... Show more content on
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In plain terms, Cloud Computing enables end users to utilize parts of bulk resources and these
resources can be received quickly and easily. Advantages of Three Service Models of Cloud
Computing and examples. There are three service models for Cloud Computing, SaaS (Software as a
Service), Paas (Platform as a Service), IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). It is important for
businesses to fully understand the knowledge about each models before investing on Cloud
Computing. Diagram 1 The Diagram 1 indicates the Cloud Computing stack. Cloud Computing is
often described as a stack, since broad range of services are built on top of one another. SaaS are
applications designed for end–users, and can be delivered over the web. With SaaS, users purchase
licensed applications in a "pay–as–you–go" model, or at no charge with system that generates
revenue from streams other than the user, such as advertisement or user list sales. Examples of SaaS
include enterprise–level application, for examples, Salesforce, Netsuite or Google Apps to personal

Developing An Advanced Modern Distributed Networking System
Abstract – Developing an advanced modern distributed networking system is very difficult and hard
to manage as they operate over different environments, hence they have little control over the
system and the environment in which they execute. The hardware and software resources in these
networks may fail and become malicious unexpectedly. In these scenarios redundancy based
reliability techniques can help manage such failures. But when the network is faced with dynamic
and unpredictable resources and also there are chances of hackers and attackers to easily enter the
network, in these situations the system or the network reliability can still fluctuate greatly. In order
to tackle these kind of situations we need to come up with some kind ... Show more content on
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Also if there is a desired increase in the system's reliability, then iterative redundancy achieves this
reliability by using least resources possible. Iterative redundancy is also good in handling Byzantine
threat model, which is the common threat model in most of the distributed networks. Later in this
paper we formally prove iterative redundancy's self–adaption, efficiency and optimality properties.
Then we use discrete event simulation; BIONIC and XDEVS to evaluate iterative redundancy
against the existing redundancy based models. At the end we will be contributing on top of this
paper, in order to eliminate some of the limitations in iterative redundancy and to make this
technique much better. We will be seeing that the two assumptions made in this paper will be
contradicting in the real world example. To tackle these limitations, we will be presenting Master–
Slave model and also Hand–shake mechanism to finally, we will be proposing a redundancy based
technique known as Physical Redundancy, in which we are using active replication of the nodes and
adding the voters in order to improve the reliability of the network at the node level. With this the
error will be ruled out and the network will act like there was no failure. Keywords: Redundancy,
reliability, fault–tolerance, iterative redundancy,

A Byzantine Fault
Introduction
Faults occur in every system which may halt the systems functionality. A fault that presents different
symptoms to different observers is called a Byzantine fault. These Byzantine faults form the reason
for the loss of a system service and are called Byzantine failures. A Byzantine failure may occur due
to arbitrary problems like corruption in their local state, production of incorrect outputs or by
processing requests incorrectly instead of the general situations like crashing or stopping. The ability
of a system to defend itself from Byzantine failures is called Byzantine fault tolerance which is a
sub–field of fault tolerance.
A reliable computer system is a system that overcomes failures, one such failure is the Byzantine
Generals problem. This problem is rare and generally overlooked by the people who are unfamiliar
with the problem. It brings down the entire network if not tackled properly. This problem is most
common in distributed dependable network. This paper aims at explaining the Byzantine Generals
problem and providing a possible solution to that problem.
My motivation to write this topic comes from the wide usage of distributed systems in various fields
like particle physics, bioinformatics, weather, climate, visualization and graphics, economics and
finance etc., and the need to protect such systems. Failure of distributed systems leads to huge loss
of resources, time and money. Thus protecting from these kinds of failure is a challenging task

Distributed Practice Vs Massed Practice Essay
Distributed and massed practices are two different practices that have been used for hundreds of
years. According to the 28th volume of the Cahperd, "massed practice is generally defined as
practice that occurs without rest between trials (Burdick, 1977)." However, the definition of
distributed practice is, "a practice schedule in which the amount of rest between practice trials is
long relative to the trial length (Schmidt, 1991)." Furthermore, according to Memory: Foundations
and Applications, distributed practice "means that practice is spread out over time (pg 392)." An
example that the Memory: Foundations and Applications book states, is that if you were a college
student distributed practice means for you that you would let's say spend ... Show more content on
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For example, mass practice works right before an exam; it will definitely leave some information in
your head for the test. The advantages as well as the boundaries of massed and distributed practice
are based on three things according to Cahperd, "fatigue, time constraints, and number of
participants. However, overall distributed practice is much more efficient because massed practice
"promotes little long–term retention (Memory: Foundations and Applications pg 392)."On the other
hand distributed practice promotes availability, so that if you need the information at another time in
your life you will have it there at your disposal. Distributed practice creates "More total learning
than does massed practice in less time (Memory: Foundations and Applications pg 392)."
Distributed practice leads you to be able to remember the information not only for the test but from
years from now, while "cramming" and massed practice only allows you to stress out while you
learn for information that you will forget right after the test. Key factors like this as well as spacing
your time and having a better retention rate all lead to distributed practice producing better

Dynamic Composition Of Distributed System Or Multi Agent
Dynamic composition in distributed system or multi–agent system has long time been a hot field in
research community. This report investigates some models and languages which have been
developed in recent years and used to model multi–agent and distributed system. By comparing their
advantages and drawbacks, some proposals are given for possible future research. Author Keywords
Coordination language, Linda, GALS, SystemJ I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, with the
popularity of service orientation architecture, many modern business applications adhere to the
paradigms of service orientation and service oriented architectures in order to create loosely
coupled, modular software systems, which is easy to be maintained and extended. In the field of
automation and control systems, SOA–based flexibility is of even more interest, because it
contributes not only to substantial reductions of installation and setup costs. These costs are of
particular importance since manufacturing plants again and again have to be adapted to new
products resulting in changes of the technical equipment and the process flows performed. One of
the proposed approaches to achieve this goal is the creation of new services by composing already
existing ones, instead of building up everything from scratches. This is called process service
composition. Service composition facilitates the creation of innovative services that suit the end–
user needs, with a reduced time to–market and better component reuse.

Autonomous Vehicles and Software Architectures Essay
Author: Anonymous Date: Tuesday, August 21, 2012 10:07:54 AM EDT Subject:Week 1 Discussion
2
"Autonomous Vehicles and Software Architectures " Please respond to the following: * Autonomous
vehicles utilize integrated imaging and vision systems, sensor systems, and control systems to "drive
a car". Determine what you believe are the top–five challenges of integrating these systems. Provide
one example for each challenge and explain why you believe it is a challenge. * Explain whether
you believe there is a difference between designing and developing software for distributed
architectures and stand–alone, non–distributed systems. Provide at least five reasons to support your
position.
Autonomous Vehicles and Top–Five Challenges ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They could provide bogus information to drivers, masquerade as a different vehicle, or use denial–
of–service attacks to bring down the network. The nefarious possibilities are mind–boggling–the
stuff of sci–fi thrillers. But system security will undoubtedly become a paramount issue for
transportation systems with the successful deployment of integrated sensor based and cooperative
vehicles.
Difference Between Distributed and Non–Distributed Systems
A distributed system is a computing system in which a number of components cooperate by
communicating over a network.
Computer software traditionally ran in stand–alone systems, where the user interface, application
'business' processing, and persistent data resided in one computer, with peripherals attached to it by
buses or cables.
Inherent complexities, which arise from fundamental domain challenges: E.g., components of a
distributed system often reside in separate address spaces on separate nodes, so inter–node
communication needs different mechanisms, policies, and protocols than those used for intra–node
communication in a stand–alone systems. Likewise, synchronization and coordination is more
complicated in a distributed system since components may run in parallel and network
communication can be asynchronous and non–deterministic.

Developments in the Cambridge Distributed Computing System
In recent years a lot of development resulted which have changed the use of computers and now
many people are using computers in routine life. Computing systems are now used in many ways.
Communications are also done through computers which are giving better results as compared with
ordinary methods through telephones and the like devices. Bandwidth and speed of communications
by using a computer system is improved which is increasing its demand with time.
The Cambridge Distributed Computing System has played an important role in improving the
quality of communications and opened a new way in which computing systems could be used for
getting better results. Research in this area started in around the year of 1975 and till now much ...
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Security in this system is increased which is providing many types of benefits and trust of users is
also increasing. This system is gaining popularity among users due to its fast speed and security.
Until 1977 professionals at The Cambridge Distributed Computing System had installed computing
and made a lot of research for implementation of a new and advanced system in communications.
Mainly this system was made to increase sharing of data with security and great speed. This system
worked well and soon it was released to be used by all people. Until 1982 the work of The
Cambridge Distributed Computing System was spread to many people and many new users were
introduced in this system for sharing data at great speed and economy. The Cambridge Distributed
Computing System made by professionals is still used in the same manner as it was made in whole
and it is able to support users for providing connections and communications facilities by using
computer systems. Professionals are considering many suggestions from users so that the systems
could be updated and made more powerful and useful.
The Cambridge Distributed Computing System is not the work of a single person. Many
professionals have worked together and created this system which is regularly checked and updated
when needed. The Cambridge Distributed Computing System is used by computers and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Leader Election
2.3.1 Introduction
Leader election is a primary problem in distributed systems where it is important to coordinate
processes group communications and activities. The leader is responsible for controlling and
coordinating all communications between processes in the network, absence of the leader makes the
overall system inconsistent, and loses the system reliability. To keep the system consistent, it is
necessary to nominate another leader, the LEA solves this problem by deciding which process will
be the new leader, and making it well–known to other processes [(Akbar, et al., 2006), (Refai,
2010)].
2.3.2 Fundamentals of Leader Election
Leader election algorithm is a program that is embedded in each node of the distributed system, any
node that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each node in the system has a state variable indicates its state value, when the process is in ordinary
operation and the leader is active in the system, then state variable contains the normal value.
Candidate state denotes that the leader is failed and the system is in the leader election process,
leader state is obtained by only one process when the election process terminates. Moreover, every
node in the system possess a local variable lead, which indicates the current leader of the system
[(Yadav, et al., 2012), (Gajre, 2013), (Lynch, et al., 2012), (Stroller, 1997)].
It is necessary that, all processes have the same LEA. As well, any LEA must satisfy the following
properties[(Murshed and Allen, 2012), (Stroller, 1997)]:
(a) Safety: The nodes in the system never disagree on the elected leader. All the nodes must
recognize the same node as a leader, after the termination of the election process, at most one node
will be elected as a leader, and all other nodes must have the same lead variable value.
In other words, for all nodes i and j in the system, if statei = normal and statej = normal, then leadi =

What Is Vital Significance Of Distributed Computing In...
Vital significance of distributed computing in business associations: Distributed computing is an
improved innovation to run organizations. Rather than running the applications on a PC or a LAN,
they keep running on a common multi–occupant. It is self–benefit situated; to utilize any application
that keeps running in the cloud, just signed in, modify it as indicated by the client require, and begin
utilizing it. More Organizations are running a wide range of uses in the cloud these days. There are
some significant results of embracing cloud in Business. They are Convenience and
accommodation, Cost lessening, Dependability, Security and protection, and Sharing and
coordinated effort. The writing backing of these effects is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
AWS has likewise lessened their costs two or three times, in the previous three years, despite the
nonappearance of aggressive powers. European SMEs, who are more hazard disinclined, contrasted
with USA SMEs, welcome this decrease of settled IT resources cost also decrease of upkeep
expenses of IT resources, bringing about bringing down the section hindrance. Due to the per client
income demonstrate, independent ventures could bear the cost of big business applications like
CRM (Client Relationship Administration) or SCM (Production network Administration) apparatus
and. Quick access to equipment and programming assets is accessible with no forthright capital
ventures bringing about quicker time to advertise, with IT turn into an operational cost and
Reception of IaaS decreases capital costs and IT costs. 3. Unwavering quality: Since the cloud is
accessible round the clock, it is more dependable. Representatives can indeed, even ring the cloud
focus (if necessary) rather than relying upon the in–house IT staff . Information repetition is worked
in by distributed storage arrangements with the goal that the records are constantly realistic, even in
times of system downtime, control disappointments, and so forth 4. Security and Protection:
Associations discussing cloud security are in reality more worried about having their own particular
control (something like a private

What Is Cloud Computing And Distributed Systems?
In this paper, traditional file storage method and achieve file distributed storage as well as fault–
tolerant control using HDFS technology is been discussed.
EysOS is also the file access interface for users and files can be saved in the cloud storage clusters
by this interface.
Cloud server (Cloud Name Node): Cloud storage cluster based on Hadoop includes cloud server
(Name Node) and cloud storage center (Data Node).
Cloud server is the name node in Hadoop which manages file system namespace, computes the
mapping from files to data nodes, allocates data nodes to save file blocks, and controls external
clients' access.
When reading a file, we download the file to the local computer, then handle or display the file
using the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cloud computing's existing security model To obtain maximum security of cloud computing system,
some tools and technologies are using. The cloud computing security can be provided as security
services. Therefore, security issues for many of these system and technologies are applicable to
cloud computing. The Secured Computing Platform The SCP handled by a combination of hardware
and software: manufacture adds new hardware to support to trust computing functions and design
special operating system that becomes mediator between hardware and application to support trusted
computing. Construct trust cloud computing system using SCP With help of trusted computing, we
can provide a way to establish secure environment in cloud. Cloud computing service has been
integrated with web technology in that case we need to provide trusted computing system to secure
data and application. Authentication cloud computing environment with LDAP In cloud computing,
different users want to join cloud so they have to prove their identities before join cloud. When users
have full information about them (identification) so it is easy to trace the users and that mechanism
will implement for cloud and get the record of users and trace them. Person Based Access Control
Model in cloud computing environment there are too many users in cloud computing system that
wants to access the resources. To attain the objective of trusted computing, users has to come

Big Data And Bare Metal Essay
Big Data and Bare Metal TOC & EXEC SUMARY GOES HERE ONCE PAPER COMPLETED
Introduction The industry is inundated with articles on big data. Big data news is no longer confined
to the technical web pages. You can read about big data in the mainstream business publications
such as Forbes and The Economist. Each week the media reports on breakthroughs, startups,
funding and customer use cases. No matter your source for information on big data, one thing they
all have in common is that the amount of information an organization will manage is only going to
increase; this is what's driving the 'big data' movement. Organizations are relying on increasing
amounts of information from a variety of sources, text, images, audio, video, etc., to analyze,
improve and execute their operations. These information sources are very large and complex and
include data sets that are structured and unstructured and today's processing applications are
inadequate and expensive. Industries suffering from big data challenges include the financial
services, healthcare, retail, and communications, to name a few. These industries have been
collecting data for years and with the advent of the 'Internet of Things' data is growing
exponentially. The challenge is how to make sense of this data and turn it into business value –
analytics and predictive analytics. The big data phenomenon is about collecting and storing large
amounts of data and running analytics application ns on these large datasets.

Building A Efficient Handling Environment For Dispersed...
In this paper, a method to build a trusted handling environment for dispersed processing structure is
by arranging the trusted enrolling stage into disseminated registering system with a model structure
in which appropriated figuring structure is solidified with trusted figuring stage and trusted stage
module.
Organization orchestrated programming planning fuses the best highlights of both the organizations
and dispersed processing measures, offering various central focuses for programming headway and
applications, moreover intensifying old concerns. Organizations and circulated processing have
gathered much thought from both industry and the insightful world in light of the way that they
engage the quick progression of incomprehensible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Organization arranged programming building wires the better of these two principles. At to start
with, SOSE was considering organizations figuring, nonetheless it progressed to consolidate
disseminated processing. In SOSE, an organization masterminded basic arranging (SOA) gives the
building style, standard traditions, and interfaces required for application change, and disseminated
processing passes on the obliged organizations to customers through virtualization and resource
pooling. Solidifying organizations and dispersed processing in an item building structure can help
application designers and organization suppliers meet the individual challenges of each perfect
model.
Notwithstanding the way that SOSE is skillfully reassuring, its affirmation will oblige additional
research in programming building to address the troubles, for instance, security and nature of–
organization (QoS) organization that rise in organizations or conveyed registering.
Brief summary of the results presented in this paper.
Distributed computing is concerned with the imparting and facilitated utilization of assorted assets
in dispersed association's cloud, which is comprised of diverse sorts out and frameworks. All
individuals in the cloud and the distributed computing environment ought to be trusted by
Manuscript got January 5, 2011 Manuscript changed

Creating A Distributed Operating Systems That Support...
Abstract IT industry being one of the major development areas, many people choose their career in
it. To support all range of industries i.e., from small scale to large scale, cloud computing emerged
which reduces the efforts both physically and with regard to capital investment. Depending on the
length of work that one would like to choose with, cloud computing offers four types of delivery
models namely, "public cloud", "private cloud", "community cloud" and "hybrid cloud". User is also
free to choose the amount of control one would like to have on their data that is stored in the cloud.
The cloud providers offer three types of services which give users different types of permissions.
More permissions the user hold, the more control and privacy obtained on the data. The data being
shared among the open space is less secured. Cloud computing involving different technologies like
networks, databases, operating systems and many other, has enormous security issues. In
perspective to the designing of a distributed operating systems that support cloud computing,
resource scheduling, transaction management, load balancing, concurrency control, memory
management are some of the major issues that are to be considered. Scalability, loss of data,
performance also stand as the other major concerns due to the heavy growth of organizations which
are using the cloud. This paper discusses about the several mechanisms that are to be undertaken to
improve the functionality of the operating

Analysis Of Parallel And Distributed Computing Via...
A novel approach to Parallel and Distributed computing via Transforming Parallel Runtimes Into
Operating System Kernels Vrishabh A. Lakhani, Deeksha Razdan K.J. Somaiya College of
Engineering Information Technology Author Note Abstract General purpose Operating Systems
provide services that do not line up with the needs of parallel runtime systems and sophisticated
languages and compilers. In an environment that supports the bifurcation of a system into user and
kernel level modes, runtime executions at user level cannot leverage hardware features due to
requirement of kernel mode privileges. As a result a large portion of the functionality is lost. We
thereby propose an idea to transform parallel runtimes into OS kernels. We further hypothesize that
it is feasible to do so. To support our hypothesis we also argue that the challenge of future multicore
hardware is best met by embracing the networked nature of the machine, rethinking OS architecture
using ideas from distributed systems. We investigate a new OS structure, the multikernel, that treats
the machine as a network of independent cores, assumes no inter–core sharing at the lowest level,
and moves traditional OS functionality to a distributed system of processes that communicate via
message–passing. We propose on implementing a multikernel framework model and evaluate such
it's prototype on multicore systems. It may lead to better performance even on present–day
machines; comparable with a conventional OS,

The Impact Of Distributed Computing
Distributed computing has turned into a massive market. In a 2016 report, investigators at Gartner
anticipated that the move to the cloud will influence more than $1 trillion in IT spending throughout
the following five years. "Cloud–first strategies are the foundation for staying noteworthy in a
snappy paced world," said Ed Anderson, investigate VP at Gartner. "The market for cloud
organizations has created to such an extent, to the point that it is as of now an extraordinary level of
total IT spending, making another period of new organizations and 'considered in the cloud'
providers." In their hurry to take part in this tremendous market, sellers have rushed to tout cloud
triumphs. Their locales are stacked with logical examinations ... Show more content on
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The best five organizations that regularly bear the most unremitting and exorbitant breaks are
according to the accompanying: social protection, money related, pharmaceuticals, transportation,
and correspondences. Over 33% of strikes are on associations with under 250 specialists. There is an
extensive measure in risk when an association fails to complete a powerful and concentrated
security structure, and a couple of organizations will never recover from the blow. Top 3 Security
Breach Failures 1. Code Spaces According to SC Magazine, Code Spaces, a past SaaS provider, is
one of around 60% of private ventures that bomb inside a half year of being hacked. The
organization was gotten to through its Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud control board. The software
engineers erased data, fortifications, offsite fortifications, and machine setups before trying to coerce
the business by attesting an "immense charge" would resolve their issues. Code Spaces found a way
to change the greater part of its passwords, however the harm was finished. The criminal had quite
recently made fortification logins. Code Spaces was not capable continue with operations as it
perceived that the association had persevered through debilitating damages to the two its assets and
reputation. 2. Nirvanix Despite the fact that the subtle elements of the quick Nirvanix takeoff are
vague, shoppers were left scrambling for new

My Challenges as a Systems Engineer at Salesforce.com Essay
Cloud Computing has radically changed the way businesses and consumers leverage technology
both professionally and personally. Unlike traditional solutions, cloud–based solutions have not only
accelerated the process of IT deployment and process execution but also reduced the burden of
ownership to companies. My experience at Infosys Ltd. has acquainted me with this facet of Cloud
Computing and given me a chance to work with one of the most innovative company in this field,
Salesforce.com.
My challenges as a Systems Engineer, working on the Salesforce.com Level 3 Release Management
Team for Motorola Solutions (client), included development, enhancement and deployment of
functionalities on the Force.com platform. Creating Apex classes, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To this end, I feel a master's degree in Computer Science with a specialization in Distributed
Computing and Databases would help me gain a more comprehensive understanding of these two
technologies and provide the ideal launching pad for my entrepreneurship venture.
Projects at Infosys have given me invaluable experience in different phases of software development
cycle including requirements gathering, design, development and production support. My first
project, where I was part of a large maintenance program for Intel (client), required me to support
several middleware services implemented in technologies like SAP–XI, TIBCO, Web methods 8.2,
and BizTalk. My responsibilities included monitoring applications, gateways and servers, managing
tickets, bug fixing and roll out to productions. Direct interactions with the client taught me how to
organize, automate, and synchronize the support services and finally, how to build customer loyalty.
Working on various EAI (Enterprise Application Integration) technologies familiarized me well with
the production support phase of the software development. Management and handling of the
gateways and servers, used by Intel for transactions worth millions of dollars, induced a deep sense
of responsibility in me and gave the confidence to manage big projects.
The undergraduate curriculum at Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
(MPSTME) exposed me

The Extraordinary Quality Recommendation Of Distributed...
Cloud computing is turning into an inexorably prevalent venture display in which processing assets
are made accessible on–interest to the client right now. The extraordinary quality recommendation
of distributed computing makes new chances to adjust IT and business objectives. Distributed
computing utilize the web advances for conveyance of IT–Enabled capacities 'presently ' to any
required clients i.e. through distributed computing we can get to anything that we need from
anyplace to any PC without stressing over anything like about their stockpiling, cost, administration
et cetera. In this paper I give a complete study on the inspiration variables of receiving distributed
computing, audit the few cloud sending and administration models. It additionally investigate
certain advantages of distributed computing over conventional IT benefit environment–including
adaptability, adaptability, decreased capital and higher asset use are considered as reception
purposes behind distributed computing environment. I likewise incorporate security, protection, and
web reliance and accessibility presently. The later incorporates vertical versatility as specialized test
in cloud environment.
Conventional application coordination advancements are performed in an inflexible and moderate
process that generally takes quite a while to fabricate and send, obliging proficient designers and
space specialists. They are server–driven and in this way don 't completely use the figuring force
and

Statement of Purpose Computer Science Essay
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
My four years of undergraduate studies in CS at PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore and my
exposure and penchant for research have made the choice of further study, for me, an obvious one.
My goal is to pursue a career in research, either in industry or in academia. Ten years from now, I
envisage myself as a full–fledged research professional in an organization, or a faculty member at
one of the leading universities. The first step towards my objective would be to pursue Masters
Program in Computer Science. My ultimate degree objective would however be a Ph.D.
Throughout my student career I have been a top ranking student. I was in the top 0.05% of all
engineering aspirants in my state, which secured me a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My urge and potential for research was identified and I was chosen to lead the team for a research
project, "Code Optimisation in Middleware–based Distributed Embedded Systems". We built a
security framework for CORBA – based applications providing 6 security services, which includes
authentication, authorization, non–repudiation, data integrity, auditing and security while
transmission. We designed a 128–bit symmetric key crypto algorithm G– MAP to be used in all the
security services. During the course of the project, I had the opportunity to design an N–tier for the
distributed nature of the framework and implement them in java. Our originality and substantial
work in the project was appropriately recognized and the project was given 'The Best Project
Award', in the department.
My academic pursuits have not however, prevented me from participating with interest in various
co–curricular activities including organizing seminars and serving as representative of the class.
These activities have led to the development of a multifaceted personality and have equipped me
with strong interpersonal skills. My academic achievements, research work and inter personal skills
were well acknowledged and I was given the 'Best outgoing student' award in our batch.
I am currently working with

Survey On Distributed Data Mining
Survey on Distributed data mining
Dr.S.kannan, Vairaprakash Gurusamy,
Associate Professor, Research Scholar,
Department of Computer Applications, Department of Computer Applications,
Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai Kamaraj University, skannanmku@gmail.com
vairaprakashmca@gmail.com
Abstract
Traditionally Data Mining is a process of extracting useful knowledge from a large volume of data
set. The generated knowledge is applied and used for the most of the applications in all the areas
such as science, engineering, business, research, social, health, education, entertainment and all. As
all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction
The continuous developments in information and communication technology have recently led to
the appearance of distributed computing environments, which comprise several, and different
sources of large volumes of data and several computing units. The most prominent example of a
distributed environment is the Internet, where increasingly more databases and data streams appear
that deal with several areas, such as meteorology, oceanography, economy and others. The
application of the classical knowledge discovery process in distributed environments requires the
collection of distributed data in a data warehouse for central processing. However, this is usually
either ineffective or infeasible for the following reasons:
Storage Cost: It is obvious that the requirements of a central storage system are enormous. A
classical example concerns data from the astronomy science, and especially images from earth and
space telescopes. The size of such databases is reaching the scales of exabytes (1018 bytes) and is
increasing at a high pace. The central storage of the data of all telescopes of the planet would require
a huge data warehouse of enormous cost.
Communication Cost: The transfer of huge data volumes over network might take extremely much
time and also require an unbearable financial cost. Even a small volume of data might create
problems in wireless network environments with limited bandwidth. Note also that

Literature Review: Critique Paper Related To Pervasive...
In this literature review we have concerned with a detail case study of several papers related to
pervasive computing. We have extracted multiple parameters regarding pervasive computing from
several quality papers, analyzed them according to different perspectives: such as its origin basic
concept, history, environment, issues, challenges, techniques, system and applications etc. and then
present our review. We begin with the basic concept of pervasive computing as "it is an invisible
computing that is embedded in our surroundings and providing ease in our computational
environment". We take a view of Pervasive as a paradigm for the 21st century describing pervasive
history (its origin), models, theories, and previous works, its initiatives and challenges. Pervasive
computing was a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mobile computing provide mobile controls, access, security, energy saving, time saving, feasibility
and ease of use. The next advanced technology is pervasive computing that make computing
invisible. Now we take a review of pervasive computing model that how it works. Pervasive
computing model have devices which connect human to the pervasive environment, pervasive
networking that connect one pervasive device to the other, pervasive middleware (shell that act as an
interface between network kernel and end user application) running on pervasive device, pervasive
application web based or mobile based that provide environment to use pervasive computing.
Pervasive computing facing many challenges like scalability, heterogeneity, integration and
invisibility issues. Pervasive computing initiates computing projects in academia and industry. This
can be used to represent the current developments in pervasive computing. For example Aura,
Endeavour, oxygen, Portolan, Cool–Town,

Guided Ant Colony Optimization Based Variable Neighborhood...
GAVNS: Guided Ant Colony Optimization based Variable Neighborhood Search for Optimistic
Load Balancing in Grid Computing
Gurveer Kaur Brar1, Amit Chhabra2
1 Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar Punjab, India
gurveer.dhillon43@gmail.com, amit.cse@gndu.ac.in
Abstract Grid Computing resolves high performance computing and throughput issues through
sharing of resources. These resources are heterogeneous in nature and geographically distributed to
develop large scale applications. Scheduling and Load balancing is one of the key ideas in grid
environment. For efficient scheduling, proper management of resources is required. This paper
mainly presents Guided Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based Variable Neighborhood Search
(GAVNS) algorithm which represents how to schedule an independent jobs on grid nodes in order to
optimize the schedule and load on nodes/servers. The performance of proposed algorithm is
compared with existing Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) algorithm. Simulation results have
shown that GAVNS performs better than VNS. Moreover, better makespan is achieved through this
technique.
Keywords: Grid Computing; Job Scheduling; Makespan; Ant Colony Optimization; Load balancing;
Variable Neighborhood Search
1. Introduction
Grid Computing is a form of parallel and distributed computing that permits sharing, selection and
collection of widely dispersed dynamic resources at run time. They mainly rely on their availability,
performance, capability, cost and

Essay about Failures in a Distributed System
Failures in a Distributed System Paper Phyllis Lenoir POS/355 November 19, 2012 Asho Rao A
distributed system is an application that executes a collection of protocols to coordinate the actions
of multiple processes on a network, where all component work together to perform a single set of
related tasks. A distributed system can be much larger and more powerful given the combined
capabilities of the distributed components, than combinations of stand–alone systems. But it's not
easy – for a distributed system to be useful, it must be reliable. This is a difficult goal to achieve
because of the complexity of the interactions between simultaneously running components. A
distributed system must have the following characteristics: * ... Show more content on
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Four types of failures that can occur in a distributed system are: * Halting failures: A component
simply stops. There is no way to detect the failure except by timeout: it either stops sending "I'm
alive" (heartbeat) messages or fails to respond to requests. Your computer freezing is a halting
failure. * Omission failures: Failure to send/receive messages primarily due to lack of buffering
space, which causes a message to be discarded with no notification to either the sender or receiver.
This can happen when routers become overloaded. * Network failures: A network link breaks. *
Timing failures: A temporal property of the system is violated. For example, clocks on different
computers which are used to coordinate processes are not synchronized when a message is delayed
longer than a threshold period, etc. www.code.google.com Timing failures – there is suspicion of a
possible failure related to the motherboard. This can be a result of a specific message strongly
implicating the motherboard in some sort of erratic system behavior. It may also be the case that the
motherboard probably isn't the problem, but that we want to rule it out as a possible cause. Since the
motherboard is where all the other components meet and connect, a bad motherboard can affect
virtually any other part of the PC. For this reason the motherboard must often be checked to ensure
it is working properly, even if it is unlikely to be the cause of whatever is

Computerizimg the Regitration Process at Universities
The University Student Registration System: a Case Study in Building a High–Availability
Distributed Application Using General Purpose Components
M. C. Little, S. M. Wheater, D. B. Ingham, C. R. Snow, H. Whitfield and S. K. Shrivastava
Department of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU,
England.
Abstract
Prior to 1994, student registration at Newcastle University involved students being registered in a
single place, where they would present a form which had previously been filled in by the student
and their department. After registration this information was then transferred to a computerised
format. The University decided that the entire registration process was to be computerised for the
Autumn of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The high availability requirement implies that the computerised registration system must be able to
tolerate a 'reasonable' number of machine and network related failures, and the consistency
requirement implies that the integrity of stored data (student records) must be maintained in the
presence of concurrent access from users and the types of failures just mentioned. It was expected
that most human errors, such as incorrectly inputting data, would be detected by the system as they
occurred, but some "off–line" data manipulation would be necessary for errors which had not been
foreseen. Tolerance against catastrophic failures (such as complete electrical power failure, or a fire
destroying much of the University infrastructure) although desirable, was not considered within the
remit of the registration system. A solution that would require the University buying and installing
specialist fault–tolerant computing systems, such as Tandem [1] or Stratus [2] was not considered
economically feasible. The only option worth exploring was exploiting the University 's existing
computing resources. Like most other universities, Newcastle has hundreds of networked computers
(Unix workstations, PCs, Macs) scattered throughout the campus. A solution that could make use of
these resources and achieve availability by deploying software–implemented fault–tolerance
techniques certainly looked attractive.

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