The document discusses the "land sharing or land sparing" debate regarding balancing food production and biodiversity conservation. It argues that both land sharing and sparing approaches are needed depending on the socio-ecological context and objectives. Large-scale agriculture requires protecting customary land rights and regulating environmental impacts, while smallholder systems can provide goods and services if well-governed. Improving landscape-scale planning and investments in multifunctional landscapes can scale these approaches up to benefit communities and the environment.
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