Module 5: Consideration of social aspects for inclusive development
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The document discusses the importance of considering social aspects, especially gender and youth involvement, in the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for the agricultural sector. It emphasizes the need for gender-responsive actions and participatory processes to ensure equitable development and adaptation practices that address the distinct challenges faced by different social groups. Case studies from various countries illustrate how gender dynamics can influence agricultural practices and climate finance distribution.
Module 5: Consideration of social aspects for inclusive development
- 1. Module 5: Consideration of social aspects for inclusive development Organized by With support from
- 2. Explore the social equity considerations when developing NDC implementation plans for the agricultural sector Understand the importance of giving special attention to examining the political economy, analyzing gender concerns, and involving the youth in implementation Objectives
- 3. Thinking beyond technical concerns • NDCs are intended to be pursued in context of other development goals and plans • National priorities, including NAIPs and NAPs • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) • Government 5-year plans • How will pursuit of NDCs affect social and economic development goals? • Synergies • Tradeoffs • Predictable knock-on effects Source: https://klimalog.die-gdi.de/ndc-sdg/country/ZMB NDC-SDG connections:
- 4. Thinking beyond technical concerns: Cross-scale political economy Equity implications in pursuit of NDCs • When climate finance flows into a country, who will benefit… • Within sectors? • Within value chains? • Within communities? • Within households? Photo: ILRI/Zerihun Sewunet
- 5. Thinking beyond technical concerns: Cross-scale political economy Equity implications in pursuit of NDCs • How will the promotion and adoption of CSA practices reshape relationships… • Within sectors? • Within value chains? • Within communities? • Within households? Photo: CIFOR/Sheona Shackleton
- 6. Example: Uganda’s National Adaptation Plan for the Agricultural Sector Source: Uganda’s NAP-Ag Gender-responsive actions integrated throughout the NAP Examples: • Promotion of a gendered CSA programme through implementation of a targeted gender capacity support programme and development of a gender and agriculture coordination mechanism; • Mainstreaming gender in animal breeding interventions • Representatives from the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development on the Agriculture Task Force monitoring implementation of the NAP
- 7. Thinking beyond technical concerns • Issues of power and control • Who makes decisions? • On what information and authority are they based? • How might CSA interventions shift power? Important to consider gender differences in CSA interventions (e.g., access to transport, child care duties, and more) Link to fertilizer success story
- 8. Thinking beyond technical concerns • Usefulness and challenges of participatory processes • Who frames and facilitates the process? • Who gets a voice? • Whose voice is not being heard? Photo: CCAFS/S. Samuel
- 9. Case study: Zanzibar forest management project • Women often have a preference for agroforestry • But their involvement in marketing products is often restricted to small trade while men dominate wholesale trade and timber • Gender-responsive agroforestry actions can include integrating tree species for fuelwood, fodder, shade and fruit (instead of focusing on trees used for poles and timber) • A CARE forest management project in Zanzibar focused on supporting women as key producers and consumers through community forest management agreements Info source: FAO Gender and CSA module Box Photo: Community Forests International
- 10. Case study: Zimbabwe Livelihoods and Food Security Programme (LFSP) • LFSP took gender inequality into consideration as a factor in food insecurity and poor nutrition • Developed a gender strategy to inform the programme • Gender Action Learning System (GALS) methodology used with households alongside promotion of gender responsive climate smart technologies • Women farmers enabled to access finance and invest in farm enterprise diversification Photo source
- 11. Bottom-up approaches • What are the local adaptation practices and dynamics in which farmers and herders are already engaging? • Consider introducing adaptation options that: • Are well-evaluated • Have been prioritized by local farmers • Address prominent climate risks in the location • Evidence on farmer prioritization can help support informed decisions that are in line with government policies. • Identification and prioritization of CSA technologies helps in designing an investment portfolio across various agro-ecological zones.
- 12. Why be concerned about gender in NDCs? • Men and women are affected by and respond to climatic changes in different ways • Technological change (e.g. CSA) can also distribute effects unevenly across social groups • Information should be made available and accessible to men and women, boys and girls, and any potential increase in workload should be minimized. Photo:M.Acosta
- 13. The importance of the social context Source: REEEP Women not well represented in leadership positions of co-ops Example: Gender in dairy value chains in Kenya, based on ILRI research by Tavenner and Crane (Source 1, Source 2) Women registered at lower rates than men at collection hubs Women have less access to financial services and less say in how dairy income is used Young men have greater mobility and freedom to participate as hawkers Cultural differences over cattle ownership and labor responsibilities
- 14. Example tool: CSA Rapid Appraisal Mixed method approach, draws on participatory bottom-up, qualitative, and quantitative tools to assess the heterogeneity local contexts, and prioritize context-specific CSA options. Employs gender-disaggregated methods Assesses within and between district variations in farming systems, management practices, challenges and climate vulnerability to inform CSA targeting. Method: key-informant and farmers interviews, participatory workshops, pairwise ranking matrix, information on farmers constraints • Completed in 2 months • Drove a US$15m investment in UgandaResource: The CSA-RA manual (Mwongera et al 2017)
- 15. Criteria for evaluating whether a gender-responsive approach is used in CSA-sensitive practices 1. The development and application of the practice have been informed by gender analysis 2. All work related to the practice has involved the participation and engagement of men and women, in particular those who implement the practice 3. Efforts are made to reduce the constraints to uptake of the practice 4. The practice results in immediate benefits for men and women 5. The practice results in long-term benefits for men and women Gender concerns
- 16. Potential gender considerations of various CSA-sensitive practices Adapted from World Bank, FAO and IFAD, 2015; modified by Nelson & Huyer 2016 Requirements for adoption of practice Relative amount of time until benefits are realized Potential for women to benefit from increased productivity Female and youth labour availability Female access to and control of land Female access to water for agriculture Female access to cash and ability to spend it Gender impact: women’s control of income from practice Conservation agriculture High Low-medium High Low Low High Low Improved home gardens High High High High High Low High
- 17. Youth in agriculture • Seems to be a buzzword, or the latest trending topic • BUT, the youth bulge will be around for a while…. Photo: Tamara Kaunda
- 18. Youth bulge, history and forecast, per Africa’s regions versus East Asia (Source: IOM and AU, 2018)
- 19. Youth in agriculture • Strategies used to engage with the private sector can also help bring in young people to agribusiness • Access to credit a constraint to be overcome • Think beyond agriculture to the whole food system (ag research, equipment manufacturing and sales, ag input supply, processing and value addition, nutrition education, food vendors, a whole range of agri-entrepreneur opportunities)
- 20. Key messages Different groups are affected by climate change in different ways. They can also respond and help meet NDC targets through different means. Careful examination of who benefits from climate finance flows is needed to ensure equitable development. Gender analyses should be carried out for all CSA practices to help increase adoption rates. Don’t forget to take the youth into consideration when making NDC implementation plans and providing access to climate finance.
- 22. Gender and political economy resources • Gender in climate-smart agriculture: module 18 for gender in agriculture sourcebook (English). • Climate Change & Food Security Vulnerability Assessment Toolkit: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55087/retrieve • A Gender-responsive Approach to Climate-Smart Agriculture: Evidence and guidance for practitioners • “How-To” Note: Political economy analysis • FAO and UNDP (2018) Promoting gender-responsive adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Entry points within NAPs • UNDP (2019) Gender and NDCs: Country Progress and Key Findings • FAO and CARE (2019) Good Practices for Integrating Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Climate-Smart Agriculture Programmes • FAO (2017) The role of gender in Climate-Smart Agriculture • Oxfam (2014) Gender Action Learning System: Practical Guide for Transforming Gender and Unequal Power Relations in Value Chains • Website on GALS methodology: https://gamechangenetwork.org/methodology/gals
Editor's Notes
- #4: Optional 5 min video that can be shown on addressing gender in climate change policies for agriculture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsIxsSOXups&feature=emb_logo Video has examples from Vietnam, Uganda and Colombia
- #8: The example in the picture is just to illustrate the point. We don’t have info based on the article as to whether there were any gender implications of the described PPP.
- #10: The case shows that there first must be an understanding of the gender differences in a particular subsector and region in order to know how to respond with interventions that will be gender responsive.
- #15: (CSA-RA) is a mixed method approach that draws on participatory bottom-up, qualitative, and quantitative tools to assess the heterogeneity of local contexts (including climatic, socio-cultural, economic and technological characteristics), and prioritize context-specific CSA options at the household, farm and community/regional level. The tool collects qualitative and quantitative data from various stakeholders (farmers, local leaders, researchers, local-level agricultural experts, private sector actors, donor organizations, and policy implementers), allowing expansive analysis, triangulation and validation. The CSA-RA employs gender-disaggregated methods, including gender differences in perceptions of climate change and its impacts. The CSA-RA combines common participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) tools into one methodology, that disaggregates the gender dimension, and includes resource mapping; climate calendars; historical calendars; cropping calendars; organization mapping; transect walks; key informant interviews; farmer interviews; and pairwise ranking matrix. Application of the CSA-RA in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania and the Acholi sub-region in Uganda reveals heterogeneity across the sites in terms of vulnerability, constraints and CSA priorities among different social groups (gender) and agro-ecological zones.
- #17: Use this slide to talk about the kinds of trade-offs that might occur depending on what practices are promoted or included in programs.