What it Takes to Make and Implement Strategic Spatial Plans?
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The document compares strategic spatial planning processes in Nordic and UK urban regions. It finds that plan making and implementation involve governance arrangements, funding mechanisms, and power configurations. For plan making, common components are negotiations, interest group involvement, and multi-level cooperation. For implementation, pivotal arrangements are negotiations, funding to support specific projects, and increasingly influential private interests. Nordic regions emphasize multi-level cooperation over regional interests, while UK regions focus on area-specific private projects through negotiations. Lessons highlight the importance of negotiation, interest group participation balanced with the public good, clearly established funding, and transparency in balancing public and private power dynamics.
What it Takes to Make and Implement Strategic Spatial Plans?
- 1. Eduardo Oliveira, Anna M. Hersperger Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL July 11, 2018 WhatitTakestoMakeandImplementStrategicSpatialPlans? AESOP Annual Congress, Gothenburg, Sweden Track 5. Governance 4A – Strategic Spatial Planning A Cross-Case Comparison between Nordic and UK Urban Regions CC0 licensing
- 2. The aim: strategic spatial planning in European urban regions The aim of this presentation is to highlight what the preparation and implementation of strategic spatial plans at the urban-regional level involve. Hamburg, CC0 licensing
- 3. Strategic spatial planning processes: Plan-making phase i.e. the preparation or designing phase of strategic spatial plans Plan-implementation phase i.e. the translation of the principles and intentions of a plan into tangible actions at the ground e.g. housing settlements new commercial facilities reinforcing transportation maintaining green infrastructure What do we know: strategic spatial planning in European urban regions (Hersperger et al. 2018; Oliveira and Hersperger, 2018; Gradinaru and Hersperger, 2018; Healey 2009; Albrechts, Balducci and Hillier 2017).Lyon, CC0 licensing
- 4. What do we know: strategic spatial planning in European urban regions Plan-making phase Plan-implementation phase “Investigated 21 urban regions seem to converge in terms of components, interactions and planning themes, and vary mainly in terms of the importance of the components (…).” (Hersperger et al. underreview)
- 5. In-depth interviewing with regional planning experts e.g. practitioners and academics 3 interviews per case; 90 minutes per interview; +5500 minutes of discussions; How do we get there: strategic spatial planning in European urban regions Macro-objective: CC0 licensing CC0 licensing identifying and characterizing the prime configurations, components and interactions in current processes of strategic spatial plan-making and plan- implementation.
- 6. Commonalities: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans Strategic planning processes are characterized governance arrangements funding mechanisms, and power configurations Pivotal governance arrangements Negotiations interest groups involvement and multi-level government cooperation Private interest groups as developers and retail representatives have been increasingly involved in negotiations during planning processes. Strategic spatial planning processes and governance arrangements within are increasingly being co-opted into the dominant neoliberal agendas. CC0licensingCC0licensing (Oliveira and Hersperger, 2018)
- 7. Commonalities: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans Identifies the common ground in which a strategic spatial planning processes unfolds Power configurations Funding mechanisms Governance arrangements (Oliveira and Hersperger, 2018) Negotiations Interest groups involvement Multi-level cooperation
- 8. More specifically: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans What it Takes to Make and Implement Strategic Spatial Plans Edinburgh Cardiff Oslo- Akershus Helsinki- Uusimaa Plan Making Plan Implementation
- 9. Who and what: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans Cardiff City Council: Strategic Development Plan for the Cardiff City Region 2016 The Strategic Development Planning Authority for Edinburgh and South East Scotland: Strategic Development Plan 2016 Danish Business Authority: The Finger Plan 2015 Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council: Regional Land use Planning for Helsinki- Uusimaa Region forthcoming Akershus County Council: Regional Plan for Land Use and Transport in Oslo and Akershus 2015 Stockholm County Council: Regional development plan for the Stockholm region RUFS 2010CC0 licensing
- 10. Governance arrangements Power configurations Funding mechanisms Edinburgh Cardiff Oslo- Akershus Helsinki- Uusimaa Plan Making More specifically: what it takes to make and implement the following… Plan Implementation
- 11. Governance arrangements: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans Nordic urban regions Main governance arrangement Roles of the main governance arrangement Main planning theme object of discussion Copenhagen Multi-level government cooperation and consensus building. Safeguarding meaningfulness and the common good during plan making and plan implementation. Intra-regional railway transport system, housing developments and employment land. Helsinki- Uusimaa Negotiations involving municipalities in the urban region. Supporting the achievement of joint decision-making and collectively thinking regional challenges within sustainability principles. Intra-regional transportation network and green infrastructures Oslo-Akershus Cooperation involving municipalities and consensus building. Facilitating mutual agreements between municipal political leaders. Expanding the transportation network. Brownfield regeneration for housing and jobs Stockholm Negotiations involving private interest groups and municipalities in the region. Setting up plan implementation priorities and supporting collective decision-making on specific urban functions. Housing developments Expanding the intra-regional transportation network.
- 12. Governance arrangements: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans UK urban regions Main governance arrangement Roles of the main governance arrangement Main planning theme object of discussion Edinburgh Negotiations involving private interest groups. Securing infrastructure provision as compensation for being granted a planning permit or a specific land allocation for housing development. Housing and employment land, including the location of retail facilities Cardiff Negotiations involving private interest groups. Supporting the execution of area-specific projects on transportation, housing, retail, green infrastructures and leisure facilities. Reinforcement of transportation network. Housing allocation. (Oliveira and Hersperger, 2018; Oliveira and Hersperger, underreview )
- 13. Governance arrangements: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans Nordic urban regions In contrast, in the UK urban regions Multi-level government cooperation and consensus building over regional interests Transportation network; Housing developments Brownfield redevelopment. Negotiations involving private interest groups on area-specific projects Infrastructure provision New housing developments Location of retail facilities CC0licensing CC0 licensing
- 14. Funding mechanisms: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans Urban region The role of funding mechanisms in strategic spatial planning processes Copenhagen Supporting the extension of the public transport system as well as maintenance of green infrastructures and public spaces and leisure facilities. Helsinki- Uusimaa Effectively aligning plan implementation to the real needs at the ground level within a specific timeframe. Oslo-Akershus Supporting plan implementation and moving it forward. Stockholm Supporting the implementation of local development plans which meet the guidelines of the strategic plan. Edinburgh Supporting the implementation of large infrastructures projects. Cardiff Supporting the implementation of infrastructures, reinforcement of public transportation and housing development.
- 15. Funding mechanisms : what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans Nordic urban regions In contrast, in the UK urban regions Municipalities have stronger financial and decision-making capacity when compared to UK. Municipalities try to be proactive in setting up partnerships with other municipalities and private interest groups to find ways of funding specific planned interventions. Scarce financial resources mean that strategic spatial planning processes are highly dominated by private actors and thus plans tend to be implemented through area-specific strategic projects. Supporting enterprise and business growth also infrastructure provision e.g. primary schools CC0 licensing CC0 licensing CC0 licensing
- 16. Private interest groups such as housing builders play a chief role throughout the strategic planning process Environmental NGOs; grassroots movements - put more pressure on the regional authorities charged with strategic planning tasks to Reducing commuting times/better transp.; Maintaining public spaces/recreational areas; Securing sustainable ways of development. Power configurations: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans CC0 licensing UK urban regions In contrast, in the Nordic urban regions CC0 licensing CC0licensing
- 17. Take home message: what it takes to make and implement strategic spatial plans CC0 licensing Negotiation-based strategic spatial planning processes; Increasingly persuasive power of businesses interests in strategic planning practice. (finding in line with Daly, 2016; Olesen, 2014; Van Assche, Duineveld and Beunen, 2014; Olesen and Richardson, 2011) Concur with recent critical reflections on the neoliberalization of strategic spatial planning.
- 18. Transferability of the findings: making and implementing strategic spatial plans Lesson on governance arrangements: negotiation Negotiation is the one process able to set up priorities for plan making and plan implementation by balancing public and private interests. How to better negotiate during SSP processes Preparing a set of realistic expectations and a range of possible outcomes; Behaving with honesty and transparency; Communicating openly all issues at stake; Being willing to compromise and adapt to circumstances. The way negotiations in Helsinki-Uusimaa unfold could be given as an example.CC0 licensing
- 19. Lesson on governance arrangements: interest group involvement Interest groups are those pursuing the interests they represent by avoiding conflict with the public good and following the principles established in the strategic plan. The way interest groups take part in the process of plan implementation in Oslo-Akershus as an example. Transferability of the findings: making and implementing strategic spatial plans CC0 licensing
- 20. Lesson on funding mechanisms Funding mechanisms when clearly established, meaning they have clear goals and planning themes they will contribute to the effectiveness of strategic spatial planning processes. Transferability of the findings: making and implementing strategic spatial plans CC0 licensing Nordic urban regions as example
- 21. Lesson on power configurations Power configurations must be critically considered in plan implementation. It is necessary to secure transparency and legitimacy of the negotiation process. This can be done by documenting every discussion during negotiations. The cases of Oslo-Akershus and Helsinki-Uusimaa could also be given as positive examples of how to balancing public vs private interests. Transferability of the findings: making and implementing strategic spatial plans CC0 licensing
- 22. Thank you Eduardo Oliveira* Land Change Science Research Unit** ¦ CONCUR Project*** Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL ***https://www.wsl.ch/en/projects/concur.html *https://www.wsl.ch/en/employees/oliveira.html **https://www.wsl.ch/en/about-wsl/research-units/land-change-science.html AESOP Annual Congress, Gothenburg, Sweden Track 5. Governance 4A – Strategic Spatial Planning