Is it Cheating or Group Problem Solving
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Greg Friese discusses cheating in EMS education. He explains that cheating is common across all levels of education due to various factors like peer pressure, lack of clear rules, and low risk of consequences. Some common forms of cheating include plagiarism, falsifying records, and sharing test answers. Friese proposes solutions like implementing academic integrity policies, discussing ethics and values with students, focusing assessments on competency over facts, and promoting a culture that celebrates learning over scores. The overall goal is to reduce cheating through prevention, education, and evaluating students on what they can do rather than what they know.
Is it Cheating or Group Problem Solving
- 1. Is it Cheating or Group Problem Solving?
- 2. Greg Friese, MS, NREMT-P
- 4. Session Objectives • Explain the scope of cheating in EMS education • Discuss limited impact of common barriers • Describe a continuum of solutions
- 5. Cheat Sheet Don’t kid yourself Cheating doesn’t have to happen Reinforce the right things Swift consequences Prevention works Change the battle Test stuff that matters
- 6. Poll Question Cheating is common in EMS education.
- 11. Scenario: Online Con Ed
- 12. Dishonesty in Online Courses
- 13. Dishonesty in Online Courses • Different rules for online quizzes • Rules not explicitly stated • Scope was shocking
- 15. Research about Cheating “Nearly every research report on cheating … has concluded that cheating is rampant.“ Cheating on Tests: How to Do It, Detect It, and Prevent It
- 16. Cheating at All Grade Levels
- 17. Cheating in School Student Reasons • Others are cheating • No honor code • Required courses • Heavy workload • No clear rules or consequences • Low risk of being caught and or punished • Higher incidence at less selective institutions
- 18. Cheating by Nursing Students
- 19. Cheating by Firefighter Recruits
- 20. Cheating by EMS Students???
- 22. Academic Dishonesty Any attempt to give or Cheating obtain assistance Copying without proper Plagiarism acknowledgement Deception Providing false information Falsification of date, Fabrication information, or citations Impersonation Assuming another’s identity Paying for information Bribery or access
- 23. Most Common is Plagiarism
- 24. Cheating Low and High Tech Taking, giving , or receiving information Unauthorized materials use Circumventing Process
- 25. Cheating and Technology • Tougher to define cheating • Plagiarism is easier • Reduces sharing friction
- 28. Cheating by EMS Instructors • Change answers • Falsify records • Provide information • Ignore misbehavior • Fail to enforce
- 29. Limited Impact of Barriers
- 30. Exam Stakes and Risks High Stakes High Stakes Low Risk High Risk Stakes Low Stakes High Risk Low Risk Low Stakes Risk
- 31. Words have Meaning Use the “Clock” The patient method cheated death Know this for You need to the test know OPQRST
- 32. Challenge to Accuse and Prosecute
- 33. Ingrained in the Culture Win Together, All for One, Fail Together One for All Ends Justifies Small Teams The Means Work Independently
- 34. Poll Question Does your program/organization have an academic dishonesty policy?
- 35. Appropriate Consequences Downgrade Fail assignment Re-test Fail class School dismissal Criminal charge Permanent record
- 36. Computer Based Testing Compromised by poor questions, poor security, and poor oversight
- 37. Easy Access to Cheating Techniques
- 38. Poll Question Which factor is mostly likely to lead a student to cheat?
- 39. Solutions
- 40. Simple Solution Announce penalties for cheating Ask students not to cheat
- 41. We are Responsible • Role model • Discuss academic honesty • Honor code • Values education • Student selection • Appropriate focus • Change the evaluation method • Testing
- 42. Role Model Academic Integrity
- 43. Culture Change and Reinforcement
- 44. Discuss Academic Honesty Scenario 1 Falsifying assessments or treatments
- 45. Discuss Academic Honesty Scenario 2 Incorrectly reporting attendance
- 48. Values Education with I CARE “The founders of the I CARE program envision a world where individuals of all ages understand the importance of ethics and values as they pertain to a person's character and through their actions embody the values of Integrity, Compassion, Accountability, Respect and Empathy in their daily lives.”
- 49. Employee or Student Selection • Behavior based questions • Reference checks • Past work performance • Effective and secure entrance exam • Inform of honor code
- 50. Plagiarism Prevention Define Examples Citation practices Clear guidelines Verify content
- 51. Test Based on Objectives
- 52. Reward Learning
- 53. Test Timing KSA No Competent? Yes Training Complete
- 54. Write Better Test Questions What is the average heart rate of a decompensated CHF patient? a. 80 b. 90 c. 100 d. 110 e. Who cares!
- 55. Write Better Test Questions In 140 characters or less explain airway management. vs. Demonstrate proper airway management for this situation.
- 56. Don’t Test Low Level Knowledge Mnemonics Time intervals Drug doses Facts
- 57. Do Test High Level Knowledge Situation analysis Differentials Actions based on findings Critique performance
- 58. Optimize Testing Environment • Clear instructions • Room set-up • Required supplies • Personally monitor • Video record • Remove bags, books, coats • Disable smart phones (watches) • Confiscate electronics • Identity verification
- 59. Actual Group Problem Solving
- 61. Summary Cheating is present Cultural acceptance Objectives matter Simple actions Complex strategies Focus on competency
- 62. Questions Search
- 63. Greg Friese MS, NREMT-P Contact and Connect … greg@centrelearn.com 717-227-4655 (office) 715-204-9874 (mobile) Facebook.com/gfriese Twitter.com/gfriese Blog.CentreLearn.com
- 64. Resources • Plagarism.org • ICAREValues.org • International Center for Academic Integrity AcademicIntegrity.org • 2007 Arizona State Board of Nursing Statewide Nurse Educators Annual Conference
Editor's Notes
- #2: Welcome.
- #3: Me and what I doMy primary role is director of education for CLSHave been involved and engaged in online education development, production, and use since 2004.Variety of online education involvement:Continuing education coursesPodcasts hostBlog authorWeb videos Microblogging
- #4: You can find this and other presentations at http://www.slideshare.net/gfriese/
- #6: Need to add
- #7: Cheating, such as falsification of attendance records, obtaining exam question banks, and score modification, is common in EMS continuing education:Strongly agreeAgreeNeither agree nor disagree DisagreeStrongly disagree
- #8: Scenario: Recalls – is this cheating? Describe a scenario based on final examination, recalls. Post NREMT-P old written test experience.
- #9: American Board of Radiology recalls on board examhttp://www.cnn.com/2012/01/13/health/prescription-for-cheating/index.html
- #10: Scenario: Con Ed ArticleCopy of JEMS article given to each department member. Each member asked to read article. At training night, officer says, “Do you have any questions?”“Since there are no questions, lets go through the test together”Each user completes a test, submitted in bulk. All users receive one CE course.Is this cheating?
- #12: Scenario: Online CE CompletionParamedic clicks through program as quickly as possible35 minute video “viewed” in 4 minutesUnlimited attempts at quizPasses quiz on 3rd attemptIs this cheating?
- #13: (Discouraging Academic Dishonesty in Online Courses)Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program at Center for Allied Health Programs, Univ of MNStudents worked together on quizzes. Took online quizzes as a group. Used quiz for first person to determine right, wrong answers. Then all used the results.
- #14: (Discouraging Academic Dishonesty in Online Courses)“Students felt that the “rules” were different for online quizzes compared to paper quizzes”Rules not explicitly statedScope was shocking to professors
- #15: Cheating happens
- #16: Cheating on Tests: How to Do It, Detect It, and Prevent It summarizes the body of research this way."Nearly every research report on cheating -- whether the data were obtained by a carefully designed study, a survey of self-reported behavior, an RRT (randomized response technique) approach, or questionnaire regarding perceptions of cheating on the part of another -- has concluded that cheating is rampant.“From http://www.newfoundations.com/PREVPLAGWEB/CheatingTrends1.html
- #17: Image from FEMA Photo LibraryCheating happens at all grade levels … elementary, secondary, and college.May be most rampant at secondary level. In college there is variation by major – most likely among business majors. http://www.newfoundations.com/PREVPLAGWEB/CheatingTrends1.htmlhttp://www.glass-castle.com/clients/www-nocheating-org/adcouncil/research/cheatingbackgrounder.htmlInfo from 1999, cheating background image The results of the 29th Who's Who Among American High School Students Poll (of 3,123 high-achieving 16- to 18-year olds – that is, students with A or B averages who plan to attend college after graduation) were released in November, 1998. Among the findings:80% of the country's best students cheated to get to the top of their class.More than half the students surveyed said that they don't think cheating is a big deal.95% of cheaters say they were not caught.40% cheated on a quiz or a test67% copied someone else's homework
- #18: http://www.glass-castle.com/clients/www-nocheating-org/adcouncil/research/cheatingbackgrounder.htmlReasonsOthers are doingNo honor codeLow risk of being caught and or punishedHigher incidence at less selective institutionsRequired coursesHeavy workload – academic and employmentNo clear rules or consequences
- #19: Great reference material, likely applicable to allied health professionalshttp://www.azbn.gov/documents/news/Statewide%20Educators%20Academic%20Dishonesty.10.05.07.pdf
- #20: http://www.fox5vegas.com/story/21198319/las-vegas-probing-cheating-in-fire-academy Most recent … but this has happened elsewhere.
- #21: No specific research on EMS – at least that I could find. Anecdotally we know it is happening as it is regularly in the news. Can we generalize findings from other disciplines. I believe we can.EMT and Paramedic students were once high school students. If cheating exists in nursing, radiology, engineering, business, etc it is present in EMS education.Is it better, worse, same? We need some research
- #22: Ask group how they would define cheatingOfficial definitionshttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cheat“representing someone else’s work as your own”
- #23: Broader term for a range of behaviorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dishonestyPlagiarism: The adoption or reproduction of original creations of another author (person, collective, organization, community or other type of author, including anonymous authors) without due acknowledgment.Fabrication: The falsification of data, information, or citations in any formal academic exercise.Deception: Providing false information to an instructor concerning a formal academic exercise—e.g., giving a false excuse for missing a deadline or falsely claiming to have submitted work.Cheating: Any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise (like an examination) without due acknowledgment.Bribery: or paid services. Giving certain test answers for money.Sabotage: Acting to prevent others from completing their work. This includes cutting pages out of library books or willfully disrupting the experiments of others.Professorial misconduct: Professorial acts that are academically fraudulent equate to academic fraud and/or grade fraud.Personation: assuming a student's identity with intent to provide an advantage for the student.[1][2][3][4]
- #24: http://www.schools.com/news/most-common-cheating-charge-in-college-is-plagiarism-study-finds.htmlStudy found plagiarism was the most common cheating chargehttp://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/jane-goodall-book-seeds-of-hope-contains-borrowed-passages-without-attribution/2013/03/19/448ad1f6-8bf3-11e2-9f54-f3fdd70acad2_story.html
- #25: (Academic Dishonesty PDF from AZ)Taking, giving or receiving information – sharing test questionsUse of unauthorized materials or resources – browsing internet with SmartphoneCircumventing the process – using a test takerAsk audience for examples, based on types of cheating (Group’s Experience)What have you tried, seen tried, or otherwise definitely know has happened?
- #26: http://www.glass-castle.com/clients/www-nocheating-org/adcouncil/research/cheatingbackgrounder.htmlMaking it tougher to define cheatingPlagiarism of information is easierQuestion and answer sharing
- #27: Student and preceptor discuss a skill they might have or could have performed on a patient such as applying CPAP or needle decompression of chest. After thorough discussion of procedure preceptor signs off student as “completing the skill” Change the scenario … this is the final skill the student needs. Will have to keep doing clinical skills until complete.
- #28: Other potential scenarios … are you having these discussions with students and preceptors?Say they did something they didn’t do – blood pressure, other skillsReceive signature from non-FTO and try to get credit later, or plead ignorance if confrontedNot reporting an error, mistake – intentional or unintentional errorsPrevious scenario … Ask to be “checked off” or “signed off” for skill discussed rather than skill performed
- #29: Instructor changes answers, falsifies records, provides questions and or answers, looks the other ways, mark students as in attendance even if they are not present
- #31: Connect to test security and costsNREMT ExamAHA ExamPromotional examsCertification and licensureexamsHigh Risk BehaviorRemember, radiologists, nurses, airplane pilots, college bound honors students are taking high risks on high stakes testing. EMS students are not significantly differentFor the risks to be high students must know there are consequences and they have a chance of being caught
- #32: The patient cheated deathI am going to show you a shortcut for remembering how to calculate this drug dosageUse these mnemonics or acronyms to rememberFocus on test prepMemorization of a sequence of steps
- #33: Cheating is tough to catch, prove, and actually lead to discipline. Need evidence to suspect/accuse, need a policy that has actually been violated, then need to have a process to enforce policy, with consequences that make it worth the effort.
- #34: Culture encourages and rewards:Group problem solving, group actionCreative and novel problem solvingLimited supervision in a highly decentralized work environment
- #35: Does your program/organization have an academic dishonesty policy?YesNoMight not even exist …. Can’t enforce if it doesn’t exist
- #36: Needs to be in your policy
- #37: Question Format Lend Themselves to Cheating
- #38: Technology makes it easy to find and share techniques, as well as changing how cheating happens and how it is monitored.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGhOYbPgETQYouTube, How to Cheat on a Test
- #39: Which factor is mostly likely to lead a student to cheat? Content not appropriate to student’s training and knowledgeCost of continuing education courses and required certificationsPressure and encouragement from peers Limited time to complete training requirementsPoor quality of continuing education content
- #41: It might be this easy … Top 2 as rated by large group of nursing students as to what works … Instructor announcing penalties for cheatingAsking students not to cheat
- #42: (Academic Dishonesty PDF from AZ)Starts with institutions and instructors Role model academic honestyDiscussHonor codeValueseducationDeveloping relationshipsEmphasis on becoming a paramedic rather than passing certification examTesting – what is necessary to test and how do you test it?
- #43: Role model …not copying 12 leads without attribution, not downloading YouTube videos vs. playing from YouTube, …
- #44: Are you reinforcing what you think you are reinforcingCutting cornersReinforcement of behaviorsConsequences match severity
- #45: Early in EMT class, paramedic class, or as CE module on “Ethics” have a scenario based discussion about honesty and cheatingIs this behavior cheating? What are the impacts of this behavior?What should the consequences be for that behavior? Create really specific scenarios …
- #46: Early in EMT class, paramedic class, or as CE module on “Ethics” have a scenario based discussion about honesty and cheatingIs this behavior cheating? What are the impacts of this behavior?What should the consequences be for that behavior? Create really specific scenarios …
- #47: Foothill College Paramedic ProgramIncidence of cheating is lower in medical schools with an honor code (PA Students Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Cheating and Academic Integrity)Honor code also helps students know what to do should they observe cheating (PA Students Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Cheating and Academic Integrity)
- #48: Needs to be failure to perform not for harm caused by failure to perform Common notion that cheating is a victimless crime … no one is harmed. Oddly there is also no benefit derived from enabling others to cheat.
- #49: http://www.icarevalues.org/Vision Statement:“The founders of the I CARE program envision a world where individuals of all ages understand the importance of ethics and values as they pertain to a person's character and through their actions embody the values of Integrity, Compassion, Accountability, Respect and Empathy in their daily lives.”Re cheating “Integrity” and “Accountability” seem especially relevant
- #50: Admissions process can be used to screen for cheating experience and attitudes towards cheating … especially at paramedic level. Behavior based questions What did you do when a partner cut corners on rig checkDescribe a time you witnessed or suspected cheating, how did you handle it. Also time to inform of honor code (let cheaters self select out of program)
- #51: Might be pretty rare in actual paramedic coursesMore common in other academic and general study coursesHabits developed in those courses will carry over to paramedic instructionPrevention (some from http://www.schools.com/news/most-common-cheating-charge-in-college-is-plagiarism-study-finds.html)http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_educational_tips_on_plagiarism_prevention.htmlDefine what it is. Many don’t understand what it is. Give examples of intentional and unintentional plagiarism practices (search vs.. research, peer pressure, confusion about expectations. Define proper citation practicesProvide clear/precise guidelinesVerify content with something like TurnItIn.com
- #52: Testing – what is necessary to test and how do you test it?Do you need a test?Completion might be enough
- #53: Reward Learning over Completion
- #54: KnowledgeSkillAbilityConsider testing before training
- #55: Educations (and students) should begin with the end in mind. If I know the questions are likely to be trivial knowledge retention I am unlikely to push myself to learn beyond the trivial.These are also very easy questions to recall and share with others. What is a better question?
- #56: In 140 characters or less explain airway managementWide open, general, generic questions with no real expectation that they will be answered with any depth. Guess what Greg is thinking, answer in as few words as possible, and then share that answer
- #57: RememberingUnderstanding
- #58: ApplyingAnalyzingEvaluating
- #59: (Academic Dishonesty PDF from AZ)Clear test taking instructions – dos and don’ts for test takingRoom set-up, placement of students around the roomProvide any required suppliesMonitorVideo tapeRemove bags, books, coats etcDisable all smart phones (and consequences for using)Turn off wireless hotspot in classroom Confiscate electronicsChange passwords and login verification frequently
- #60: Team or Squad Learning
- #61: These are 2 great products that made something we already had better. I know one for sure is the handiwork of an EMS professional. Bring the cultural aspects of ingenuity, mash-ups, making it work, group learning, innovation into the EMS training.
- #62: Need to add