Development process of mis

Chapter 9:
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF MIS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Process of mis development
 Linkage of business goals to MIS goals
 Relationship between Business goals and business stretergy
 Mis goal and stretergy
 Mis to generate all classes of information for all users
 Methods for handling uncertaintity and risk
 Approach to MIS development
 Implementation of MIS
 MIS: Factors of success and Failures

Page  2

Development of long range plan of mis

 To achieve success it is necessary to make plan first
 Constructing MIS plan take information as resource
 Use proper data entry methods and plan can be made from proper
resources of organizations
 In short mis plan is flexible enough to deal with changing according to
time, Situation and adopt latest technology
 Mis plan can contain following major elements
- Deal with business plan
- Strategy for plan achievement
- The architecture of mix
- The system development schedule
- Hardware versus software plan
Page  3

Contents of the mis plan

 A long range MIS plan provides direction for the development of the
systems
 It provide basis for achieving the specific targets or tasks against a time
frame.
 Pan is strectly related with goals and objectives of the mis which are as
under given below
- Provide an online information of everything
- Quick process of query
- The focus of system will be on end user
- Information support system will contain stretegic,tactical and operational
area of business

Page  4

MIS Plan vs Business plan

Business plan MIS plan
Business goals and objectives Mis,objectives,business goals
Business plan and strategy Information strategy for business plan
,implementation playing a supportive
role
Strategy planning and decisions Architecture for mis to support decision
Management plan for execution and Sytem development schedule,matching
control the plan execution
Operation plan for execution Hardware and software plan for
implementation

Page  5

Strategy for plan achievement

 The designer has to take number of strategic decision to achieve goal and
objective of organization the strategy are:
a)Development strategy: An online, a batch, a real time. Technology
platform
b)System development strategy: Any approach to the system development-
operational versus functional, Accounting versus analysis, database
versus multiple databases
c)Resources for system development: In house versus
external,Customised development versus the use of packages.
d)Manpower composition: Analyst, programmer skill and know-how

Page  6

The Architecture of the MIS

*The architecture of the mis plan provide a system structure and their input,
output and linkages
- It also provide a way to handle the system or subsystems by way of
simplification, coupling and decoupling of subsystems

- It spells out in detail the subsystems from the data entry to
procesing,analyst to modeling and storage to printing

Page  7

The System Development Schedule
 A schedule is made for the development of the system
 Preparing information schedule first importance is given to the system
requirement
 The development schedule is changed according to be weighted against
the time scale for achieving certain requirement. Which is linked with
business plan
 Schedule can be revised according to performance of business

Page  8

Hardware and Software plan

 Feasibility studies can effect on planning of MIS
 The hardware and software which is selected for mis plan should be
technically sound and up to date
 Selection of proper hardware and software should be part of strategic
level decisions
 Proper selection of hardware and software should link with goals and
objectives of organizations

Page  9

A Model of the mis plan

Contents Particulars Focus
Corporate Information Business environment Where are We?
and current operations
Mission, Goal and Current mission, goal and Where do we want to
Objectives objectives reach?
Business risks and Risk analysis and current What is risk?
rewards status
Policy and strategy Details of policies and How do we achieve
status goals?
Information needs Strategic planning What is key information?
Architecture of plan IT detail What are tools of
achievement?
Schedule of development Detail of system and When it will achieve?
subsystem
Budget and Roi Detail of investment What is cost of budget
Page  10 schedule and benefits and roi?

Ascertaining class of information

Information Class Example User

Organizational Employee,products,servi Many users at all levels
ces,location,turnover etc
Functional Purchase,sales,producti Functional heads and
ons,stocks,marketing etc others
Managerial Payable,outstanding,bud Middle and top level
get,statutory information management
Knowledge Entire organization Middle ,top and bottom
level management
Decision Support Status of information, Middle and low level
various standard etc management
Operational Information on Operational and
production,sales management supervisor
Page  11
,purchase etc

Determining the information requirement

 The difficulty to determine to determine a correct and complete sets of
information is on account of the factor given below:
1)The capability constraint of human being as an information processor
2)The nature and the variety of information in précised terms
3)Reluctance of decision maker to spell out the information
4)The ability of the decision makers to specify information
• There are 4 methods of determining information requirements
1)Asking or interviewing
2)Determining from existing system
3)Analyzing the critical success factors
4)Experimentation and modeling

Page  12

Methods of handling Uncertainty

Levels of uncertainty Level of management Method

Low Operational Interview
management

A risk situation Middle management Determine from existing
system

Very risky Middle and top Determine threw critical
management success factors

High Top management Experiment ,modeling
and sensitivity analysis

Page  13

Development and implementation of MIS

 The plan consists of various system and subsystems
 The choice of the subsystem depends on the its positions in the total mis
plan
 The designer first develops systems independently and start integrated
them with other systems
 Basically 2 approaches effected on MIS
1)Prototype approach
2)Life cycle approach

Page  14

Prototype approach

 It is useful for complex system
 Prototyping is a process of progressively ascertaining the information
needs, developing methodology, trying it out on a smaller scale with
respect to the data and the complexity.

 Designers task is complex and full of difficult in this approach

 Multiple user can involve in this approach

Page  15

Development process model of prototype approach

Mission,
Goals

Identify Refine the Modify
information review
needs prototype

Define
Develop Develop
System Implement
And test Revised
boundries In parallel
prototype
Define
Initial
System Satisfy?
Prototype training
objectives

Examine Develop Develop
Feasibility prototype application documentation
Page  16

Life Cycle Approach

 It is useful when there are periodic review of system take place
 It is useful in modification of system required after particular time period
 It provide system a stability with regular evaluation
 This approach is based on rules and regulation on which system follows
and it can not allow significant change in system.
 It is used in closed system where outcome of system is already decided
before implementation of system

Page  17

Development process model of Lifecycle approach

System,
Application

Assess Physical Install
Feasibility Design System

Information
System
Req. Conduct
Specification
analysis Training

Define
Program Operate
System
Specification System
objectives

Conceptual Physical Review
Design Design And Audit
Page  18

Prototype VS Lifecycle Approach

Prototype Approach Lifecycle Approach
Useful in open system where high Useful in closed system which have
amount of uncertainty about information certain information
is there.
Necessary to try out some assumption No need to try out any assumption
in decision making process
Experiment is necessary and control the No need to experiment anything
cost before system has been
implemented
Tryout system before it commits on The user is confident enough about
specific information requirements system so no need to try anything
System is custom oriented The system is universal

Page  19

Implementation of MIS

 There are certain guidelines to user about proper implementation of
system in organization which are as given beloved
 No question beyond limit the information need to user
 Don’t forget his role is to offer service not demand
 Give priority to user not designer
 Don’t mix technical need with information need
 Impress upon user global nature in system design with provide
attractiveness in system design
 Don’t challenge application of information in decision making
 Maintain quality of information in system
 Provide information as corporate resource and contribute you as a user
 Take regular feedback of user with proper interaction with user
Page  20

Implementation of MIS

 Ensure the overall system effort has management acceptance
 Enlist user’s participation time to time
 Realize user that threw serving they are true guide of system
 Allover proper change in system time to time
 Identify role of user in system
 Conduct periodic meeting with user time to time
 Provide proper training to user with proper guidelines about usage of
system

Page  21

Management of information quality in the MIS

 The quality of parameters is assured if following steps are taken.
1)All the input is process and controlled as input and pricess design
2)All updating and correction are completed the data processing begins
3)Inputs are subjected with validity checks
4)Access of data file is protected and secured threw authorization scheme
5)Ensure that complete data is processed in one transaction
6)Due attention is given to the proper file name

Page  22

Management of information quality in the MIS

7) Back up of data and files are taken safeguard corruption or loss of data
8) Time to time audit constructed
9) Modification of system is necessary
10) System are developed within standard specification of design and
development
11) Information system is controlled threw program and provide perticular
access control
12) Mis model will provide consistency into business plan so that
information needs to acheiee its goals.

Page  23

Quality parameters of information

Parameter of quality Example comments
Complete data of all All invoice of the month Achieves integrity of data
transaction with voucher with respect to time period

Valid transaction and Only correct transaction is Validity of data
input data allowed
Accuracy and precision of Correct use of formula Results are accurate
results with relevant data
Relevance to the user Concentrate strategic Relevance towards the
and decision maker areas of business goal of organization
Timely information Information of sales, Information should be up
dispatch etc to date
Meaningful and complete Production information is Incomplete information
information about quality with proper makes user wrong
format and so on decisions.
Page  24

Organization for development of mis

 There are some major issues involved in interaction of mis with
organization the issues are:
1)Whether the mis function should be handled as centralized or
decentralized activity
2)The allocation of the hardware and software resources
3)The maintaince of the mis service levels at an appropriate level
4)Fitting the organization of the mis in the corporate organization, its culture
and the management philosophy.

Page  25

Organization for development of mis

 The question of centralization versus decentralization is depends on
information resource management in the organization
 In a centralized set the responsibility of acquisition of the data, of the
information to the users becomes the centralized function
 In a decentralized set of responsibility information is at second level so
priority is given to the requirement and other things.
 The development process model is divided into centralized and
decentralized organization which are as mention

Page  26

Development process model of mis

 Centralized model of mis
Selections,
expansition
Hardware and
Technology
MD Software
Upgarate decision
Information
System planning
Head of Centralized system
MIS Developement Training

Management and
developement
Operations,
Day to day
maintaince
operation
Page  27
System,software
maintaince

Development process model of mis

 Decentralized model of mis
Selections,
Distributed or
expansitiondecisions
Decentralized
Hardware and
Management of HW Technology
MD Software
Upgarate decision
Information
Selection of
System planning
Hardware solution
Head of Centralized system
Hw & Sw Techno Training
Selection of OS
MIS Developement

Management and
developement
Corporate Operations,
Users in System
Day to day
DBMS maintaince
Developement
operation
Training and
System,software
Page  28
Problem solving
maintaince

Features of Contributing Success of mis

 It focus major issues of business and also adequate development
resources are provided and barrier are removed
 An appropriate information processing technology, required to meet the
data processing and analysis needs of users of the mis,is selected
 Mis defined user’s requirement and its operational validity is ensured
 Mis is kept under continuous surveliance,so that its open system design is
modified according to changing information needs.
 Mis focus on business objectives and goal.
 Mis is not allowed to end up into an information generation mill avoiding
the noise in the information and communication system
 Mis will consider all human behaviour factors in the process of
management
 Mis is focused on different information needs for different objectives
Page  29

Features of Contributing Success of mis

 Mis is interacted with term globalization so that it should be prepared with
lattest technology.
 Mis is easy to operate
 Mis design provide basic capability for user to deal with complex situation
 The mis concentrate on the development the information support to
manage critical success factors in organizations
 Mis concentrates on the mission critical applications serving the need of
the top management.

Page  30

Features of Contributing Failures of mis

 The mis is conceived as a data processing and not an information
processing system
 Mis is not those information that manager needs instead of it provide
those information that function calls.
 Mis is not provide proper way to deal with system complexity instead of it
recognized its successful implementation
 Mis is not concentrate on system control and its neglect basic system
tools which are input, process and output
 The mis is developed without streamlining the BPS in organization
 Mis is not concentrate towards the training aspects of users
 The mis does not meet certain critical and key factors of the users such
as a response to the query on database.

Page  31

Features of Contributing Failure of mis

 Mis is not fully guaranteed that it will provide complete problem solving
mechanism in the organization
 Sometimes lack of capability of developers makes mis an unused product
in organization
 The mis does not give perfect information to all the users in the
organization.
 Mis is assumption of developer so sometime this assuming becomes
reason for failures.

Page  32

Approach to MIS developement

 Identify business goals
 Determine critical success factors
 Determine business stretergy
 Identify critical business application
 Make decision analysis
 Develop business performance indicators
 Identify information entities to decision support for business
 Build mis superset as precribed I the general model of mis

Page  33

Mis develop process model

 Study business environment
 Study organization and structure
 Identify missions and goal
 Identify critical success factors
 Identify critical business applications
 Ascertain the business strategy
 Identify business decisions
 Develop key performance indicators
 Determine mis goals supporting business goals
 Developed it strategy to meet goals
 Develop it support structure to meet data and information needs.
 Determine mis superet
Page  34

Mis develop process model

 Link and map mis and information outcome to business goals and
strategy
 Design KMS & BI systems
 Design information reporting structure
- Periodic reports
- Exception reports
- Control reports

Page  35

Development process of mis

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