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- 1. System • An integrated set of interoperable elements, each with explicitly specified and bounded capabilities, working synergistically to perform value-added processing to enable a user to satisfy mission-oriented operational needs in a prescribed operating environment with a specified outcome and probability of success.
- 2. Elements of a system • Input/Output • Processor(s) • Control • Feedback • Environment • Boundaries and Interfaces
- 3. Admission System Fulfills academic requirements Merit Student List Admitted Seat available Fees Paid Waiting List All requirements complete Certificates Fees Update No Seat available Waiting List Rejected
- 4. System Structure System structure consists of the following components: • Organization: organized group of elements • Interaction: Elements should be able to interact among themselves. • Interdependence: Unless there is interdependence they may be considered separate systems. • Integration: All the elements should be able to combine to become a system. • Central Objective: The whole system must have a central mission to achieve something.
- 5. Presentation Topics • Importance of Interaction in a system • Interdependence in a system. • Integration is necessary to form a system • Library as a system • Human as a system • Car as a system • College as a system • Home as a system • Industry as a system
- 6. Types of Systems • Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) TPS • Office Automation Systems (OAS) OAS • Management Information Systems (MIS) MIS • Decision Support Systems (DSS) DSS • Expert Systems & Artificial Intelligence ES • Group Decision Support System (GDSS) GDSS
- 7. Transaction Processing • Transaction processing is designed to maintain a computer system (typically, but not limited to, a database (or some modern file systems) in a known, consistent state, by ensuring that any operations carried out on the system that are interdependent are either all completed successfully or all canceled successfully. Back
- 8. Office Automation • Data storage • Text handling • Desktop publishing • Image handling • Data Exchange • Data Management BACK
- 9. Management Information System • Management Decisions are based on correct and complete information. • Needs of information are different at different management levels. • Planned system to fulfill informational needs of management to carry out its functions. It includes: – Collecting the data – Processing data – Storing data – Disseminating data in the required form Back
- 10. Decision Support Systems • Specific class of computerized information systems that supports business and organizational decision- making activities. – Administrative decisions are based on rules, precedence and prudence keeping in view the best interest of the society or organization. – Business decisions are based on rules of law and information which should be: • Accurate • Concise • Viewable from various angles and at various levels Back
- 11. Expert System • It is a software that attempts to reproduce the performance of human experts. It involves: 1. creation of a knowledge base which captures the Subject Matter Expert's (SME) knowledge. 2. A process of gathering that knowledge from the SME and codifying it to develop the computer based system which emulates human expert. Expert Systems are an attempt to replace human experts. Back
- 12. Group Decision Support System • Allows group members to interact with electron support like: – Polling – Questionnaires – Brainstorming – Scenario creation • Software supports electronic conferencing over extended period to encourage meaningful contribution, avoid dominance and vocal exuberance, expressing unpopular views etc.
- 13. Presentation Topics Explain the topic. In each case • Transaction Processing do the following: • Office Automation Take a live example • Management Information System Explain the system with flow diagrams • Decision Support System Point out possible problems • Group Decision Support System at each stage Suggest solutions in each case • Expert System Suggest alternative methods of handling the same example and briefly explain the strengths and weaknesses of the suggested system
- 14. Roles of System Analyst • As a Consultant – Ascertaining the requirements of the organization and limitations of technology in developing new systems – Analyzing the organizations needs and convincing the management to adopt new systems – Interface between the developers and management – Leading the development group to ensure they deliver end product as per organizations requirements and aspirations • As a Support Expert – Interacting with outside agencies providing new systems – Providing support to developers by explaining the existing systems and new requirements • As Agent of Change – To overcome resistance to change – Bringing in new ideas and systems – Adopting new systems and training others
- 15. Impetus for Change Internal Impetus • Organization • Top Management • User • System Analyst Outside Impetus • Govt. rules and regulation • Consumers • Unions • Competition
- 16. System Development Life Cycle • Recognition of Need • Feasibility Study – Technical – Financial – Behavioral • Results of feasibility Study – Summary of findings – Details of findings – Recommendations • Analysis • Design • Implementation • Post-Implementation and Maintenance
- 17. Classifications of Costs & Benefits • Tangible Costs and Benefits – Costs which can be directly calculated in terms of money • Example: Costs like Machines, Salaries, Building Etc. • Benefits like Reduced staff, Increase in Income • Intangible Costs and Benefits – Costs and benefits which cannot be directly calculated in terms of money • Example: Morale of Staff • Efficiency • Company Image • Customer Satisfaction
- 18. Cost Benefit Analysis • Costs • Benefits – Hardware – Improved Efficiency • Computers, Network Hardware, Peripherals etc – Reduction in staff – Software – Improved Corporate Image • System Software, Application – Reliability of Outputs Software – Staff – Improved customer • Salaries relationship • Other Benefits – Proper maintenance of – Facilities Accounts resulting in less • Building losses and better revenue – Operating Costs collection • Electricity – In-time payment of • Security Creditors and Govt. levies • Petrol • Office Expenses (Paper etc)
- 19. Mini Project- Office Automation • Class is divided into 5 groups • Group-1 studies what areas of office automation can be undertaken. • Group-2 studies the financial feasibility under the constraint of Rs. 25,000/- • Group-3 analyses the reports and prepares analysis report. • Group -4 studies the analysis reports and makes recommendations • Final discussion with the teacher of all the groups