Intuition – Based Teaching Mathematics for Engineers

ACEEE International Journal on Network Security, Vol 1, No. 1, Jan 2010

Intuition – Based Teaching Mathematics
for Engineers
A.Y. Vaninsky
Hostos Community College of The City University of New York
500 Grand Concourse, Room B 409
Bronx, NY 10451 USA
Email: avaninsky@hostos.cuny.edu

Abstract - It is suggested to teach Mathematics for engineers lem; he just proved the validity of the proposed solution. The
based on development of mathematical intuition, thus, combining solution itself was obtained by mathematical intuition of the
conceptual and operational approaches. It is proposed to teach other person. Publication [21] provides more details.
main mathematical concepts based on discussion of carefully
selected case studies following solving of algorithmically generat-
ed problems to help mastering appropriate mathematical tools.
Methodologically, suggested approach is based on Con-
The former component helps development of mathematical intui- structivism [22 - 25], the Theory of Knowledge Spaces [26 -
tion; the latter applies means of adaptive instructional technology 29], and psychology of Problem Solving [30]. Pedagogically,
to improvement of operational skills. Proposed approach is ap- it relies on detailed exploration of carefully selected case stu-
plied to teaching uniform convergence and to knowledge genera- dies. Examples furnished below serve presentation of the pro-
tion using Computer Science object-oriented methodology. posed approach and are related to uniform convergence of
Rieman sums and using Computer Science object-oriented
I. INTRODUCTION methodology as an educational tool of Mathematics.
Successful teaching and learning mathematics comprises
two indistinguishable components: connecting mathematics to The paper is organized as detailed description of the pro-
the real world and mastering pure mathematics. Each of them posed examples, one per section. Publication [30] related to
requires not only time and efforts, but also specific learning adaptive educational system ALEKS estimates the number of
abilities to grasp variety of notions and concepts from differ- case studies for Precalculus course as 265. This number can
ent fields of Mathematics. For engineering students, finding an serve as a rough estimate for other courses as well.
efficient way of teaching and learning Mathematics is of cru-
cial importance. On one hand, they need Mathematics to mas- II. UNIFORM CONVERGENCE IN TEACHING INTEGRATION
ter their major disciplines; on the other hand, they do not have
sufficient intention and time to study Mathematics rigorously. Integration is one of the main topics of Calculus and is an
With these contradictory conditions in mind, it is proposed in important component of mathematical preparation of engi-
this paper to make a stress on intuitive perception of Mathe- neering students. In Calculus, in contrary to Mathematical
matics combined with computer-supported mastering of its Analysis courses, main notions and concepts of the theory of
essential applications tools. integration are not presented rigorously. To some extent, such
approach can be justified: Calculus students should only know
Theory and practice of mathematical intuition is subject of essentials of the theory and be able to apply them to applica-
intensive research [1-18] that can be traced back to 1852. In tions. But oversimplification plays a negative role: students
this paper, we define mathematical intuition “as ability to that studied Calculus in this way are unable to apply it crea-
sense or know immediately without reasoning”, [19]. More tively enough in engineering.
specifically, we treat mathematical intuition as ability to solve
correctly mathematical problems or applications without ri-
gorous reasoning. Publication [20] provides a typical example. Calculus distinguishes from other courses, like Algebra or
Its author, a mathematician from the Princeton University de- Precalculus, in using limit as a basic concept. From Algebra
veloped mathematical theory of Nim game underlain by the course, students get elementary understanding of a limit re-
binary number system. In the footnotes he mentions: ‘‘The lated to infinite geometric sequences: If in a sequence Sn = a
modification of the game . . . was described to the writer by +aq + aq2 + …+ aqn the number of terms n increases to infin-
Mr. Paul E. More in October, 1899. Mr. More at the same time ity and |q| < 1, then the magnitude of Sn approaches the value
gave a method of play which, although expressed in a different of S = a/(1-q). Students are comfortable with limit-notation
form, is really the same as one used here, but he could give no lim Sn = S with n →∞, and this construct works well while
proof of this rule’’, [20, p. 35]. Thus, the author of the well- students remain in the boundaries of theory of limits or diffe-
known mathematical paper has not actually solved the prob- rentiation. Extension of the previous concept to a limit of a

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function of one variable does not usually cause comprehension were left or right endpoints of the corresponding subintervals
problems. Students perceive easily that lim f(x) with x →a is ∆xi. The other approach is to define the definite integral for
an expected value of f(x) when x approaches a. Further exten- continuous functions only. For example, a popular textbook
sion of the concept to the case of difference quotient in the [31] defines the definite integral for continuous functions only
definition of the derivative function is accepted adequately using equal-sized subintervals for partition. This definition is
also. misleading because the definite integral exists for disconti-
nuous functions as well. Moreover, additional explanation
A situation becomes quite different when Integral Calculus regarding the choice of subintervals makes things worse, ra-
begins, and the definite integral is introduced. Studying the ther than help understanding the notion. It reads: "Although
definite integral, students find themselves in a quite different we have <used> subintervals of equal width, there are situa-
environment. The definite integral is usually introduced in tions in which it is advantageous to work with subintervals of
Calculus using Riemann sums. The Riemann sum includes unequal width. For instance,…NASA provided velocity data
partition of an interval in the domain of a function into small at times that were not equally spaced. … And there are me-
subintervals, selection of a set of points, one point from each thods for numerical integration that take advantage of unequal
subinterval, and summation of the products: width of a subin- subintervals", [31, p.328]. A thoughtful student will probably
terval times the value of a function calculated in the selected be confused with such explanation. A question may be this: Is
point. The definite integral is a limit of the corresponding it NASA (The National Aeronautic and Space Administration
Riemann sum with the widths of all subintervals approaching of the United States) that sets up the mathematical definition
zero. In this situation, students actually need to grasp the fol- of the definite integral? The other popular restriction is the use
lowing definition: The definite integral of a function f(x) from of "left-hand" or "right-hand" Riemann sums. In a left-hand
a to b is a limit of the Riemann sum Riemann sum, ti = xi for all i, and in a right-hand Riemann
sum, ti = xi + 1 for all i. Publication [32] summarizes simplified
n approaches to the definition of the definite integral as follows.
lim
max | Δx | → 0
∑ f ( xi* )Δxi . (1) "Some calculus books … limit themselves to specific types of
i i =1 tagged partitions. If the type of partition is limited too much,
some non-integrable functions may appear to be integrable.”
For many Calculus students there is a pitfall. The notion of
the limit that has been just used in the previous Calculus sec- The main problem stems from the fact that the Riemann
tions is not the same as that in the definite integral. In particu- sum is neither a sequence nor a function of the parameter that
lar, The Riemann sum comprises more elements than a func- approaches zero. The limit used in the definition of the defi-
tion f(x). It includes the function f(x), a partition {∆xi}, a selec- nite integral is a limit of a new type, not known to Calculus
*
tion { xi }, and an natural number n, the number of elements students. It is a uniform limit resulting from uniform conver-
gence of the Riemann sums with regards to partition and se-
in the partition. Thus, the Riemann sum is not a function of the lection. This new type of limit requires special consideration
parameter max|∆xi| that approaches 0 when the limit is taken. and additional explanations aimed to prepare students for ade-
Also, it is not self-evident what the interplay among partition, quate perception of the definite integral. Early and informal
selection, and the sum of products in the Riemann sum is. It is introduction of uniform convergence of the Riemann sums is
not fully clear to students how each of them affects the exis- based on a series of carefully selected examples and exercises,
tence and the value of the limit. and gradually develops student mathematical intuition related
to uniform convergence. It uses the notion of infinitesimals
Some Calculus textbooks try to simplify the situation by and their summation, [33]: "…an infinitesimal quantity is one
imposing restrictions on partition and selection aimed at mak- which, while not necessarily coinciding with zero, is in some
ing it look like previous cases. The most popular way is to sense smaller than any finite quantity. … An infinitesimal is a
allow for only equal-sized elements ∆xi = ∆x of the partition: quantity so small that its square and all higher powers can be
∆xi = ∆x=(b-a)/n. In this case, the Riemann sum looks like a neglected." The following example demonstrates a possible
function of n: way of classroom discussion.
n n
Rn = lim ∑ f ( xi* )Δxi = lim ∑ f ( xi* )Δx = Example. An automatic device measures a distance cov-
max|Δxi | → 0 i =1 Δx → 0 i =1
. (2) ered by an airplane. To do that, it measures a speed of the air-
(b − a) n
lim ∑ f ( xi* ) plane based on air pressure in consecutive short time intervals,
n→ ∞ n i =1 multiplies the speed by the length of the time interval, and
* adds up the products to calculate a distance. Example of calcu-
But this is not really so, because arbitrary selection { xi } re- lations is given in table 1 for time for total time of 1 hour and
mains, and does not allow the Riemann sum Rn to be a func- time intervals of 10 min. The infinitesimals Di=Vi×Δti are the
tion of n. Some simplifications impose restrictions on selec- products of speed by time interval, respectively. There are six
* * time subintervals in the table, so that the estimated distance
tions { xi } as well. For instance, they require that points xi
based on 10 minutes time intervals is
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6 6 S360, and S3600, respectively. Although we cannot provide
S 6 = ∑ Di = ∑ Vi × Δti = 546.667 miles, (3) an analytical formula for calculation of the limit value of Sn,
i =1 i =1 we can guess, based on table 2, that it is close to 550 miles:
where Vi stands for a speed measured at a randomly selected n n
moment time ti* inside the time interval Δti,. To obtain more lim S n = lim ∑ Di = lim ∑ Vi × Δti ≈ 550
n→∞ n → ∞ i =1 n → ∞ i =1
precise result, we should measure speed more and more fre- (4)
quently, say each 1 min, then each 30 sec etc. By doing so, we
may get results presented in table 2 labeled as S60, S120,

tion of the definite integral as a uniform limit of the Riemann
sum:
TABLE 1 b N
CALCULATION OF A DISTANCE
T
∫ f ( x)dx = lim
max |Δx |→0
∑ f ( xi* )Δxi . (5)
Measure- Time Speed, Distance, a i i =0
ment interval, min mph miles Uniformness means that the limit does not depend on either
i Δti Vi Di=Vi×Δti
1 10 500 10/60×500=83.333 choice of subintervals Δxi or points xi* inside them. For Cal-
2 10 540 10/60×540=90.000
3 10 560 10/60×560=93.333
culus needs it is sufficient just to mention that the uniform
4 10 490 10/60×490=81.667 limit exists for continuous functions or for functions with no
5 10 610 10/60×610=101.667 more than countable amount of jumps. Integrable functions are
6 10 580 10/60×580=96.667 necessary bounded. The necessary and sufficient conditions,
Total 60 546.667 the Lebesgue’s Criterion, may be found in [34].

Total time = 1 h, time interval = 10 min
III. OBJECT-ORIENTED APPROACH IN TEACHING
TABLE 2 MATHEMATICS
SPEED MEASUREMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS In this section we present an approach to teaching mathe-
Time interval Number of mea- Distance estimation, matics that may be attractive for engineering students pursuing
surements miles careers in computer programming, information systems, or
information technology. It is based on similarities between
Δti n Sn object-oriented programming and mathematical systems. Ob-
10 min 6 546.667
1 min 60 552.345
ject-oriented programming (OOP) operates with "classes" and
30 sec 120 549.678 "objects" that possess "properties" and are subject to opera-
10 sec 360 550.204 tions called "methods". In this section, a “method” means a set
1 sec 3600 549.943 of computer statements aimed at performing a certain task. A
Total time = 1 h. class defines general characteristics of a problem in question,
while object represents a particular instance of a class. We will
This means that by making speed measurements infinitely show below that a particular area of Mathematics follows
frequently, we make each time interval Δti, and each partial same rules that the OOP does. This area of Mathematics stu-
distance Di infinitesimally small while increasing the number dies abstract mathematical systems. The last are triples con-
of time intervals to infinity. By doing so, we approach the taining a set of elements, a set of axioms related to the ele-
exact value of the distance covered in one hour that is close to ments, and a set of operations over the elements of the system.
550 miles. Mapping of OOP class on a mathematical system is this. Ob-
It is important to stress at this point that though speed can jects of a class are considered as a set of elements of a mathe-
be measured at an arbitrary moment of time inside each time matical system; properties, as its axioms, and methods, as ap-
interval, it will not affect the final result. With time intervals plicable operations. With these similarities in mind, OOP may
becoming smaller and smaller, random choice of a moment of serve as a "tangible" tool for presentation of abstract mathe-
speed measurement will not have any impact on the total dis- matical systems. Suggested approach is useful for engineers in
tance. The reason is this: within a very small time interval the view of development of computer – based proof in pure ma-
speed of an airplane remains about the same. The time inter- thematics, as discussed in [35].
vals need not be necessarily equal; the only condition is that
all of them, or, in other words, maximal subinterval, should In this section below, a problem borrowed from [36] is
vanish. used as an example. The problem is this. "Three friends, Jane,
Equipped with the knowledge of uniform conver- Rose and Phyllis, study different languages and have different
gence, students are prepared to perceive the following defini- career goals. One wants to be an artist, one a doctor, and the
third a lawyer. <The following rules determine their choices:>
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(1) The girl who studies Italian does not plan to be a lawyer; pletely algorithmically though the problem looked like a puz-
(2) Jane studies French and does not plan to be an artist; (3) zle in the beginning.
The girl who studies Spanish plans to be a doctor; (4) Phyllis
does not study Italian. Find the language and career goal of For the objectives of this paper, polymorphism of OOP
each girl." classes is important. The last means that class can be designed
independently from its instantiations. In our case, object-
To apply object-oriented approach, we first introduce a oriented approach allows for easy generalization of a particu-
class Student with two properties: Language and Career. lar problem to numerous applications. Thus, it may be recon-
Property-1 Language has values {French, Italian, Spanish}, sidered as a class WildLife that inherits all properties and me-
property-2 Career, values {Artist, Doctor, Lawyer}. The class thods of the previous class Student. Property-1 may be re-
has three instances, or objects, in this problem that may be named as NumberOfLegs with a set of values {0,2,4}, while
labeled by the first letters of the girls' names: J, R, and P, cor- property-2, as TypeOfMoving with values {Flying, Walking,
respondingly. A method called MatchGoals() sets up corres- Swimming}. The objects of the new class may be named as
pondence among the properties of the objects. It works with a Animal, Bird, and Fish. The new problem is assigning a
3 by 3 matrix with rows corresponding to the values of proper- number of legs and type of moving to each creature. It can be
ty-1 (Language), and columns corresponding to property-2 solved using exactly the same Run – Analysis sequence as
(Career). An algorithm of the method processes the rules suc- above. It results in assigning 4 legs and Walking as type of
cessfully and fills in the elements of the matrix with letters J, moving to Animal, 2 and Flying to Bird, and 0 and Swimming
P, or R corresponding to the objects. Eventually, only three to Fish, respectively.
elements of the matrix are filled in, each in one row and one
column; all other elements will be set empty. The algorithm
performs several runs using the rules consequently and ana- We can continue with other examples of the same class
lyzes the matrix after each run, as shown in Table 3, where we with different objects and different interpretations of its prop-
use logical symbols ~(NOT), ∧ (AND) and ∨ (OR), while erties. Rules can be changes as well, but it should be stressed
symbol "-" stands for "Empty". The last means that the ele- there should nether be too little rules, nor contradictory ones.
ment of the table contains no object name and should not be The number of rules needs to be sufficient to fill in all ele-
analyzed in consecutive runs. ments of the matrix. On the other hand, too many rules may be
redundant or contradictory. Different collections of rules may
The solution process starts with Run 1 of the method Mat- be equivalent, leading to the same final result. As a research
chGoals() that uses Rule (1) and empties an element located at project, students may be asked to change the subject area, the
the intersection of row Italian and column Lawyer. Then Run type of the participants, and the properties so that a new prob-
2 uses Rule (2) and fills in row French with J and column lem had the same or similar sequence of Run – Analysis steps
Artist with ~J. After that the method performs analysis of the needed for its solution. Engineering students learning Mathe-
table and changes the element French-Artist for Empty, be- matics in such way will be able to recognize similarity of ma-
cause it contains a contradictory condition J ∧ ~J. thematical models and use similar logical reasoning in differ-
ent situations independently from subject areas, like Biology,
Run 3 utilizes Rule (3), and labels the element Spanish- Chemistry, Information Technology, Physics etc.
Doctor as a candidate, though not assigning it any value.
Though a value of this element is not known at this stage,
labeling it as a chosen element allows marking all the rest
elements in row Spanish and column Doctor as Empty, see
Table 3, Analysis 2a. Now, the choice of non-empty elements
of the matrix is complete because each row and column con-
tains only one non-Empty element. The next step of the anal-
ysis fill in the element French-Lawyer is J; see Table 3, Anal-
ysis 2b.

Run 4 fills in an element Italian-Artist with ~P, using the
Rule (4) making it equal to ~J ∧ ~P. This allows for its re-
placement with R in Analysis 3 step; see Table 3, Analysis 3a.
The last finalizes the process by matching remaining object P
with the element Spanish-Doctor, see Table 3, Analysis 3b.
The problem is solved; the solution has been obtained com-

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tional computer systems as a tool of mastering operational
TABLE 3 skills. Suggested approach requires development of collections
RUNS OF THE MatchGoals() METHOD of case studies each covering a specific course of Mathemat-
ics. Literature sources allow for assumption that 200 – 300
Run 1. Using Rule (1). case studies are sufficient to cover a typical course of under-
Artist Doctor Lawyer
graduate mathematics. Combining intuition-based teaching
French
Italian - with computerized educational systems allows for better ma-
Spanish thematics preparation of engineers and makes teaching and
learning process attractive, student-paced, and textbook inde-
Run 2. Using Rule (2). pendent.
French J ∧ ~J J J REFERENCES
Italian ~J -
Spanish ~J [1] Marsh, J. Remarks on psychology. Burlington, VT, US:
Chauncey Goodrich, 1852..
Analysis 1. Logical analysis and transformations. [2] Bouligand, G. “L'intuition mathématique. Son méca-
nisme, ses aspects variés.” Translated title: ”Mathemati-
French - J J
Italian ~J - cal intuition, its mechanism and various aspects.” Revue
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[3] Stace, W. “The problem of unreasoned beliefs.” Mind,
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[4] Wilder, R. L. “The Role of Intuition.” Science, 156
French - J J
Italian ~J - (3775), 1967, pp. 605-610.
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maires et intuitions secondaires dans l’initiation aux
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[6] Tall, D. “The Notion of Infinite Measuring Number and
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
kin, S. “Sources of Mathematical Thinking: Behavioral
It is suggested to teach mathematics for engineers based on
development of mathematical intuition using adaptive educa-
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Intuition – Based Teaching Mathematics for Engineers

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