Aa33146149

Yogendra Prasad Upadhyay, R. B. Sharma / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.146-149
146 | P a g e
Physicochemical properties on Non Edible Crude Oil with Its
Performance Analysis on Base Fuel (Diesel Fuel)
Yogendra Prasad Upadhyay* R. B. Sharma**
* M. Tech. Scholar, Automobile Engineering, RJIT, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, M.P., India
**HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, RJIT, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, M.P., India
Abstract
Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid alkyl
esters obtained by the reaction of triglycerides of
vegetable or animal origin with alcohol in the
presence of a catalyst. In this work the biodiesel
has been taken as non edible type in nature. The
problems of this oil are attributed to high
viscosity, low volatility and polyunsaturated
character of vegetable oils. Hence, process of
transesterification is found to be effective method
of reducing viscosity and eliminating operational
and durability problems. The comparative
performance on the basis of physicochemical
property of biodiesel and base fuel is also
presented in this work. The advantages effect of
biodiesel as compare of base fuel has been also
shown.
Keywords: Biodiesel, No edible Oil,
Transerterification, Diesel fuel (base fuel).
Introduction:
The yearly reports in pollutants of
atmosphere are also in increasing trend, the need is
to develop the eco friendly fuel to meet the fossil
fuel depletion. These reasons increase the attention
towards vegetable oil as an alternate fuel source.
Biodiesel is the name of clean burning fuel,
produced from domestic renewable resources. It
contains no petroleum but it can be blended at any
level with petroleum diesel to greater biodiesel
blend. It can be used in CI engine with no major
modifications. It is simple to use, bio degradable,
non toxic and essentially free of sulphur and
aromatics [1]
.Nowadays due to the limited resources
of fossil fuels, rising crude oil prices and the
increasing concerns for the environment, there has
been renewed focus on the vegetable oils and animal
fats as an alternative fuel sources. Among the
attractive feature of the biodiesel are (i) if it a plant,
non petroleum derived and as such its combustion
does not increase the current net atmospheric levels
of CO2, a green house gas. (ii) it can be
domestically produced offering the possibility of
reducing petroleum imports, (iii) It is biodegradable
(iv) relative to the conventional diesel its
combustion products have reduced the levels of
particulate matter, UBHC, and CO[2]
.Plant oil, when
blended with fossil diesel or transesterified into
biodiesel, does not generally require any engine
modification is recommended, however, if the plant
oil is useddirectly in neat form, mainly due to higher
viscosity of the plant oils compared to fossil diesel
which leads to incomplete combustion and coke
formation inside the cylinder and in fuel supply
systems including the injectors [3].
The fuel
properties of biodiesel such as cetane number, heat
of combustion, specific gravity, and kinematic
viscosity influence the combustion and so the engine
performance and emission characteristics because it
has different physical and chemical property.
Methodology:
There are several number of non edible
seed is use in production of biodiesel. Some are
Neem, hemp, castor, Datura-stremonium, kranja,
jetropa and pongame.These seeds are use to
expelled by using electric oil expeller. There are
some important substance also meet in biodiesel
which also improve the quality of biodiesel such are
methanol, sodium hydroxide (NAOH) and
anhydrous sodium sulphate (NA2SO4)[4]
. The
process use to convert non edible oil to biodiesel is
shown in figure

147 | P a g e
Figure 1 Production process of biodiesel [5]
The step by step processes which are generally use to convert non edible oil to biodiesel are:
Transesterification: The formation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through transesterification of
seed oils requires raw oil, 12-16% of methanol & 4-5.5% of sodium hydroxide on mass basis. However,
transesterification is an equilibrium reaction in which excess alcohol is required to drive the reaction very close
to completion. The vegetable oil was chemically reacted with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce
FAMEs. Glycerol was separated as a by-product of transesterification reaction.One liter crude non edible oil
takes and filtered it. Now heated between 110-130°C and to remove the moisture content on it. The
transesterification reaction performed at 5.8:1 molar ratio of methanol/crude oil, by using 0.33%, 0.66% and
1.33% (w/w) NAOH as catalyst [4]
.Trans esterification is a chemical reaction which is shown below in figure
Figure 2 Transesterification process[5]
Purification: As shown in figure 1, the resultant
crude biodiesel has some amount of glycerol on it.
Before it use pure biodiesel there is requirement to
remove glycerol on it. Removing of glycerol on this
by using that process is called purification. In
purification there are two layers, the upper layer of

148 | P a g e
biodiesel was purified by distilling the residual
methanol at 55-65°C. The remaining catalyst was
removed by successive rinsing with distilled water
by adding some amount of drops of acetic acid to
neutralize the catalyst. The residual canbe
eliminated by treatment with anhydrous sodium
sulphate (Na2SO4) followed by
filtration.Transparent blackish liquid was obtained
as the final product [4]
.
Acid neutralisation method: By the way in this
process we use the specific method, in which we do
the acid base titration technique. This process is
followed the method on ASTM, 2003 on it [6]
.
Properties of fuels: In a fuel there is most
important thing on it which is the property of fuel.
There are mainly 2 types of property on any fuel;
they are physical, chemical property.The properties
of any plant oil depend on the plant variety and
conditions of cultivation.
Physiochemical property of a fuel:
Viscosity: Viscosity is a measure of the internal
friction or resistance of an oil to flow. As the
temperature of oil is increased, its viscosity
decreases, and it is, therefore, able to flow more
readily. Viscosity is measured on several different
scales, including Redwood No. 1 at 100 F, Engler
Degrees, Say bolt Seconds, etc., the number of
seconds required for 50 ml. of oil to flow out of a
standard Redwood viscometer at a definite
temperature.Viscosity is the most important
property of biodiesel since it affects the operation of
the fuel injection equipment, particularly at low
temperatures when the increase in viscosity affects
the fluidity of the fuel. Biodiesel has a viscosity
close to that of Diesel fuels. High viscosity leads to
poorer atomization of the fuel spray and less
accurate operation of the fuel injectors. A novel
process of BD fuel production has been developed
by a non-catalytic supercritical methanol method.
Density: Density is another important property of
biodiesel. It is the weight of a unit volume of fluid.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a liquid
to the density of water. The specific gravity of
biodiesels ranges between 0.86 and 0.90. Fuel
injection equipment operates on a volume metering
system, hence a higher density for biodiesel results
in the delivery of a slightly greater mass of fuel.
Cetane number: Cetane number (CN) is based on
two compounds, namely hexadecane with a cetane
number of 100 and heptamethylnonane with a
cetane number of 15. The CN scale also shows that
straight chain, saturated hydrocarbons have higher
CN compared to branched chain or aromatic
compounds of similar molecular weight and number
of carbon atoms. The CN of biodiesel is generally
higher than that of conventional Diesel. The CN is
one of the prime indicators of the quality of Diesel
fuel. It relates to the ignition delay time of a fuel
upon injection into the combustion chamber. The
CN is a measure of the ignition quality of Diesel
fuels, and high CN implies short ignition delay. The
longer the fatty acid carbon chains and the more
saturated the molecules, the higher the CN will be.
The CN of biodiesel from animal fats is higher than
those from vegetable oils.
Cloud point and pour point: There are two
important parameters for low temperature
applications of a fuel are cloud point (CP) and pour
point (PP). The CP is the temperature at which wax
first becomes visible when the fuel is cooled. The
PP is the temperature at which the amount of wax
out of solution is sufficient to gel the fuel, thus it is
the lowest temperature at which the fuel can flow.
Biodiesel has higher CP and PP compared to
conventional Diesel.
Sulphur contents: The most valuable result is the
reduction and absence of percentage of total sulphur
contents in biodiesel that will result in reduction of
Sox in exhaust gases which is one of the reasons of
acid rain. Sulfur content of petro diesel is 20–50
times higher than biodiesels.
Heating value: Heating value or heat of combustion
is the amount of heating valueenergy released by
the combustion of unit values of fuels. This is
always taking to high on it.
Flash point: This is the minimum temp. at which the
fuel will ignite (flash) on application of an ignition
source. Flash point varies inversely with the fuel`s
volatility. Minimum flash point temperatures are
required for proper safety and handling of diesel
fuel. Flash point is the temperature that indicates the
overall flammability hazards in the presence of air;
higher flash points make for safe handling and
storage of biodiesel.
Iodine value: Iodine value is the value of the amount
of iodine, measured in grams, adsorbed by 100 g of
the given oil. Iodine value is generally used as a
measure of the chemical stability properties of
different Biodiesel fuels against oxidation. Higher
the iodine value, lesser the stability of the Biodiesel.
The iodine values of the Biodiesel fuel is
considerably low and thereby they are stable.
Latent heat of vaporization: Latent heat of
vaporization is the quantity of heat absorbed by a
fuel on passing b/w liquid and gaseous phases. The
condition under which latent heat of vaporization is
measured is the boiling point and atmospheric
pressure is 101.4 kpa.
Flammability limits: Minimum and maximum
concentrations of vapor on air below and above
which the mixture are un ignitable a vapor air below
the lower flammable limits is too lean to ignite ,
which a concentration above the upper flammable
limits is too rich to ignite.
Boiling point: The boiling point is that point in
which fuel started to boil on it.
Flame visibility: Flame visibility is a degree to
which combustion of a substance under various
conditions can be seen.

149 | P a g e
Odor recognition: Degree of smell associated with
that fuel that fuel vapors.
Comparative analysis of bio fuel with diesel fuel:
There are fishable comparison on the basis of
psychochemical property between biodiesel and
diesel fuel are given below
Table: property analysis of both fuels[4-9]
Serial number Property of fuel with data Diesel fuel Biodiesel
1 Viscosity@ 40o
C cSt 1.25 to 1.40 3.45 to 5.82
2 Density@15o
C Kg/L 0.83 0.86 to 0.90
3 Cetane number 49 45 to 65
4 Cloud point(o
C) -23 to 12.5 -14 to 7
5 Pour point(o
C) 6 to 7 -9 to 9
6 Flash point(o
C) 47 to 70 95 to 210
7 Sulphur % wt 0.05 0.0008
8 Lower heating value in btu/gal 129050 118170
9 Iodine value 117-143 -
10 Boiling point (o
C) 180-340 315-350
Conclusion:
In this paper researcher do Experimental
investigations and carried out in a single cylinder
diesel engine to examine the suitability of different
non edible oil as alternate fuels. Further the
performance and emission characteristics of these
oils are evaluated and compared with diesel and
optimum fuel is determined. From the above
investigations, followingconclusions are drawn.
1) The properties viz: density, viscosity, flash
point and pour point of non edible oils are
higher and cetane value is also higher than the
diesel.
2) Viscosity at 400
C of diesel is very good as
compare to biodiesel. Hence preheating of oils
is required to attain the smooth flow.
Hence from above conclusions it may be stated that
non edible oils with preheating has acceptable
performance with lower emissions. Hence these
neat oils with preheating can be substituted as fuel
for diesel engine without any modification in the
diesel engine.
References:
[1] Performance and Emission Characteristics
of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Blend of
Vegetable Oil Esters by-J.Isaac
JoshuaRamesh Lalvani. ISSN: 2278-7798
International Journal of Science,
Engineering and Technology Research
(IJSETR) Volume 1, Issue 2, August
2012.
[2] Exhaust Emission Analysis Using
Nakthamala Oil Biodiesel Fuel In A C.I
Engine With Ann By-R.Sarala. In
International Journal of Research in
Environmental Science and Technology
withISSN 2249–9695.
[3] Performance, emission and combustion 1
characteristics of an indirect injection
(IDI) multi-cylinder compression ignition
(CI) engine operating on neat jatropha and
karanj oils preheated by jacket water. By-
A. K. Hossain.
[4] Biodiesel from Non Edible Oil Seeds: A
Renewable Source of Bioenergy by-
Mushtaq Ahmad, Biofuel Lab.,
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-
Azam University IslamabadPakistan.
[5] Production of Biodiesel from Non-edible
plant oils having high FFA content, by -
M.Mathiyazhagan. April 2011, Volume 2,
No.2 International Journal of Chemical
and Environmental Engineering.
[6] High Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Feedstock
Pre-Treatment Method for Biodiesel
Production, by- Godlisten G. Kombe.
Second International Conference on
Advances in Engineering and Technology.
[7] Biodiesel production via non-catalytic
SCF method and biodiesel fuel
characteristics, by-Ayhan Demirbas.
[8] Use of vegetable oils by transesterification
method as C.I. engines fuels: a technical
review, by-Sagar P.Kadu.Journal of
Engineering Research and Studies E-
ISSN0976-7916.
[9] Performance Evaluation, Emission
Characteristics and Economic Analysis of
Four Non-Edible Straight Vegetable Oils
on a Single Cylinder CI Engine, by- M. C.
Navindgi, ARPN Journal of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, VOL. 7, NO. 2,
FEBRUARY 2012 ISSN 1819-6608.

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