Performance Characterstics of CI Engine Using Calophyllum Inophyllum as Biofuel for Variable Injection Pressure

International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 04, Volume 4 (April 2017) (SPECIAL ISSUE) www.ijirae.com
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Performance Characterstics of CI Engine Using Calophyllum
Inophyllum as Biofuel for Variable Injection Pressure
1
Anup T J, 2
Darshan H K, 3,
S Puneeth
1,2,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1
Atria Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
2
Impact College of Engineering and Applied Science, Bangalore, India
3
Vemana Institute of Technology,
Abstract — Most modern searches are directed to alternative fuels because the buffer stock from the petroleum oils reduces
with time and the fossil fuels are worst impact on environmental pollution. Biodiesel is derived from oil crops is a potentially
renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is defined as a transesterified renewable fuel derived
from vegetable oils or animal fats with properties similar or better than diesel fuel. In present work, Calophyllum inophyllum
seeds were used to produce biodiesel. The transesterification process has been used to produce Calophyllum Inophyllum
Methyl Ester (CIME) from raw Calophyllum oil. The properties of fuel are found such as viscosity, flash point, fire point and
calorific value. Hence the effect of injector opening pressure (IOP) on the performance of compression ignition (CI) engine
fuelled with biodiesel blends (B10, B20 and B30) with diesel fuel is evaluated. The effect of injection pressure on the
performance and emission was studied at three different test pressures. From the experimental results optimum IOP is found
on the comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Performance and emission
characteristics are considered to find the optimality of the biodiesel blends.
Keywords— Diesel engine, Biodiesel, Transestirification, Injector opening Pressures.
I. INTRODUCTION TO BIODIESEL
The alternative diesel fuels must be technically acceptable, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and easily
available. Researches on biodiesel derived from vegetable oils and animal fat are being maintained to alternate this kind of fuels
to petroleum based diesel fuel. It has been concluded by many studies that as an alternative fuel as biodiesel reduces the
emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), sulphur dioxide (SO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitric
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAH) and particulate matter (PM) but NOx increase in the exhaust compared with diesel
fuel. Biodiesel has higher cetane number than diesel fuel, no aromatics, almost no sulphur, contains high oxygen by weight, non-
toxic, biodegradable and high lubricant ability are its attractive properties. Although biodiesel has many advantages, it still has
several properties, needed to be improved, such as lower calorific value, lower effective engine power, higher emission of NOx,
and greater sensitivity for low temperatures. B. K. Venkanna, C. Venkataramana Reddy [1]
.The present work examines the use of
a non-edible vegetable oil namely honne oil, a new possible source of alternative fuel for diesel engine. Chavan S.B, Kumbhar
R.R and Deshmukh R.B [2]
Biodiesel can be produced from non edible oil like Jatropha curcus, pongamia pinnata, Madhuca
indica, Gossypium arboreum, Simarouba glauca etc. and more. Amruth. E & Dr. R. Suresh [3].
In the present investigation,
Simarouba oil based methyl ester (SOME) is produced by using a mixture of Sodium Hydroxide and Disodium Hydrogen ortho
Phosphate, a mixed base catalyst by transesterification process
A. ABOUT CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM
The Calophyllum Inophyllum plants are widely dispersed throughout the tropics, including the Indian Peninsula, Hawaiian and
other pacific islands. They typically grow into ten to thirty meters at maturity. They are commonly found on beaches and in
coastal forests. They grow best in sandy, well drained soils. They may initially grow up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in height per year on good
sites, although usually much more slowly. The agro forestry uses include mixed-species woodlot, windbreak, and home garden;
with their main products of timber and seed oil. Studies reveal that the annual yield of 100 kg (220 lb) nuts/tree/yr yields 5kg (11
lb) of oil on an average.
B. SELECTION OF FUEL
All diesel engine exhaust emissions can be significantly reduced by using biodiesel fuel. Oxides of nitrogen do increase from a
vehicle using biodiesel, but they can be Biodiesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or used vegetable oils
(both edible and non-edible) and animal fat. The main sources for biodiesel production can be non-edible oils obtained from plant
species such as Jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot), Pongamia, pinnata (Karanj), Calophyllum inophyllum (Nagchampa),
Hevcabrasiliensis (Rubber) etc. Biodiesel can be blended in any proportion with mineral diesel to create a biodiesel blend or can
be used in its pure form. Just like diesel, biodiesel operates in compression ignition engine, and essentially requires very little or
no engine modifications because biodiesel has properties similar to mineral diesel. It can be stored just like mineral diesel and
hence does not require separate infrastructure.

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The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines results in substantial reduction in emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide and particulate. This review focuses on performance and emission of biodiesel in CI engines, combustion analysis,
wear performance on long-term engine usage, and economic viability. Here the focus is on performance and emission
characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blends in CI engine. M.Prabhahar, R.Murali Manohar & S.Sendilvelan [4]
This paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder constant speed direct injection diesel
engine using neat Pongamia methyl ester and its diesel blends (PME) at different load conditions.
II. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT WORK
The main objective of the present work is to conduct the performance and emission test on single cylinder, four stroke engine,
direct injection unmodified diesel engine fuelled with different blends of CIME that is B10 (90% of diesel plus 10% of CIME),
B20(80% of diesel plus 20% of CIME) and B30(70% of diesel plus 30% of CIME) and experimental results were compared with
those of CFD results. The other objectives are
 Conducting transesterification process to extract biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum oil
 Conduction of property test for Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Ester (CIME)
 Conduction of performance test, Combustion Characteristics and Emission characteristics for different blends of CIME by
varying Injection Opening Pressure (190 bar, 200bar, 210bar)
III. METHODOLOGY
A. PRODUCTION OF FUEL[
Tranesterification is the most common method to produce biodiesel, which refers to a catalyzed chemical reaction involving
Vegetable oil and an alcohol to yield fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol crude glycerine. The process of ‘transesterification’ is
sometimes named methanolysis or alcoholysis. This method is used to convert the vegetable oil in to vegetable oil methyl ester.
After transesterification, viscosity of different oil methyl esters is reduced by 75-85% of the original oil value. It is also called
fatty acid methyl esters, are therefore products of transesterification of vegetable oil and fats with methyl alcohol in the presence
of a KOH or NaOH catalyst. During the reaction, high viscosity oil reacts with methanol in the presence of a catalyst KOH or
NaOH to form an ester by replacing glycerol of triglycerides with a short chain alcohol.
B. TRANSESTERIFICATION SETUP:
The apparatus is three neck glass reactor is shown in figure 3.1 Equipped with a digital rpm controller with mechanical stirrer, a
water condenser and funnel, and surrounded by a Heating mantle controlled by a temperature controller device. A thermometer
had been used to measure the reaction temperature. The NaOH, Na2HPO4 and CH3OH solution were added to the closed reaction
vessel. The important parameter is stirring speeds and temperature which play a vital role in transestrification process. The
mixture was heated to the required reaction temperature of 60-650
C by the temperature controller for about 90mins with stirring
speed of 600 rpm. After the reaction oil kept in a settling funnel for the process of separation.
Fig.3.1.Transesterification setup
C. PROPERTY TEST
TABLE 3.1: PROPERTIES OF SELECTED BIODIESEL
PARAMETERS UNIT DIESEL B10 B20 B30 B100
DENSITY AT 300
C Kg/m3
812 818 822.4 829.4 900
VISCOSITY AT 400
C cst 2 2.1 2.26 2.53 4.43
FLASH POINT
O
C 58 64 71 79 173
FIRE POINT
O
C 62 70 76 83 181
CALORIFIC VALUE kJ/kg 43200 42982 42784 41273 38799
SPECIFIC GRAVITY - 0.812 0.818 0.8224 0.8294 0.9

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IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Performance for 190 Bar
Fig 4.1 Load vs Bsfc, IP- 190bar for different biodiesel blends
The variation of Brake Specific Fuel consumption (BSFC) for different loads is shown in Fig 4.1for IOP of 190 bar respectively.
As shown in Fig 4.1 it is clearly observed that BSFC is decreasing as load is increased because Percentage of fuel required to
operate the engine is less than the percentage increase in brake power due to relatively less portion of the heat losses at higher
loads. A BSFC value for different loads of B20 is nearer to diesel values So B20 is the optimum blend.
Fig 4.2 Load v/s ƞ bth, IOP-190 bar for different biodiesel blends
The variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) for different loads is shown in Fig 4.2 for IOP 190bar respectively. As shown in
Fig4.2 it is clearly observed that BTE is increases as the load increases. This was due to reduction in heat loss and increase in
power with increase in load.
EMISSION GRAPHS FOR IOP-190 BAR
Fig 4.3 Variations of CO emissions
Carbon Monoxide (CO) it is observed from Fig. 4.3 that CO emission reduces with increase in blend proportion; this is because
the quantity of oxygen increases to form CO into CO2 with increase in biodiesel portion in the blend fuel causes lesser CO
emissions. When the load is increased to 21Nm. It is noticed that the emissions of CO for biodiesels is lesser than diesel at a load
21Nm. Hydrocarbons (HC) Hydrocarbon emission slightly increases significantly with increase in load because of better
combustion of fuel at higher load as shown in Fig. 4.4. It is observed that decrease in HC emission with increase in blend portion
due to complete combustion of fuel. NOx emissions From the Fig. 4.5 the observation is that NOx emissions increase linearly
with increase in load. This trend is due to more fuel burned at higher load which causes increase in NOx emission with higher
proportion of blend fuel. The NOx emission of biodiesel is 7.3% higher at 21bar as compared to diesel. Carbon dioxide (CO2) the
observation from the Fig.4.6 is that CO2 emission increases with increase in load. The observed trend is that more fuel burned at
higher injection pressures to convert more carbon into CO2. Decreases of 8% CO2 emission is found for biodiesel when compared
to diesel at higher load.

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Fig 4.4 Variations of HC emissions
Fig 4.5 Variations of NOx emissions
Fig 4.6 Variations of CO2 emissions
PERFORMANCE FOR 200 BAR
Fig 4.7 Load vs Bsfc, IP- 200bar for different biodiesel blends

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The variation of Brake Specific Fuel consumption (BSFC) for different loads is shown in Fig 4.7 for IOP of 200 bar respectively.
As shown in Fig 4.7 it is clearly observed that BSFC is decreasing as load is increased because Percentage of fuel required to
operate the engine is less than the percentage increase in brake power due to relatively less portion of the heat losses at higher
loads. A BSFC value for different loads of B20 is nearer to diesel values. So B20 is the optimum blend Also BSFC at IOP 200 bar
is less compare to other IOP. The variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) for different loads is shown in Fig 4.8 for IOP of
200 bar respectively. As shown in Fig4.8 it is clearly observed that BTE is increases as the load increases. This was due to
reduction in heat loss and increase in power with increase in load.
EMISSION GRAPHS FOR IOP-200 BAR
Fig 4.12 Variations of CO2 emissions
emissions. When the load is in increased to 21Nm. It is noticed that the emissions of CO for biodiesel is lesser than diesel at a
load 21Nm.

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It is seen that CO emissions of CIME are lesser than that of diesel. Hydrocarbons (HC) Hydrocarbon emission slightly increases
significantly with increase in load because of better combustion of fuel at higher load as shown in Fig.4.10. It is observed that
decrease in HC emission with increase in blend portion due to complete combustion of fuel. NOx emissions From the Fig. 4.11
the observation is that Nox emissions increase linearly with increase in load. This trend is due to more fuel burned at higher load
which causes increase in NOx emission with higher proportion of blend fuel. The NOx emission of biodiesel is 7.3% higher at
21bar as compared to diesel. Carbon dioxide (CO2) the observation from the Fig.4.12 is that CO2 emission increases with
increase in load. The observed trend is that more fuel burned at higher injection pressures to convert more carbon into CO2.
Increase of 8% CO2 emission is found for biodiesel when compared to diesel at higher load.
PERFORMANCE FOR 210 BAR
Fig 4.13 Load v/s BSFC,IOP-210 bar for different biodiesel blends
The variation of Brake Specific Fuel consumption (BSFC) for different loads is shown in Fig 4.13 for IOP of 210 bar
respectively. BSFC for Biodiesel Blends is higher than the Diesel for all the Injection Opening Pressure because fraction change
in fuel rate which is very small compared to the corresponding change in brake power. B20 blend of CIME curve is closer to
diesel fuel curve compared to other blends of CIME. So B20 blend is optimum blend. The variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency
(BTE) for different loads is shown in Fig 4.14 for IOP of 210 bar respectively. As shown in Fig4.14 it is clearly observed that
BTE is increases as the load increases. This was due to reduction in heat loss and increase in power with increase in load.
EMISSION GRAPH FOR IOP-210 BAR
emissions. When the load is increased to 21Nm. It is noticed that the emissions of CO for biodiesel is lesser than diesel at a load
21Nm. Hydrocarbons (HC) Hydrocarbon emission slightly increases significantly with increase in load because of better
combustion of fuel at higher load as shown in Fig. 4.16. It is observed that decrease in HC emission with increase in blend portion
due to complete combustion of fuel.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig 4.18 Variations of CO2 emissions.
NOx emissions From the Fig. 4.17 the observation is that Nox emissions increase linearly with increase in load. This trend is due
to more fuel burned at higher load which causes increase in NOx emission with higher proportion of blend fuel. The NOx
emission of biodiesel is 7.3% higher at 21bar as compared to diesel. With increase in load from 3 to 21Nm the NOx emissions
increases by 45% and 42% for diesel and biodiesel respectively. Carbon dioxide (CO2) the observation from the Fig.4.18 is that
CO2 emission increases with increase in load. The observed trend is that more fuel burned at higher injection pressures to convert
more carbon into CO2. Increase of 8% CO2 emission is found for biodiesel when compared to diesel at higher load.
V. CONCLUSION
A four stroke water cooled single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was run successfully using calophyllum inophyllum
biodiesel and its blends (B10, B20 and B30) as fuel. The performance and emission characteristics have been analyzed. The
following conclusions are made with respect to the experimental results.
 Converting the calophyllum inophyllum oil into CIME biodiesel using transesterification process
 The properties of CIME blends are compared to diesel and found that properties of biodiesel are nearer to diesel.
 The injection pressure have significant role on the engine performance.
 Due to higher density & lower calorific value of biodiesel brake thermal efficiency of these fuel blends is sequenced of B10,
B20 and B30 are observed slightly lower compared to diesel and Brake specific fuel consumption are slightly higher for
these blends is same sequence.
 On the basis of the above conclusion, it is recommended that B20 fuel blend can be efficiently used in diesel engine

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 The performance of engine found to be best with B20 biodiesel blend with diesel for maximum load of 21 Nm and at
injection pressure of 200bar.
 The emission such has CO, HC and CO2 are lower than the diesel but The NOx emission for biodiesel increases with
increasing the loads
REFERENCES
[1] B.K.Venkanna1
, C.Venkataramana Reddy2
“Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of direct injection diesel
engine running on calophyllum inophyllum linn oil (honne oil)” Vol. 4 No.1, March, 2011
[2] Chavan S.B.1
, Kumbhar R.R.2
and Deshmukh R.B.3 “
Calophyllum Inophyllum linn(Honne) oil, A source of biodiesel
production” Vol. 3(11), 24-31, November (2013).
[3] Amruth. E & Dr. R. Suresh “Production Of Simarouba Bio-Diesel Using Mixed Base Catalyst, And Its Performance Study
On Ci Engine” ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 5, May – 2013
[4] M.Prabhahar1* R.Murali Manohar1 S.Sendilvelan2 “performance and emission studies of a diesel engine with pongamia
methyl ester at different load conditions” ISSN: 2248-9622 Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.2707-2713.
[5] P. Suresh Kumar, Ramesh Kumar Donga, P. K. Sahoo “Experimental comparative study between Performance and emissions
of jatropha biodiesel And diesel under varying injection pressures” ISSN: 2231 – 6604 Volume 3, Issue 1, pp: 98-112
©IJESET.
[6] S. Mahalingam1
, B.R.RameshBabu 2
and B.Balaji3
“Emission analysis of di-diesel engine at different injection pressures
using jatropha and rubber seed oil blended with diesel” ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN : 2320–334X.
[7] Levent Yüksek, Hakan Kaleli, Orkun Özener, Berk Özoğuz “The Effect and Comparison of Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel on
Crankcase Oil, Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions” FME Transactions 92 ▪ VOL. 37, No 2, 2009
[8] H. M. Dharmadhikari1, puli ravi kumar2, s. Srinivasa rao2 “performance and emissions of c.i. engine using blends Of
biodiesel and diesel at different injection Pressures” ISSN: 2231 –5950, Vol-2, Iss-2, 2012.
[9] Ramesha D.K., 2
Vidyasagar H.N, 3
Hemanth Kumar P [8]: “Study on Effect of Injection Opening Pressure on the
Performance and Emissions of C I Engine Running on Neem Methyl Ester Blend as a Fuel” ISSN: 2319-8753 ,Vol. 2, Issue
9, September 2013.
[10] Sharun Mendonca, John Paul Vas, Raghu, Gangadhar Rao, Dr. Thomas Pinto, Dr.C.R.Rajashekar, Ramachandra C.G
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Performance Characterstics of CI Engine Using Calophyllum Inophyllum as Biofuel for Variable Injection Pressure

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