Experimental Work on Previous Concrete for Pavement Applications

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Experimental Work on Previous Concrete for Pavement Applications
D.Sravya1, B.Srinivas2, D.Kranthi3 , SK.Gouse Basha4, A.Gopi Krishna5
1Guide & Assistant Professor of Department of civil Engineering, Velaga Nageswara Rao (VNR)College of
Engineering, (Approved by AICTE and affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada), G.B.C. Road, Ponnur–522124, GUNTUR, A.P-INDIA.
2,3,4,5 UG, Student, Department of civil Engineering, Velaga Nageswara Rao (VNR) College of Engineering,
(Approved by AICTE and affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada), G.B.C. Road, Ponnur–522124, GUNTUR, A.P-(INDIA).
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Abstract -Construction activities mainlydependon
natural resources as a source of raw materials, leading to
ecological imbalance. So, the construction industries tend to
depend on alternative materials as the source of aggregates in
concrete production. Generally, changes in the natural
landscape have created a serious problem of rainwater
drainage in many citiesinIndia. ThePreviousconcretehasbeen
used in this experimental work. In this study, pervious concrete
15% to 40% voids can be achieved without use of fine
aggregate. Generally, single size coarseaggregatesareusedfor
the development of mixture design of pervious concrete.
However, the quality of previous concrete resulting different
from conventional concrete. Thus, this study aims to improve
the property of previous concrete through different
applications. The void ratio has been comparedtopreviousand
conventional concrete. The Cementcontentof250kg/m3 to400
kg/m3 with an interval of 50 kg/m3 was used in the
development of mixturedesignofperviousconcrete.Thedensity
of previous concrete is increased while improve of cement
content. The development of mixture design of pervious
concrete, two different sizes ofcoarse aggregatesof10mm–20
mm and 4.75 mm – 10 mm were used in thisexperimentalwork.
Key Words: Workability, Compressive strength, Void Ratio,
Density.
1. INTRODUCTION
Rapidlygrowinganduncontrolledchangesinthenatural
landscape have created a serious problem of rainwater
drainage in many Indian cities. With natural disasters like
floodsincreasing every year,thereisaneedtosetupspecific
water disposal systems in urban and semi-urbanareas.Due
to lack of modern drainage infrastructure in most of the
cities of India,this problem is increasing day by day. During
monsoons, mostof the rain watercollects on the roads. Due
to lack of proper design ofdrainage system, rain water is
seen on the road. In most cities, the drainage systems are
alreadycloggedandintheeventofarain,waterisseenonthe
road.Duetothisreasontrafficisjammedin the rain and it is
also a serious health hazard for the locals. This problem is
serious in large cities and industries, where roads are
constructed without designing a sewerage system in most
open areas. During rains, road water remains stagnant for
hours at a time due to poor storm water management. This
causes erosion of the road anddecreasestheageoftheroad.
In the old cities, outlets were provided for rainwater
disposal whichdivertedrainwaterintotheriver. The design
of these outlets was so arbitrary that rainwater would
reach the lower pointof its own topography. Foot wells
were a common feature of old cities designed to redirect
rainwater into groundwater. This type of storm water
management design is no longer seen due to unplanned
urbanization. Cities are also replacing impermeable land
with impermeablesurfaces.Theproblemis exacerbatedby
thefactthatthedrainsdonotgetenoughslopetodrawWater
from the surface water. In our country, industries and cities
are facing water crisis due to over-exploitation of
groundwater and lack of provision for ground water
recharge. Ground water level is constantly falling. Falling
waterlevelsarealsodeepeningthewell inliftingwater.
Pervious concretes have been used in many area, but
its applications are limited because of its relatively low
strength. Tennis et al. (2004) reported the applications of
pervious concretewerein many areas such as low volume
pavement, residential roads, sidewalks, parking lots, low
water crossings, and tennis courts, sub base of
conventional concrete pavement, patios, artificial reefs,
slope stabilization, well linings, and tree gates in
sidewalks, hydraulic structures, swimming pool decks,
pavement edge drains and noise barriers. Indianeconomy
is developing at a rapid pace and hence conservation of
natural resources is ofutmost importance. Pavement can
be considered as a life line for progress of any nation.
Modern day infrastructure calls for use of impervious
surfaces of pavement which results intolesser percolation
of water into the soil.
 This leads to faster, larger volume and highly
polluted water from run-off reaching
treatment plant leading to imbalance in
ecosystem.
 Therefore,moderncementconcretepavement
cannot be a viableoptionforwaterrecharging.
 India is mainly dependent on rain to meet its
water requirement which is plenty during
monsoonseason.
 In monsoon, every city faces a serious
problem of water logging and municipality

have to paya heavy cost to evacuate logged
water.
Fig -1: Methods for disposed rain water
1.1 Previous concrete
Pervious concrete is a mixture of cement, coarse
aggregates and water. Fine aggregates are notused in the
mixture of pervious concrete. In pervious concrete 15% to
40% voids can be achieved without use of fine aggregate.
Generally, single size coarse aggregates are used for the
development of mixture design of pervious concrete. In
pervious concrete,carefullycontrolledamountsofwaterand
cementitious materials are used to create apaste that forms
a thick coating around aggregate particles.
Fig -2: Previous concrete cube
1.2 Applications
 Pervious concretes have been used in many
areas.
 Its applications are limited because of its
relativelylow strength.
 The applications of pervious concrete werein
many areas such as low volume pavement,
residential roads, sidewalks, parking lots, low
water crossings, and tenniscourts,subbaseof
conventional concrete pavement and patios.
 The artificial reefs, slope stabilization, well
linings, and tree gates in sidewalks, hydraulic
structures, swimming pool decks, pavement
edge drains and noise barriers.
Table -1: Comparison of Properties of Conventional
Concrete and Pervious Concrete
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
The materials used for preparing the pervious
concrete during the present investigation are natural
coarse aggregate, VSI coarse aggregate, cement, water and
chemical admixture.Ordinary Portland cement, as per IS
12269 (2013) is used for the present investigation. The
physical properties of ordinary portland cement are
presented in Table-2
Table -2: Properties of physical of OPC
Properties for 53
grade OPC
Result
Availed
Specifica
tion
in IS
1226
9
(201
3)
Fineness in
m2/kg
351 Min 225
Soundness By Le
chatelier method
in mm
0.4 Max 10
Initial setting
time in minutes
35 Min 30
Final setting time
in minutes
240 Max 600
3 days
compressive
strength in MPa
28.75 Min 27
7 days
compressive
strength in MPa
39.85 Min 37
28 days
compressive
strength in MPa
54.47 Min 53
Specific Gravity 3.15 3.15
Properties Conventional
Concrete
Pervious
Concrete
Void Ratio 3% -5% 15% - 40%
Compressive
Strength
20 MPa- 50
MPa
5 MPa – 25
MPa
Density 2400 kg/m3 to
2500 kg/m3
1800 kg/m3 to
2100 kg/m3

2.1 Mix-Proportion of Pervious Concrete
For development of mixtureproportioningofpervious
concretetarget properties are assumed as shown in Table
3.8. Target properties of pervious concrete are assumed
based on NRMCA (2004) guideline. Target properties of
pervious concrete are assumed for the construction of
pervious concrete pavement for parking area at Gujarat.
By this study area same pattern can be applicable in
Guntur city, that can help public.
Table -3: Study report of properties of previous concrete
Present investigation is also carried out on 20 mm -10
mm coarse aggregates for the development of mixture
proportioning for the pavement applications. Table-4
showsmixtureproportiondevelopedusing20mm–10mm
(Size B) natural coarse aggregates.Fortheenhancementof
the properties of perviousconcretefurtherinvestigationis
carried out by replacing natural crushed aggregates with
VSI aggregates. An attempt has been made to improve the
properties of pervious concrete using VSI aggregate on
selected mixture proportion.
Casting procedure plays a very important role with
respect to all properties of fresh as well as hardened
pervious concrete. First of all weighing and batching
process of all ingredients of pervious concrete such as
cement, coarse aggregate and water is done with high
accuracy before starting the mixing process. For the
mixingofmaterialsofperviousconcrete panmixeris used.
First aggregates are taken in the pan mixture followed by
the cement. Dry mixing of materialisdone.Waterisadded
and mixing is done till the uniform consistence of the
perviousconcrete mix is achieved. The mixingof pervious
concrete. No chemical admixture is used for the
preliminary investigation of development of mixture
proportion has been done.
Table -4: Mix-proportion for Pervious Concrete using
Coarse Aggregate
Fig -3: Rodding of previous concrete
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preliminary laboratory investigation is carried out to
develop mixture proportioning for pervious concrete
pavement. Tables-5 shows the mix proportions that are
selected for initial laboratory investigation for the
development of mixture proportion of pervious concrete.
Forthedevelopmentofmixturedesignthecementcontent
is used in the range of 250 kg/m3 to 400 kg/m3 as
presented in Table-5. Laboratory investigation has been
done on two sizes of aggregates for the development of
mixture design of pervious concrete. For the mixture
design development 10 mm – 4.75mmand20mm-10mm
of coarse aggregates are used. In the laboratory
investigation properties of pervious concrete are found
Mixture
No.
Cement
(kg/m3)
Aggregates (kg/m3) W/C
M 1
250 1000
0.3
M 2 0.35
M 3 0.4
M 4
300 1200
0.3
M 5 0.35
M 6 0.4
M 7
350 400
0.3
M 8 0.35
M 9 0.4
M 10
375 1500
0.3
M 11 0.35
M 12 0.4
M 13
400 1600
0.3
M 14 0.35
M 15 0.4
Propertie
s
Target NRMCA
(2004)
Compres
sive
Strength
12 MPa- 15
MPa
3.5
MP
a-
28
MP
a
Void
Ratio
20 % 15% -
25%
Density 2000
kg/m3 -
2200
kg/m3
1600
kg/m3 -
2200
kg/m3
Permeabi
lity
10 mm/s -
20 mm/s
2 mm/s -
20 mm/s

such as compressive strength, void ratio,permeabilityand
density. Details of investigation results are shown in
following section.
Table -5: Properties of Pervious Concrete using Coarse
Aggregates (10 mm –4.75 mm)
Mi
x
No
.
Ceme
nt
(kg/m
3)
w/
c
Compress
ive
Strength
Void
conte
nt %
Permeabil
ity
(mm/s)
Densit
y
(kg/m
3)
(MPa)
M
1
0.3 3.71 25.12 23.28
1950.
5
M
2
250 0.4 4.67 24.5 22.21
1975.
1
M
3
0.4 5.12 23.7 21.98
2105.
3
M
4
0.3 5.5 24.98 20.69
2003.
2
M
5
300 0.4 6.1 23.95 19.76
2115.
4
M
6
0.4 6.98 23.1 19.41
2150.
8
M
7
0.3 7.53 24.1 18.6
2010.
3
M
8
350 0.4 8.65 23.18 18.1
2127.
2
M
9
0.4 9.1 22.97 17
2175.
3
M
10
0.3 9.3 23.5 16.5
2020.
21
M
11
375 0.4 13.49 22.88 15.37
2137.
12
M
12
0.4 14 21.5 14.98
2185.
5
M
13
0.3 15.1 22.75 13.2
2112.
5
M
14
400 0.4 16.98 21.1 12.2
2198.
9
M
15
0.4 17.1 18.88 11.5
2217.
4
Chart -1: Compressive strength
Chart -2: Relationship between w/c and Density
Chart -3: Relationship between Density and void content
4. CONCLUSIONS
 Cement content of 250 kg/m3 to 400 kg/m3 with an
interval of 50 kg/m3 was used in the development of
mixture design of pervious concrete. It has been
observed that higher cement content created more
cementpasteforperviousconcrete.Itfurtherreduced
the void ratio and permeability of the pervious
concrete.
 Densityofperviousconcreteincreasedwiththeincrease
of the cement content. On the other hand, lesser
cement content reduced the compressive strength of
the pervious concrete. This way cement content in the
rangeof350kg/m3 to 375 kg/m3 was found to be good
enough to generatecement pasteforbetterworkability
and meeting with the requirement of other properties
for pervious concrete.
 For the development of mixture design of pervious
concrete, two different sizes of coarse aggregates of10
mm – 20 mm and 4.75 mm – 10 mm were used. From
the preliminary investigation results, it has been
observed that changing the coarse aggregatesizehada
very limited influence on changes in the void ratio,

permeability and density as compared to the
compressive strength for pervious concrete.
 It was observed that 4.75 mm-10 mm size coarse
aggregates have larger surface area and hence, more
cement paste is utilized in covering the coarse
aggregates. Therefore, the compressive strength ofthe
perviousconcrete is improved.
 Different ranges of w/c ratio i.e. 0.3, 0.35 and 0.40
were used for the development of mixture design of
pervious concrete. Using 0.3 and 0.35 water cement
ratio, the pervious concrete mix obtained was not
found to be more workable. Use of 0.4 water cement
ratio was found sufficient to prepare cohesive and
workable pervious concrete mixture.
 The workability of mixturewasmeasured by preparing
a hand ball of the pervious concrete. Adequate paste
for the pervious concrete was generated by using 0.4
w/c ratio. The properties such as compressive
strength, void ratio and permeability of the pervious
concrete made above range of w/c ratio were found in
order.
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