Chapter9
- 2. Introduction • What is sculpture? • Why is sculpture important to us? • Why does sculpture create an emotion in humans? • Why have we felt the need to create sculptures and monumental sculptures throughout our history?
- 3. Sculpture Sculpture - The art of carving, casting, modeling, or assembling materials into three-dimensional figures or forms
- 4. Subtractive and Additive Types of Sculpture Subtractive Process - Carving, unwanted materials are removed. Additive Process - Modeling, Casting, Construction
- 5. Carving • Carving - removing portions of a block of material to create a form. • Can use stone, wood, ivory, chocolate…
- 6. Bernini: The Blessed Ludovica Albertoni 1674
- 7. Giuseppe Penone: Propagation 1970
- 8. Modeling Modeling - using a pliable material, such as clay or wax, the artist shapes the material into a 3D form. • Can be done by hand or tools.
- 10. Casting Casting - liquid metal material is poured into a mold to create a form. Mold - the form into which the material is poured and imparts its shape. • Any material that hardens can be used for casting. • One of the oldest and most common is Bronze.
- 11. George Segal: The Holocaust 1982
- 12. Joseph Havel: Drape 1999
- 13. Rachel Whiteread: Stairs 1991
- 14. Construction Constructed sculpture - forms are built from materials such as wood, paper, string, sheet metal, and wire.
- 15. Types of Materials • Stone • Wood • Clay • Metal
- 16. Stone • Stone is extremely hard • It is also very durable • Appropriate for monuments and statues • Stone tools include the chisel and mallet • Artists also use contemporary power tools
- 17. Reena Spauldings: Marble Surfboards 2000
- 18. Wood • Wood can be carved, scraped, drilled, polished, molded and bent. • Different types of woods vary in how hard they are. • Wood appeals to sculpture artists, because of its grain, color, and workability. • Wood is easier to carve than stone. • Tensile strength - the inherent strength of a material.
- 19. Isaac Resnikoff : Jersey Barrier 1999
- 20. Clay • Clay is more pliable than stone or wood – Clay is not very strong. – Nor is is permanent. • Armature - an inner skeleton normally made of metal, used to help give clay additional strength.
- 21. David Zink Yi : Architeuthis 2010
- 22. Metal • Metals can be cast, extruded, forged, stamped, drilled, filed, and burnished. • Cast bronze sculptures • Direct-metal sculptures - Assembling sculpture by welding, riveting, and soldering. • Patinas - the colors created on bronze due to oxidation.
- 23. Figure 9.12, p.185: RICHARD SERRA. Installation view, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain.
- 24. Modern and Contemporary Materials and Methods Throughout history sculptors have searched for new forms of expression. • Constructed sculpture • Assemblage • Readymades • Mixed media • Kinetic sculpture • Light sculpture • Land art
- 25. Figure 9.14, p.186: CLAES OLDENBURG. Soft Toilet (1966). Vinyl filled with kapok painted with Liquitex, and wood. 57 1⁄16” x 27 5⁄8” x 28 1⁄16”.
- 26. Assemblage • A form of constructed sculpture • Pre-existing or found objects take on a new form as artwork • Novel combinations that take on a new life and meaning • One of the best-known examples is Picasso’s Bull’s Head
- 27. Pablo Picasso: Bull’s Head 1942
- 28. Readymades • Found objects can be elevated to works of art on pedestals, such as Duchamp’s urinal, turned upside down. • This is a 20th-century artistic trend • No assembly is needed for this artform
- 29. Marcel Duchamp: Fountain 1917
- 30. Mixed Media Mixed Media - Use materials and found objects that are not normally elements of a work of art. • Artists, such as Rauschenberg (see Ch. 20), may attach other materials to their canvases. • What might be some the materials you could use in a Mixed Media sculpture?
- 31. Robert Rauschenberg: Monogram 1955
- 32. Kinetic Sculpture Kinetic sculpture - Sculptures that move, art + action. Example: the mobile. Forms of movement might include: • Wind • Magnetic fields • Jets of water • Electric motors • The intensity of light • Human manipulations
- 33. Jonathon Schipper: The Slow Inevitable Death of American Muscle 1999
- 34. Light Sculpture • Light and its reflections have always been an important elements in sculpture (and art!) • However, “light sculpture” is a 20th- century artform • What are the physical and psychological effects of color and the creation of illusion?
- 35. Alfredo Jaar: The Geometry of Consciousness 1999
- 37. Other Materials Sculpture today uses not only traditional materials, but also materials that have never been used before. Example: beeswax, microcrystalline wax, chocolate, styrofoam, etc…
- 38. Figure 9.22, p.191: JANINE ANTONI. Chocolate Gnaw (1992). Chocolate (600 lb before biting), gnawed by the artist. 24” x 24” x 24” (61 cm x 61 cm x 61 cm).
- 39. Urs Fischer: Untitled 2011
- 41. Matthew Barney: Untitled 2001