Prewriting techniques
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This document discusses various prewriting techniques that can be used before drafting a written work. It describes prewriting as the first step in the writing process where a writer thinks about the purpose and audience. Some common techniques mentioned are listing ideas, freewriting, clustering related ideas visually, and using heuristic methods like cubing or tagmemics to explore a topic from different angles. The goal of prewriting is to generate and organize ideas before beginning the drafting stage.
Prewriting techniques
- 2. What is Prewriting? Considered the first step in the traditional writing process. It is sometimes referred to as the invention stage. ANYTHING you do before writing your first draft. Usually begins with you thinking about your writing purpose (what you are trying to communicate and why it is important) and audience (to whom you are trying to communicate). Can use some prewriting techniques to discern your topic and can also use some prewriting techniques to generate ideas about a topic.
- 3. Prewriting Techniques: There are a variety of basic techniques. Please note no single technique works for everyone. Listing Freewriting Clustering Scratch Outline
- 4. Listing: Jot down every idea you have about your topic. Free- associate; don’t hold back anything. Try to brainstorm for at least ten minutes Write everything down in a list form. This can be one word, a phrase, an entire sentence, or more. Remember do no worry about grammar and spelling at this point, just get your thoughts on paper.
- 5. Freewriting Some people just prefer to start writing in order to find a focus for their essays. To get started: Take out a blank sheet of paper or open a new word document Begin writing for at least ten to fifteen minutes. Write whatever comes to your mind about your subject. Do not worry about spelling, punctuation, or grammar. Do not change, correct, or delete anything. If you cannot think of something to write about, just write “I can’t think of anything to write right now; I’m stumped.” Simply keep writing until a new thought comes into your mind.
- 6. Clustering This is a great technique for visual learners since this type of prewriting allows you to visually see how ideas Idea #1 can go together under each cluster. Idea Idea To get started #5 #2 Topic Place your general subject in a circle in the middle of a blank sheet of paper. Idea Idea Begin to draw other lines or circles that #4 #3 shoot out from the original topic. Cluster the ideas that seem to go together. Try to do this for at least ten minutes.
- 7. Heuristic Methods The word has a broad definition used in many different fields, but in the writing world, it refers to a prewriting technique that involves asking yourself a fixed set of questions to generate ideas and information about any topic. (Only effective if you have your topic already.) Journalists’ Questions – Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How Cubing Tagmemics Aristotles Common Topics Dramatism
- 8. Cubing Cubing forces you to look at a topic from six different angles, as if you were studying the six sides of a cube. The six angles are describing, comparing, associating, analyzing, applying, and arguing. a. Describe it: What does your subject look like? What size, colors, texture does it have? Any special features worth noting? b. Compare or contrast it: What is your subject similar to? What is your subject different from? In what ways? c. Free-associate it: What does this subject remind you of? What does it call to mind? What memories does it conjure up? d. Analyze it: How does it work? How are the parts connected? What is its significance? e. Argue for or against it: What arguments can you make for or against your subject? What advantages or disadvantages does it have? What changes or improvements should be made? f. Apply it: What are the uses of your subject? What can you do with it?
- 9. Tagmemics Another version of cubing, tagmemics also forces you to look at a topic from different perspectives: defining your topic as a particle (a self- contained object), as a wave (how it changes over time), and as a field (how it fits into the big picture). PARTICLE (a self-contained X) What is X? How would you define X? How would you describe X? What are X's characteristics? WAVE (an X that changes over time) What is the history of X? What was X like in the past? In what ways is X different now from the past? Are changes in X happening quickly or slowly? What are the effects of X's changes on X? FIELD (An X that is Part of a Larger Context) How is X similar to Y? How is X different than Y? How does X fit into/be a part of/be important to Y?
- 10. Aristotle’s Common Questions Aristotle used a series of questions for discovering more about a topic, which were organized into five groups: 1. Definition How does the dictionary define_______? What other words mean approximately the same as_____? What are some concrete examples of_________? 2. Circumstance Is ________ possible or impossible? Who can do ___________? What would it take for _________to happen? What would prevent ___________from happening? 3. Relationship What causes ________? What is the purpose of _________? What is the consequence of ____________? What comes before or after __________? 4. Comparison What is _________similar to and different from? ________is most unlike what or most like what? In what ways? 5. Testimony What have I heard people say about ________? Do I know any facts or statistics about ________? If so, what? Do I remember anything I ‘ve read about _______in books or magazines? Anything I have seen on television or heard in the news?
- 11. Dramatism Dramatism, invented by Kenneth Burke, treats a topic like a play with five dramatic elements: act (the what), agent (the who), agency (the how), purpose (the why), and scene (the where and when). These elements can be combined to inspire sub-questions. This resembles the journalist’s questions and can be applied to many topics. Act: What is happening? Agent: Who is doing it? Agency: What method is being used? Purpose: What is the goal, intent, objective? Scene: Where and when is it happening?
- 12. Sources: Hacker, Diana and Nancy Sommers. A Writer’s Reference. 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. Print. “Techniques for Creating (Prewriting).” Johnson Community College Writing Center. 2010. PDF file.