2. control and coordination
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1. The document discusses movement in animals and plants. In animals, movement is a response to external stimuli and is carefully controlled by nervous and muscular tissues. Nerve cells detect stimuli and send electrical signals that cause muscles to contract. 2. In plants, movement is either independent of growth, like sensitive plant leaves closing when touched, or dependent on growth, where plants grow towards stimuli like light, gravity, water, etc. over time. Plants use electrical-chemical signaling between cells rather than nerves. 3. The key differences between animal and plant movement are that animals use nerves and fast electrical signaling, while plants rely on slower chemical signaling between cells. Both utilize changes in cell shape - contractions in animal muscle
2. control and coordination
- 1. In case of animals In case of plants
- 2. In case of animals
- 16. Every movement is a response To the situation Carefully controlled
- 17. In case of animals
- 18. Nervous Tissues
- 19. Muscular Tissues
- 20. All information from our environment is detected by the specialised tips of some nerve cells.
- 21. Living organisms move according to the situational demand All these movements, in response to the environment, is carefully controlled. Specialized tissues are used to provide these control and coordination activities-Nervous tissues and Muscular tissues Nervous tissues are connected with muscular tissues located in sense organs
- 22. 1. Draw the well labeled diagrams of…… (a) Structure of neuron, (b) Neuromuscular junction
- 27. Every movement is a response To the situation Carefully controlled
- 29. In case of animals
- 30. All information from our environment is detected by the specialised tips of some nerve cells.
- 31. In animals
- 32. Dendrites Axon Nerve ending
- 34. One Part of body Electrical impulses Another part
- 35. Dendritic tip of a nerve receives electronic impulse from muscular tissue present in sense organs
- 36. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end.
- 37. At the end, the electrical impulse gets converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission. Synapse
- 38. A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to other cells, such as muscles cells or gland Synapse
- 39. Dendritic tip of a nerve receives electronic impulse from muscular tissue present in sense organs This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end. At the end, the electrical impulse gets converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission. A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to other cells, such as muscles cells or gland
- 40. Read up to page no 115 (NCERT)
- 41. In animals
- 42. Dendrites Axon Nerve ending
- 50. ‘Reflex’ is a word we use very commonly when we talk about some sudden action, which does not involve thinking in response to something in the environment.
- 53. But, you could think consciously about the pain and the possibility of getting burnt, and therefore move your hand.
- 55. Brain Sensory Motor nerves nerves Sensory organs Motor organs
- 57. The process of detecting the signal and responding to it might be completed quickly, known as reflex arc.
- 58. Session is detected at that place only and responded very fast by motor organs. Although the information input also goes to the brain.This is the role of spinal cord.
- 60. ‘Reflex’ is a word we use very commonly when we talk about some sudden action in response to something in the environment. Brain receives messages from sensory organs & gives instruction to our motor organs to act accordingly Reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord at the junction between sensory and motor nerves
- 61. Read up to page no 116 (NCERT)
- 63. ? ? ?
- 64. Dendrites Axon Nerve ending
- 66. Synapse
- 78. They receive information from all parts of the body, integrate it with the help of complex neurons and prepare message to send to other body parts.
- 79. Brain Sensory nerves Motor nerves Sensory organs Motor organs
- 81. They communicate between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body
- 84. Information Processing Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Information Transmitting Body Parts / Muscles
- 85. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Body Parts / Muscles
- 86. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system Cranial nerves & spinal nerves constitutes peripheral nervous system In normal condition, the brain allows us to think and take actions based on that thinking.
- 87. Read up to page no 117 (NCERT) Write the difference between central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
- 89. They receive information from all parts of the body, integrate it with the help of complex neurons and prepare message to send to other body parts.
- 91. They communicate between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body
- 92. Information Processing Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Information Transmitting Body Parts / Muscles
- 94. 1. Fore Brain- Hypothalamus Pituitary glad Cerebrum 2. Mid Brain- Spinal Cord 2. Hide Brain--- Pons Medulla Cerebellum
- 95. Cerebrum receives sensory impulses from various receptors and interprets data by putting together all sensory impulses and stored information in brain. A decision is made about how to respond and the information is passed on to the motor areas which control the movement of voluntary muscles.
- 99. The midbrain controls many important functions such as the visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement.
- 102. Involuntary actions are controlled by the medulla, like BP, Heart beat. The pons connects the medulla to the cerebellum and helps coordinate movement on each side of the body. The Cerebellum is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body.
- 109. The fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain & controls voluntary actions. The mid-brain is the smallest part of brain & controls many involuntary actions. The hindbrain is the structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain control involuntary actions
- 110. Read up to page no 118 (NCERT) Draw the diagram of human brain and identify its parts and practice it at least 2 more times.
- 112. 3 Minutes You need to Identify in the given sheet- 1. Fore Brain- Hypothalamus Pituitary glad Cerebrum 2. Mid Brain- Spinal Cord 2. Hide Brain--- Pons Medulla Cerebellum
- 122. Muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and their arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses. When this happens, new arrangements of these proteins give the muscle cells a shorter form.
- 123. The brain is protected by Skull and Spinal cord is protected by Back bone (Spine). Muscle cells will move by changing their shape when they receive motor impulse send by brain.
- 124. NCERT Exercise-- Page No. 119 ( Q 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 )
- 125. In case of plants
- 130. In case of Plant
- 133. In case of Independent of growth
- 134. “How does the plant detect the touch, and how do the leaves move in response?”
- 135. But there is no nervous tissue, nor any muscle tissue in plants for the conduction of information.
- 136. Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking, and therefore in changing shapes.
- 138. Plants show two different types of movement 1. Independent of growth. 2. Dependent on growth Sensitive plants actually move its leaves in response to touch The plants also use electrical-chemical means to convey this information from cell to cell Some cells must change shape in order for movement to happen.
- 139. Read NCERT up to Page No. 120
- 140. In case of Plant
- 141. In case of Independent of growth
- 146. In case of Dependent on growth
- 147. Away Towards Plants from stimulus stimulus
- 148. Chemicals Water Light Gravity Plant
- 149. Phototropism Movement of plant to the direction of light is known as phototropism
- 150. Geotropism Movement of plant towards earth is known as geotropism
- 151. Hydrotropism Movement of plant towards water sources is known as hydrotropism
- 152. Chemotropism Movement of plant towards chemicals is known as chemotropism
- 153. Slow Ex: movement of sun flower Quick Ex: movement of Very Slow touch me not Ex: Phototropism Plants
- 154. Normally plants respond to stimuli slowly by growing in a particular direction, so plants growth is directional Movement of plant to the direction of light is known as phototropism Movement of plant towards earth is known as geotropism Movement of plant towards water sources is known as hydrotropism Movement of plant towards chemicals is known as hydrotropism
- 155. Read NCERT up to Page No. 122
- 156. In case of animals In case of plants
- 157. Reflex Normal In case of animals Action Action Independent Movement due to In case of plants Movement Growth
- 158. In case of animals
- 159. For this, the medium of transmission must be able to move rapidly.
- 160. Presence of nerves is compulsory. Cells cannot continually create and transmit electrical impulses.
- 161. In case of plants
- 162. electric-chemical impulse is transmitted by the movement of ions
- 163. animals and plants
- 164. Plants Animals
- 165. Stimulated cells release a chemical compound, this compound would diffuse all around the original cell. Other cells would be able detect these and recognize information, and even transmit it.
- 166. Electrical impulse helps to give fast response in case of animals Electrical-chemical impulse helps to give fast response in case of sensitive plants Chemical impulse helps to give slow response
- 167. Read NCERT up to Page No. 122
- 168. In case of animals
- 170. In case of plants
- 172. animals and plants
- 173. Plants Animals
- 174. animals and plants
- 175. Protein based chemical released by a cell, helps in transmission of chemical impulse.
- 176. Reach all cells of the body Origin of hormones & Needed very little. Coordinate growth and responses Synthesized at places away from where they act. Diffuse to the area of Area of action action.
- 178. 5. Abscisic Acid 4.Gibberellins 1. Auxins Plant Hormones 3. Ethylene 2. Cytokinins
- 179. Auxins Synthesized at the shoot tip Diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. Stimulates the cells to grow longer. Plants grow towards light.
- 180. Cytokinins They are present in greater concentration in areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and seeds.
- 181. Ethylene It is a gaseous hormone H2C=CH2
- 182. Gibberellins Also stimulates cell division and elongation.
- 183. Abscisic acid Its effects include wilting of leaves.
- 184. A hormone is a protein based chemical released by a cell They are synthesised at places away from where they act. Major 5 types of plant hormones Auxin Cytokinins Ethylene Gibberellins Abscisic acid
- 185. Questions NCERT Page No. 122 (Q No. 1 to 5)
- 186. animals and plants
- 187. Origin of hormones Area of action
- 189. ? ? ? Plant Hormones ? ?
- 190. Abscisic Acid Gibberellins Auxins Plant Hormones Ethylene Cytokinins
- 192. 1. Hypothalamus Pituitary glad Pineal glands 2. Thyroid glands Para thyroids Thymus 3. Adrenal glands 4. Pancreas 5. Testis Ovary
- 193. 6. Digestive hormones 5. Pancreatic 1. Adrenal hormones hormones Animal Hormones 4. Sex 2. Thyroid hormones hormones 3. Growth hormones
- 196. When a person becomes angry Adrenaline adrenaline is secreted into the blood. It helps the body to adjust to sudden stress. As a result, Adrenaline causes the heart to beat faster, result in supply of O2 to the body muscles increases. Small arteries constrict which increases the blood pressure. This diverts the blood to our skeletal muscles. C9H13NO3
- 198. One of the symptoms in this disease is a swollen neck.
- 199. Iodine is essential for the Thyroxin synthesis of thyroxin. Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth. C15H11I4NO4
- 200. Endocrine gland secrets hormones, these are 1. Adrenal hormones 2. Thyroid hormones 3. Growth hormones 4. Sex hormones 5. Pancreatic hormones 6. Digestive hormones Adrenaline helps the body to adjust to sudden stress Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
- 201. Questions NCERT Page No. 125 (Q No. 1 to 3) Draw a well labeled diagram of endocrine gland and practice it at least 2 times.
- 203. You need to Identify 3 minutes in the given sheet- 1. Hypothalamus Pituitary glad Pineal glands 2. Thyroid glands Para thyroids Thymus 3. Adrenal glands 4. Pancreas 5. Testis Ovary
- 205. ? ? ? Animal Hormones ? ? ?
- 206. 6. Digestive hormones 5. Pancreatic 1. Adrenal hormones hormones Animal Hormones 4. Sex 2. Thyroid hormones hormones 3. Growth hormones
- 207. Secreted by the pituitary. Regulates growth and development of the body.
- 208. Changes during puberty are because of the secretion of testosterone in males and oestrogen in females.
- 210. Helps in regulating blood sugar levels. If it is not secreted in proper amounts, the sugar level in the blood rises causing many harmful effects.
- 212. hormones should be secreted in precise quantities. The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms.
- 213. Growth hormone regulates growth and development of the body Sex hormones Changes during puberty Insulin helps in regulating blood sugar levels
- 214. Questions NCERT Page No. 125 (Q No. 4) NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1 to 12 (All)