Basic concept of Linked & Linked open Government data

Saima Hanif
PhD Scholar Information Management
University of Punjab Lahore
Linked & Linked Open Government Data
Basic Principles and Publishing Methods

What linked data is ? (LD)
Linked data describes a method of publishing structured data so
that it can be interlinked and become more useful.
2Saima Hanif/PhD-2016-19

The Semantic web is not just about
putting data on the web. It is about
making links, so that a person or
machine can explore the web of data.
With linked data, when you have some
of it, you can find other , related , data.
Tim Berners - Lee

Saima Hanif/PhD-2016-19 4
The Semantic web Vision
Semantic Web is an extension of the original Web. The main idea is
to use the web not only to share information, but to share the
meaning (semantics) of information. The Semantic Web is a project
initiated in 2001 by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) http://www.w3.org
Semantic web was mainly developed from the artificial
intelligence(AI)

In the semantic web vision, the web also becomes accessible for
software agents instead of containing only human-readable
information. It enables vast array of novel application by making
information machine-interpretable.
In other words, documents (html pages) containing a collection of
structured machine comprehensible statements (metadata) that
allow the machine to understand the content of the documents,
making intelligent decisions to assist us.
Cont----

Network protocols to connect
machines: Computer level
communication
Network of documents
connected by hyperlinks
:Browsing, reading, searching
The
Internet
The Web
The linked
data web
Graph of data objects connected by
labeled hyperlinks :Data exchange
and mashups

The subject and object of a triple are
both URIs that each identify a resource.
The predicate specifies how the
subject and object are related, and is
also represented by a URI
what’s inside the pot of RDF
Object
Subject Predicate

In order to move forward with a machine – readable web, Berner- lee
(2006) drastically reduced the ambitions of the full – blown semantic
web and came up with the linked data principles. These four rules
specify a simple way to format data so that it can be interpreted by
software.

Use URIs Use HTTP URIs
Provide useful
information
Include links to
others
Principles of Linked Data

As an example/ The subject at (line 5) (“http://dbpedia.org/page/United_States”) is
stated (at line 6) to belong to the category “Country”. using the predicate “rdf:type”. The
same subject is given a label (via the predicate “rdfs:label”; line 7) of “USA”. The graph
further states that “Washington D.C.” is its capital (via the predicate “dbpedia- owl:
capital”; line 8) and the total area square miles is “3794101” (via the predicate
“dbpedia-owl : areaSqMi; line 9).
1. @prefix dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
2. @prefix dbpedia-owl: < http://dbpedia.org/Ontology/>
3. @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntaxns#>
4. @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
5. http://dbpedia.org/page/United_States
6. rdf:type dbpedia-owl : Country;
7. rdfs:label “USA”@en;
8. dbpedia-owl : capital dbpedia:Washington_D.C.;
9. dbpedia-owl:areaSqMi “3794101”^^xsd:integer.
Figure 1 Snapshot of RDF graph representing United States of America (from DBPedia.org)

2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
HTTP: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for
distributed, Collaborative for WWW. In other words URLs on the Web.
3. The third Principle asks for the representation of the resources
identified by those URLs by using standards, such as the machine
readable format RDF.
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the
standards (RDF, SPARQL)
Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language SPARQL is a W3C recommend
standard for querying RDF data.

# prefix declarations
PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resources/>
…
# dataset definition
FROM …
# result clause
SELECT …
# query pattern
WHERE {
…
}
# query modifiers
ORDER BY …
Figure 2 SPARQL query components
zero or more prefix declarations for
abbreviating IRIs, zero or more
FROM NAMED clauses stating what
RDF graph(s) are being queried, a
query result clause specifying what
information to return from the
query, a WHERE clause specifying
what to query
for in the underlying dataset, and
zero or more query modifiers to
slice, order, and otherwise rearrange
the query results.
A SPARQL query is composed of five parts

4.Finally, the fourth principle
makes sure that data contains
links to other data allowing
software agents to look up related
information.

What linked Open data is ? (LOD)
The actual technology that drives and enables
OGD is known as Linked Open Data (LOD).
Dr. Martin Schöpe

What OGD is ?
Today, Open Government Data (OGD) is emerging as a major movement
in knowledge sharing. The basic premise is to open up publicly-owned
data and information from governmental institutions and to make it
available in machine- readable formats for easy re-use and cross
combination by citizens, industry, media, and academia – as well as by
government itself.

Foundation of Real
Democracy
Transparency
Right of
Information

2007: Idea was initiated and 30 open
Government advocates came together in
USA to set OGD principles
2009: A memorandum signed by US
president Barack Obama in January 2009.
Point to
ponder

2010 : The sunlight foundation made 10
principles.
2011: The open government partnership
was launched on September 20,2011.
Point to
ponder

Factbook of Open Data to Linked Open Data
Data OG
OGD LOD
A brief
history
2007-2011

Future of LOD

Principles of Government data to be considered as Open government
data
1 Data Must be complete (all type of sources)
2
3
4
5
Data Must be Primary(not modified)
Data Must be timely(as quickly as necessary)
Data must be accessible(to the widest range of users)
Data must be machine- processable (structured)

Principles of Government data to be considered as Open government
data
6 Access must be non – discriminatory(no registration requirement)
7
8
9
10
Data formats must be non – proprietary(No exclusive control)
Data Must be license – free(reasonable privacy and security)
Permanence(Capability of finding information over time)
Usage costs(minimum cost is implemented)

Publishing Linked Open Data
Analyse your data: Prepare a selection, take a deeper look at your data
(Your metadata and data itself)
 Clean your data: Data and information that comes from many
distributed data sources and in several different formats require
additional effort to ensure easy and efficient modeling.
Model your data: Choose established vocabularies and additional
models to ensure smooth data conversion to RDF the next step will be to
create unified resource identifiers (URIs) as names for each of your
object.

Choose appropriate vocabularies: There are lots of vocabularies
for reuse. Evaluate and choose appropriate one, if not available
create your own.
Specify License(s): To ensure good re-use of Your data, provide a
clear license for your data to avoid its re-use in legal vacuum. Prefer
an already existing license.
Convert data to RDF: The final step, RDF is very powerful data
model for LOD and is an official W3C recommendation for semantic
web data models. Remember to include your specified license here.

 Link your data to other data: Before you publish, make sure that your
data is linked to other data sets. Evaluate and choose carefully the most
relevant data sets to be linked with your own.
Publish and promote your LOD: Publish your data on the web and
promote your LOD sets to ensure wide re-use.

Life Cycle of LOG Data
Bernadette Hyland

• Political and social
• Economic
• Operational
• Technical
Benefits
• Institutional
• Task complexity
• Use and participation
• Legislation
• Information quality
• Technical
Adoption
Barriers
Open data and open Government

References
http://scholar.google.com
Bauer, F., & Kaltenböck, M. (2011). Linked open data: The essentials. Edition
mono/monochrom, Vienna.
Hooland, S. V., & Verborgh, R. (2014). Linked data for libraries, archives and
museums.
Shadbolt, N., & O'Hara, K. (2013). Linked data in
government. IEEE Internet Computing, 17(4), 72-77.

References
www.slideshare.com
www.google.com
Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits,
adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government.
Information systems management, 29(4), 258-268.
Bizer, C., Heath, T., & Berners-Lee, T. (2008, April). Linked data:
Principles and state of the art. In World wide web conference (pp. 1-
40).

THANKYOU

Basic concept of Linked & Linked open Government data

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