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Introduction to Telecommunication
what is COMMUNICATION NETWORK or NETWORK?
Telecommunication: is the transmission of signals over a distance for
the purpose of communication via Telecommunication Equipments.
networking and communications
is an engineering discipline concerned with the communication between
computer systems or devices. A computer network is any set of computers or
devices connected to each other with the ability to exchange data. Computer
networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications.
computer science, information technology and/or computer engineering since it
relies heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific
and engineering disciplines. The three types of networks are:
 Examples of different network methods are:
 Local area network (LAN).
 Metropolitan area network (MAN).
 Wide area network(WAN).
 Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN).
Introduction to Telecommunication
communication is fundamentally a simple operation:
Point A sends information to Point B and Point B receives it.
A slightly more complex, and more practical, system allows Point A to
send information to and receive information from Point B, and vice
versa. It is what lies between points A and B that has been the substance
of data communication system development since before the personal
computer, or any computer for that matter.
Introduction to Telecommunication
communication is the exchange of data between two devices (computers) via
some form of transmission medium such as wire cable, wireless system,
microwave system, satellite system……………… etc.
In data communication process data is transmitted electronically from one system to other
system using standard methods.
The data transmitted from one place to another in form analog, digital, through
communication medium. The electromagnetic or light waves representing data
are called SIGNALS.
THE TYPES OF DATA COMMUNICATION SIGNALS ARE:
Data transmission is divided into:
1. Analog data transmission.
2. Digital data transmission.
Introduction to Telecommunication
Analog transmission:
The transfer of data from one place to another in the form of analog signals or in
the form of continuous sound waves is called analog data transmission.
Introduction to Telecommunication
Digital transmission:
The transfer of data from one place to another in the form of digital signals is
called digital data transmission: A digital signal consists of individual
electrical pulses that represent bits grouped together into bytes.
Introduction to Telecommunication
 Characteristics of Communication System:
The communication system depends on the following characteristics.
1. Delivery – The data must be delivered from source device destination
device.
2. Accuracy – The data must be delivered accurately. If there is any error
occurred during transmission, the data must be re-transmitted.
3. Timeliness – Data must be delivered within time. It is very important in real
time systems because data becomes useless if it is delivered late. For
example, in television transmission, the video signals must be delivered
within time as they are produced without any significant delay. This kind of
delivery is called real-time transmission.
 Components of Communication System
 The basic components of a communication system are:
1. Message.
2. Sender.
3. Medium.
4. Receiver.
5. Protocol.
Introduction to Telecommunication
 Message – The message. is the information or data that is to be transferred from one
location to another. It may consist of text, numbers, pictures, sounds, videos or any
combination of these.
 Sender – A device used in a communication system to send or transmit messages to
another device is called Sender, or Transmitter or Source. A sender may be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, video camera and mobile phone.
 Medium – Medium is a path or channel through which message is transmitted (or
sent) from one location to another in a communication system. The twisted wire, fiber
optic, microwave, satellite system etc. are used as medium.
 Receiver – A device used in a communication system to receive messages from
another device (sender) is called Receiver or Sink. A receiver may be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, mobile phone, television set, printer, fax machine, and
so on.
 Protocol – A set of rules that guides (or governs) data communication is called
protocol. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a
proper protocol, the devices may be connected but they cannot communicate with each
other. For example, a person whose mother language is English cannot communicate
with a person who can speak only French or Chinese.
Note: Today, all type of computers and mobile devices serve as senders and receivers in
communication system.
Introduction to Telecommunication
 What is data transmission mode?
 Transmission Modes: The term transmission mode defines the direction
of data flow between two linked devices. The manner or way in which data is
transmitted from one place to another is called Data Transmission Mode.
 There are three ways for transmitting data from one location to another. These
are:
1. Simplex mode.
2. Half-Duplex mode.
3. Full-Duplex mode.
Simplex Mode
In Simplex mode, the communication can take place in only one
direction. In this mode, a terminal can only send data and cannot receive it or
it can only receive data but cannot send it. It means that in this mode
communication is uni-directional. Today, this mode of data communication is
not popular, because most of the modem communications require two-way
exchange of data. However, this mode of communication is used in business
field at certain point-of-sale terminals in which sales data is entered without a
corresponding reply. The other examples of simplex communication modes
are Radio and T.V transmissions.
Introduction to Telecommunication
 In computer system, the keyboard, monitor and printer are examples of simplex
devices. The keyboard can only be used to enter data into computer, while
monitor and printer can only accept (display/print) output.
Half-Duplex Mode
In Half-duplex mode, the communication can take place in both directions, but
only in one direction at a time. In this mode, data is sent and received
alternatively. It is like a one-lane bridge where two-way traffic must give way in
order to cross the other.
 In half-duplex mode, at a time only one end transmits data while other end
receives. In addition, it is possible to perform error detection and request the
sender to re-transmit information. The Internet browsing is an example of half
duplex. When we issue a request to download a web document, then that
document is downloaded and displayed before we issue another request.
Introduction to Telecommunication
 Full-Duplex Mode
 In Full-duplex mode, the communication can take place in both
directions simultaneously, at the same time on the same channel. It is
the fastest directional mode of communication. Example of this mode is
conversation of the persons through telephone. This type of
communication is similar to automobile traffic on a two-lane road. The
telephone communication system is an example of full-duplex
communication mode.
Introduction to Telecommunication
Introduction to Telecommunication
Introduction to Telecommunication
 Transmission Modes CAN BE ;
There are two types of data transmission modes. These are:
1. Parallel Transmission (Synchronous Transmission) expensive type
2. Serial Transmission (Asynchronous Transmission) not expensive type
Parallel Transmission
 In parallel transmission, bits of data flow concurrently through separate
communication lines. Parallel transmission is shown in figure below. The
automobile traffic on a multi-lane highway is an example of parallel transmission.
Inside the computer binary data flows from one unit to another using parallel
mode. If the computer uses 32-line internal structure, all the 32-bits of data are
transferred simultaneously on 32-line connections. Similarly, parallel
transmission is commonly used to transfer data from computer to printer. The
printer is connected to the parallel port of computer and parallel cable that has
many wires is used to connect the printer to computer. It is very fast data
transmission mode.
Introduction to Telecommunication
Introduction to Telecommunication
Introduction to Telecommunication
Serial Transmission
 In serial data transmission, bits of data flow in sequential order through single
communication line. Serial data & transmission is shown in figure below. The
flow of traffic on one-lane residential street is an example of serial data
transmission mode. Serial transmission is typically slower than parallel
transmission, because data is sent sequentially in a bit-by-bit fashion.
Introduction to Telecommunication
Introduction to Telecommunication
Introduction to Telecommunication
 Communication Devices
 An electronic device that can send and receive data on the network is
called the communication device. The communication devices are used
on both ends of the connections. Most of the communication devices
have the ability to convert the digital signal of computer into analog
signal so that the signals can be transmitted on the communication line
to another end. The reverse is also true.
The most important communication devices are described below:
1. Modem
2. Router
Introduction to Telecommunication
 Modem:
Modem stands for Modulator and Demodulator. The modem (dialup modem) is an
electronic device that can convert the digital signals into analog signals and
analog signals into digital signals. It is used on both ends of the computers
for data communication between, computers through telephone line. We knew
that data is communicated through telephone line in the form of analog
signals. So data in the form of digital signal from one computer must be
converted into analog signals before to transmit it to another computer
through telephone line.
 Digital Modem:
The modem that is used to send and to receive data to and from a digital
telephone line is called digital modem. The examples of digital modems are
ISDN and DSL. These modems send and receive the digital signals to and
from the digital line. This modem does not convert the digital signals into
analog because digital lines already use the digital signals. Therefore, in this
case he definition of modem confuses the users, however manufacturers still
use the term modem for devices used in digital line for data communication.
Introduction to Telecommunication
 Router: An electronic device that connects multiple computers together
and transmits data to its correct destination using the available path on the
network is called router. It stores the routing information of each node or
computer on the network and to use these information to transfer data
between nodes. Like a bridge, a router looks at each packet’s header to
determine where the packet should go and then determines a route for, the
packet to take and thus reach its destination; some routers also have built-in
antivirus protection. Similarly, some routers also support wireless
communications.

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Ch 01 part 1 - basic elements of telecommunication systems

  • 1. Introduction to Telecommunication what is COMMUNICATION NETWORK or NETWORK? Telecommunication: is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication via Telecommunication Equipments. networking and communications is an engineering discipline concerned with the communication between computer systems or devices. A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to each other with the ability to exchange data. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications. computer science, information technology and/or computer engineering since it relies heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines. The three types of networks are:  Examples of different network methods are:  Local area network (LAN).  Metropolitan area network (MAN).  Wide area network(WAN).  Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN).
  • 2. Introduction to Telecommunication communication is fundamentally a simple operation: Point A sends information to Point B and Point B receives it. A slightly more complex, and more practical, system allows Point A to send information to and receive information from Point B, and vice versa. It is what lies between points A and B that has been the substance of data communication system development since before the personal computer, or any computer for that matter.
  • 3. Introduction to Telecommunication communication is the exchange of data between two devices (computers) via some form of transmission medium such as wire cable, wireless system, microwave system, satellite system……………… etc. In data communication process data is transmitted electronically from one system to other system using standard methods. The data transmitted from one place to another in form analog, digital, through communication medium. The electromagnetic or light waves representing data are called SIGNALS. THE TYPES OF DATA COMMUNICATION SIGNALS ARE: Data transmission is divided into: 1. Analog data transmission. 2. Digital data transmission.
  • 4. Introduction to Telecommunication Analog transmission: The transfer of data from one place to another in the form of analog signals or in the form of continuous sound waves is called analog data transmission.
  • 5. Introduction to Telecommunication Digital transmission: The transfer of data from one place to another in the form of digital signals is called digital data transmission: A digital signal consists of individual electrical pulses that represent bits grouped together into bytes.
  • 6. Introduction to Telecommunication  Characteristics of Communication System: The communication system depends on the following characteristics. 1. Delivery – The data must be delivered from source device destination device. 2. Accuracy – The data must be delivered accurately. If there is any error occurred during transmission, the data must be re-transmitted. 3. Timeliness – Data must be delivered within time. It is very important in real time systems because data becomes useless if it is delivered late. For example, in television transmission, the video signals must be delivered within time as they are produced without any significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.  Components of Communication System  The basic components of a communication system are: 1. Message. 2. Sender. 3. Medium. 4. Receiver. 5. Protocol.
  • 7. Introduction to Telecommunication  Message – The message. is the information or data that is to be transferred from one location to another. It may consist of text, numbers, pictures, sounds, videos or any combination of these.  Sender – A device used in a communication system to send or transmit messages to another device is called Sender, or Transmitter or Source. A sender may be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera and mobile phone.  Medium – Medium is a path or channel through which message is transmitted (or sent) from one location to another in a communication system. The twisted wire, fiber optic, microwave, satellite system etc. are used as medium.  Receiver – A device used in a communication system to receive messages from another device (sender) is called Receiver or Sink. A receiver may be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, mobile phone, television set, printer, fax machine, and so on.  Protocol – A set of rules that guides (or governs) data communication is called protocol. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a proper protocol, the devices may be connected but they cannot communicate with each other. For example, a person whose mother language is English cannot communicate with a person who can speak only French or Chinese. Note: Today, all type of computers and mobile devices serve as senders and receivers in communication system.
  • 8. Introduction to Telecommunication  What is data transmission mode?  Transmission Modes: The term transmission mode defines the direction of data flow between two linked devices. The manner or way in which data is transmitted from one place to another is called Data Transmission Mode.  There are three ways for transmitting data from one location to another. These are: 1. Simplex mode. 2. Half-Duplex mode. 3. Full-Duplex mode. Simplex Mode In Simplex mode, the communication can take place in only one direction. In this mode, a terminal can only send data and cannot receive it or it can only receive data but cannot send it. It means that in this mode communication is uni-directional. Today, this mode of data communication is not popular, because most of the modem communications require two-way exchange of data. However, this mode of communication is used in business field at certain point-of-sale terminals in which sales data is entered without a corresponding reply. The other examples of simplex communication modes are Radio and T.V transmissions.
  • 9. Introduction to Telecommunication  In computer system, the keyboard, monitor and printer are examples of simplex devices. The keyboard can only be used to enter data into computer, while monitor and printer can only accept (display/print) output. Half-Duplex Mode In Half-duplex mode, the communication can take place in both directions, but only in one direction at a time. In this mode, data is sent and received alternatively. It is like a one-lane bridge where two-way traffic must give way in order to cross the other.  In half-duplex mode, at a time only one end transmits data while other end receives. In addition, it is possible to perform error detection and request the sender to re-transmit information. The Internet browsing is an example of half duplex. When we issue a request to download a web document, then that document is downloaded and displayed before we issue another request.
  • 10. Introduction to Telecommunication  Full-Duplex Mode  In Full-duplex mode, the communication can take place in both directions simultaneously, at the same time on the same channel. It is the fastest directional mode of communication. Example of this mode is conversation of the persons through telephone. This type of communication is similar to automobile traffic on a two-lane road. The telephone communication system is an example of full-duplex communication mode.
  • 13. Introduction to Telecommunication  Transmission Modes CAN BE ; There are two types of data transmission modes. These are: 1. Parallel Transmission (Synchronous Transmission) expensive type 2. Serial Transmission (Asynchronous Transmission) not expensive type Parallel Transmission  In parallel transmission, bits of data flow concurrently through separate communication lines. Parallel transmission is shown in figure below. The automobile traffic on a multi-lane highway is an example of parallel transmission. Inside the computer binary data flows from one unit to another using parallel mode. If the computer uses 32-line internal structure, all the 32-bits of data are transferred simultaneously on 32-line connections. Similarly, parallel transmission is commonly used to transfer data from computer to printer. The printer is connected to the parallel port of computer and parallel cable that has many wires is used to connect the printer to computer. It is very fast data transmission mode.
  • 16. Introduction to Telecommunication Serial Transmission  In serial data transmission, bits of data flow in sequential order through single communication line. Serial data & transmission is shown in figure below. The flow of traffic on one-lane residential street is an example of serial data transmission mode. Serial transmission is typically slower than parallel transmission, because data is sent sequentially in a bit-by-bit fashion.
  • 19. Introduction to Telecommunication  Communication Devices  An electronic device that can send and receive data on the network is called the communication device. The communication devices are used on both ends of the connections. Most of the communication devices have the ability to convert the digital signal of computer into analog signal so that the signals can be transmitted on the communication line to another end. The reverse is also true. The most important communication devices are described below: 1. Modem 2. Router
  • 20. Introduction to Telecommunication  Modem: Modem stands for Modulator and Demodulator. The modem (dialup modem) is an electronic device that can convert the digital signals into analog signals and analog signals into digital signals. It is used on both ends of the computers for data communication between, computers through telephone line. We knew that data is communicated through telephone line in the form of analog signals. So data in the form of digital signal from one computer must be converted into analog signals before to transmit it to another computer through telephone line.  Digital Modem: The modem that is used to send and to receive data to and from a digital telephone line is called digital modem. The examples of digital modems are ISDN and DSL. These modems send and receive the digital signals to and from the digital line. This modem does not convert the digital signals into analog because digital lines already use the digital signals. Therefore, in this case he definition of modem confuses the users, however manufacturers still use the term modem for devices used in digital line for data communication.
  • 21. Introduction to Telecommunication  Router: An electronic device that connects multiple computers together and transmits data to its correct destination using the available path on the network is called router. It stores the routing information of each node or computer on the network and to use these information to transfer data between nodes. Like a bridge, a router looks at each packet’s header to determine where the packet should go and then determines a route for, the packet to take and thus reach its destination; some routers also have built-in antivirus protection. Similarly, some routers also support wireless communications.