chapter11 - Programming.pdf

Connecting with Computer Science 2
Objectives
• Learn what a program is and how it can be developed
• Understand the difference between a low-level and
high-level language
• Be introduced to low-level languages using the
Assembly programming language as an example
• Learn about the structure of a program, including
algorithms and pseudocode

Objectives (continued)
• Gain an understanding of the basics of high-level
programming languages using Java as an example
• Learn about variables and how they are used
• Be introduced to the Java operators
• Explore the different control structures used in
programming
• Understand the terms associated with object-oriented
programming

What Is a Program?
• A collection of statements that solve a problem
• Must be converted into a language that the computer
understands
– Algorithm: logically ordered set of statements
– Conversion process uses an interpreter or compiler
• Interpreter translates statements one-by-one
• Compiler reads all of the statements and creates a
finished program

I Speak Computer
• Determine what language you want to use
– Assembly for controlling hardware
– Java and JavaScript for Internet applications
– Lisp for working with artificial intelligence
– Visual Basic for a simple yet powerful GUI
programming environment
– Others include. C, C++, Smalltalk, Delphi, and ADA,
FORTRAN, and COBOL

Types of
Programming Languages
• Low-level
– Geared towards computer – less understandable or
like human language
– Machine language is lowest-level language
– Assembly resides between lowest-level and higher-
level languages
• Assembler converts assembly code to machine
language
• High-level
– Human-friendly language

Figure 11-1
Different types of programming languages

Low-level Languages
• Machine language includes only binary numbers
• Assembly uses more English-like statements
– Each statement corresponds to one machine
instruction
– Programs run faster than programs in higher-level
languages
– Closely tied to particular CPU type
– Harder to read and understand than higher-level
languages

Assembly Language Statements
• Consists of alphabetic instructions with operations
and register indications
– mov moves values around
mov cx, 8
– add adds one to value to another
mov cx, 3
mov dx, 8
add dx, cx
– sub subtracts one value from another

Assembly Language Statements
(continued)
– inc increments a value in the register
inc dx
– cmp compares two values
mov cx, 4
mov dx, 7
cmp dx, cx (zero flag is set if dx - cx = 0)
– jnz jumps to a specific location in the program
jnz stop (Jumps to the section named stop if
the zero flag is set)

High-level Languages
• Easier to write, read, and maintain than low-level
languages
• Accomplishes much more in a single statement
• Generally slower
– Must be either compiler or interpreted
• Many incorporate IDEs (integrated development
environment’s)
– Interface that includes an editor, compiler, graphic
designer, and more

Figure 11-2
Microsoft Visual Studio .NET makes software
development easier

Structure of a Program
• Program structure is based upon algorithms, and is
often represented using pseudocode
– Algorithm: consists of executable steps to solve a
problem
– Pseudocode: readable description of an algorithm
written in human language
• Template for what needs to be converted into
programming language syntax

Example of Pseudocode
• Converting the temperature from Celsius to
Fahrenheit
Ask the user for a temperature in
Fahrenheit
Apply the entered temperature to the
formula Celsius
Temp = (5/9) * (Fahrenheit Temp - 32)
Display the result saying Fahrenheit
Temp ## converted to Celsius is XX

Choosing and Testing
the Algorithm
• There can be many different ways to perform a task
or accomplish a goal
• Determine which algorithm is the best one to use for
the project based on a myriad of factors
• To test the algorithm, pretend that you are the end
user and trying to run the program
– Celsius conversion example: What if the user does not
enter a number value?
• Modify pseudocode to test for valid values

Modifications to Pseudocode
Based on Testing
Ask the user for a temperature in Fahrenheit
If the value entered is numerical
Apply the entered temperature to the
formula
Celsius Temp =
(5/9) * (Fahrenheit Temp - 32)
Display the result saying Fahrenheit Temp
## converted to Celsius is XX
Else
Display a message stating that the value
entered is NOT allowed

Syntax of a
Programming Language
• Writing a program can be compared to following a
recipe (the algorithm and pseudocode) to correctly
combine the ingredients to produce a result (program)
• Ingredients include
– Variables
– Operators
– Control Structures
– Objects

Learning to Cook With Java
• Java is a high-level programming language developed
by Sun Corporation
– Familiar syntax (similar syntax to C++)
– Portable
• Can run on other computers without recompiling
– Powerful
• Rich library of routines for many tasks
– Popular
• Used to develop a variety of applications

Variables
• Variable: name used to identify a certain location and
value in computer memory
– Provides way to access computer memory without
knowing actual hardware address
– When you associate an identifier with a variable, it is
called declaring that variable
– Declarations usually define attributes such as identifier
name, type, and content
int numTicketsBought;

Identifiers and Naming
Conventions
• Rules for declaring a variable in Java
– Use only letters, underscores, and numbers
– Begin the name with a letter
– Avoid Java reserved words that have specific
programming meanings
• Naming conventions
– Give variables meaningful names
– Lowercase the first character of the first word and
uppercase the first letter of subsequent words

Variable Types
• All variables are strongly typed
– Must declare the type of data each variable can hold
– Eight different types (see Tables 11-1 to 11-4)
• Syntax for declaring a variable
type variableName;s
• Examples
float salary;
boolean deserveRaise;

String Data Type
• The char data type contains one character within a
single quotation mark
• The String data type contains one or more
characters inside a pair of double quotes
String sFirstName = “Joe”;
String sLastName = “Blow”;
• The String concatenation operator (+) combines
strings into one value
String sFullName;
sFullName = sLastName + “, ” + sFirstName;

Hungarian Notation
• Variable naming method
– Gives each variable an identifier at the beginning of
the variable name describing the data type of the
variable
– Only used for the sake of readability
– Does not require the variable to hold the specified data
type

Variable Content
• Variable initialization provides an initial value when
the variable is first declared
– Best to initialize variables rather than to assume the
programming language will assign a default value
• Use two statements
int iStudentCount;
iStudentCount = 456;
• Or combine into one statement
int iStudentCount = 456;

Operators
• Symbols used to manipulate data
• Classified by data type
– Math operators for addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and modulus
– Mathematical shortcuts for binary arithmetic
shortcuts
iFirstNum = iFirstNum + iSecondNum;
is the same as
iFirstNum += iSecondNum;

Operators (continued)
– Increment and decrement operators (++, --)
• Adds or subtracts 1 from the value of the variable
• Preincrements or predecrements execute the increment
or decrement first on the line of code
• Postincrements or postdecrements execute the
increment or decrement last on the line of code
int iCount = 5;
int iResult = 0;
iResult = iCount++ + 10;
– Sum of the variables is 15; iCount is incremented last,
giving it the value of 6 after sum is calculated

Operators (continued)
– Relational operators (Table 11-7)
• Compares values
– Logical operators (Table 11-8)
• Builds a truth table when comparing expressions
– An expression is a programming statement that returns a
value when executed

Precedence
• The order in which operators appear can determine
the output
• Symbols that have a higher precedence are executed
before those with a lower precedence
(2+3) * 4 outputs 20
2 - 5 * 2 outputs -8

Figure 11-5
Order of relational and mathematical precedence

Java Control Structures
and Program Flow
• A control structure is an instruction that dictates the
order in which program statements are executed
• Four type of control structures in high-level
languages
– Invocation
– Top down
– Selection
– Repetition

Invocation
• Every Java program has a function called “main”
as the starting point
public static void main(String[] args) {}
– “public” scope means that it is visible for any other
source code to use
– “static” indicates that the function belongs to the
class
– “void” indicates that there is no return value
– “String[] args” can receive parameters or values
when the program is executed

Top Down (Also Called Sequence)
• Program statements are executed in series, from the
top line to the bottom line one at a time
• Most common form of programming control
structure, found in every programming language
• Implemented by typing in statements that do not call
other pieces of source code

Blocks of Code
• A single block statement encloses several statements
with an opening and closing brace
– Enclosed statements are related in functionality
– Leaving out braces can cause your program to function
incorrectly
– Braces are required in some circumstances
• Most often used when working with control structures
such as invocation, selection, and repetition

Output Data
• You can output data to the current output device
through the use of the System.out.print() or
System.out.println() statements
– print() leaves the current insertion point of the cursor
at the end of the data being output
– println() moves the insertion point to the next line after
the data is output
– The “n” (newline escape sequence) tells the system to
move to the next line
– The expression can use concatenation (+ operator)

Input Data
• System.in provides methods for retrieving data from
the current input device
– Involves creating new variables to read in characters
from the input stream
– The characters are read one by one into another
variable that acts as a memory buffer holding the
newly created string
– This value can then be assigned to a declared String
variable by calling the readLine() method

More on Invocation
• Invocation is the act of calling something or
someone
• Java implements invocation through the use of
calling functions and methods
– A function performs a task and can return a value
– A method is a function that belongs to a class
– When a function name is encountered, the system
passes control to the first line of code within that
function
– The system returns control to the original calling
point after the function is executed

Selection
• if statement syntax
if (condition)
{ one or more statements }
• if-else statement syntax
if (condition)
else

Selection (continued)
• if-else-if statement syntax
if (condition)
else if
… // can contain multiple else ifs
else
– Performs certain blocks of code depending on the state of a
variable within the program while it is running

Selection (continued)
• switch statement syntax
switch (expression)
{
case value_1;
statement_1;
break;
case value_2
statement_2
break;
default; // optional
statement_3;
}

Repetition (Looping)
• for statement syntax
for (variable declaration; expression;
increment/decrement)
{ statements(s); }
– Post- or pre-operations are commonly used when updating
the variable used as the counter in the for loop
for (iCount = 1; iCount <= 5; iCount++)
• for and while loops are precondition loops
– The expression is checked before any code is executed
within the loop

Repetition (continued)
• while statement syntax
while (expression)
{ statements; }
• do while statement syntax
do
{
statement(s);
} while (expression);
– do while loops are postcondition loops
• Executes at least once before expression is evaluated

Ready, Set, Go!
• Purchase and download Java
– Sun Microsystems offers a version of Java and the
JDK for free
• Choose an editor to write the program
– Use an IDE or a simple text editor such as NotePad
• Compile the program with the javac command
javac MyProg1.java
• Execute the program with the java command
java MyProg1

Object-Oriented Programming
• A style of programming that involves representing
items, things, and people as objects rather than basing
the logic around actions
• An object includes three distinct features
– Characteristics (attributes)
– Work
– Responses (to events)
• OOP provides reusability and maintainability

Figure 11-7
An object has characteristics,
work, and responses

How OOP Works
• Making a mold
– Implement a class or template
• Creating the figure
– Define the characteristic of the mold
• Putting the figure to work
– Define the actions the figure can perform, as well as its
responses to certain events

OOP Terminology
• Class
– A template used for defining new object types along
with their properties and behavior
• Object
– A self-contained entity that consists of both data and
procedures
• Instantiation
– The process of creating an object based on a class
• Constructor
– A class method used for instantiating an object

OOP Terminology (continued)
• Property (also called attribute)
– Characteristic of an object
• Method
– Work performed by an object; defined within the class
• Event
– An action recognized by a class
• Event handler
– How a class responds to an event

Figure 11-8
Making a plastic doll shows OOP concepts in action

Inheritance
• The process of providing more class functions by
creating more specific classes based on generic
classes
• Parent class
– Generic class from which other classes can be created
• Subclass
– A more specific class based upon a parent class
– Calling a method is a chain reaction up through parent
classes until it is found

Figure 11-9
Inheritance promotes code reusability

Encapsulation
• Process of hiding an object’s operations from other
objects
• Treats an object as a black box
– Do not have to know how an object works in order to
use it
• Helps cut down on the potential errors to occur
– Isolates errors to the problem object

Polymorphism
• An object’s ability to use the same expression to
denote different operations
• When an operation is called, the system at runtime
determines how the operation is used
– Example: Using the Draw operation for all geometric
shapes (squares, triangles, and circles)
• When Draw is called, the system decides which object’s
method to call to display the shape correctly

Java and OOP
• Everything in Java revolves around classes and their
properties and methods
• You can reduce the amount of code you are
producing by reusing objects you have created or by
using someone else’s objects
• Use resources to show the available objects and
libraries you can use
• Programs, algorithms and tasks have already been
implemented by someone else

Choosing a
Programming Language
• Considerations
– Functionality
– Vendor stability
– Popularity
– Job market
– Price
– Ease of learning
– Performance

One Last Thought
• A program will do whatever you tell it to do
• In most cases, if the program doesn’t work correctly,
it is the fault of the person who wrote the program,
not the computer
– Be a responsible programmer
• You can create new and wonderful programs to help
society
• Or…the program you write might have serious
ramifications on society

Summary
• A program is only as good as the programmer(s)
who wrote it
• Programs are used everywhere and in almost
everything you do
• A program can either be interpreted or compiled
• Low-level languages are more closely related to the
machine languages that a computer understands
• Assembler is a low-level programming language

Summary (continued)
• High-level languages are more closely related to
human language
• Algorithms are created for solving problems through
some logical method
• Pseudocode is a way to use human language to map
out how a program is suppose to work
• Creating the algorithm is one of the most important
steps in writing a program

Summary (continued)
• Java is a high-level programming language that was
initially designed for the Internet
• Variables are temporary storage locations with a
specific data type
– Used for calculations and storage
• Java uses mathematical, relational, and logical
operators
• Four control structures used within a program: top
down, invocation, selection, and repetition

Summary (continued)
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) allows
programmers to reuse code and make their programs
more maintainable
• OOP creates classes, which are like templates or
molds from which objects can be created
• Objects can have properties, methods, and event
handlers
• Java is tied very closely to the OOP model
• In order to become a good programmer you must
practice, practice, and practice some more!

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