Session 2 value generic

VALUE SET
presented by
Sehrish Naz
lecturer INS KMU
prepared by
Sohail INS KMU

VALUES
According to M. Haralambos (2000), “A value is a belief that something is good
and desirable”.
 Values is a belief about the worth of something, about what matters, that acts
as a standard to guide one’s behavior.
 An individual is not born with values, they are formed during a lifetime
involving influences from the environment, family, & culture

 Values may be inculcated through learning or adopted as a result of life
experiences.
 Values may be specific, such as honoring one’s parents or owning a home or
they may be more general, such as health, love and democracy.
 Value systems can be different from culture to culture. Values are also
different for each person. While one person might value honesty, another might
value wealth.

Key Terms
Values: are enduring beliefs or attitudes about worth of a person, object, idea,
or action. Values are important because they influence decisions and actions
including nurses ethical decision making.
Value set: is a small group of values held by an individual. People organize
their set of values internally along a continuum from most important to least
important, forming a value system.

Key Terms
Value system: are basic to a way of life, give direction to life and form
the basis of behavior specially behavior that is based on decisions or
choices.
Beliefs: are interpretation or conclusions that people accept as true.
They are based more on faith than fact and may or may not b true.

Key Terms
Personal value: are learned values from society and perceived and
internalized by an individual as his own.
Professional Values: are acquired during socialization into nursing
from Code of Ethics, nursing experience, teachers and peers.

Key Terms
Value Clarification: is a process by which people identify,
examine, and develop their own individual values. A principle of
value clarification is that no one set of value is right for every one. It
promote personal growth by fostering awareness, empathy and
insight.

Where do we get values?
 Our Homes
 School
 Society
 Friends
 Tele Vision
 Mosque
 Books
 Families
 Culture
 Employers

Clarifying the nurse’s value
Nurses and nursing students need to examine the values they hold
about life, death and illness. One strategy for gaining awareness of
personal values is to consider one’s attitude about specific issues
such as abortion, or euthanasia.

Clarifying Client Values
 List alternatives.
 Examine possible consequences of choices.
 Choose freely.
 Feel good about the choice.
 Affirm the choices.
 Act on the choices.

Behavior that may indicate unclear
values.
 Ignoring a health professional’s advice
 Inconsistent communication or behavior
 Numerous admission to a health agency for the
same problem.
 Confusion or uncertainty about which course of
action to take.

Age will greatly influence your values
 Ages 1-7 --- Parents
 Ages 8-13 --- Teachers, heroes (sports, TV)
 Ages 14-20 --- peers (values because of peers or peers because of values)
 Ages 21+ your values are established, but you may test your values from
time to time.

Common Modes of Value Transmission
 Modeling-children learn values by observing others
 Moralizing-children taught a complete value system that allows little
opportunity to weigh different values
 Laissez-faire-children left to explore values on their own, little or no
guidance, likely to lead to confusion

 Rewarding and punishing-children rewarded for values held by
parents and punished for demonstrating unacceptable values
 Responsible choice-encourages children to explore competing
values and to weigh their consequences, support and guidance are
offered

Theories of value clarification
In 1996 Raths and Harmin and Simon proposed a theory of values clarification as:
 Choosing (cognitive)
Choosing freely from alternatives after careful consideration of the consequences of each
alternative
 Prizing (affective)
Involves pride, happiness, and public affirmation
 Acting (psychomotor)
Combining choice into one’s behavior with consistency and regularity on the value

TYPES OF VALUES
1. Broad classification of values
(i).Individual values - These are the values which are related with the
development of human personality or individual norms of recognition and
protection of the human personality such as honesty, loyalty, honor etc.
(ii) Collective values: Values connected with the solidarity of the community
or collective norms of equality, justice, solidarity and sociableness are
known as collective values.

Cont:
2. On the basis of organizational setting / organizational values
(i) Relationship values - Relationship values reflect how you relate to
other people in your life, i.e. friends, family or colleagues in the
organization.
(ii) Societal values - Societal values reflect how the individual or the
organization relates to society.

Cont:
3. On the basis of nature of values:
(i)Personal values - These are the values endorsed by an individual.
(ii) Family values - Family values are the principles valued in a family, and may be good
or bad.
(iii) Social-cultural values - Cultural values are centered on what a culture believes is
fair and just. These are the prevailing values of the society which change with time
and either coincide or not with the family or personal values.

Cont:
(iv) Material values - These values allow an individual to survive and
are related to the basic needs of human beings, such as food, clothing
and protection from the environment.
(v) Spiritual values - Spiritual Values are how you represent what you
believe in when it comes to religion / spirituality. Spiritual values are the
way you believe in your own god.

Professional Values
 Altruism: concern for welfare and well-being of others
 Autonomy: right to self-determination
 Human dignity: respect for inherent worth and uniqueness of
individuals and populations
 Integrity: acting according to code of ethics and standards of practice
 Social justice: upholding moral, legal, and humanistic rights

IMPORTANCE / SIGNIFICANCE OF VALUES
1. Integration and fulfillment of man’s basic impulses and desires in a
stable and consistent manner appropriate for his living.
2. They build up societies and integrate social relations among the
members of the society.
3. Values are the effective cultural elements which shape the elements of
the individuals as well as members of a community that holds together.
4. They influence people’s behavior and serve as criteria for evaluating the
actions of others.

Cont:
5. They help in creating norms to guide day-to-day behavior.
6. Their importance is independent of the circumstances. For example,
even though if we may be unfair, fairness still has a value.
7. In an organization, values serve as a framework for the behavior of its
members.
8. The values are important because they help us to grow and develop.

VALUE CONFLICT
Conflict refers to some form of disagreement or discord arising within a group
when the beliefs or actions of one or more members of the group are either
countered by or unacceptable to one or more members of another group.
People can live together in harmony with different value systems. Value
conflict arise only when people attempt to force one set of values on others
or lay claim to exclusive value systems that do not allow for divergent beliefs.

CAUSES OF CONFLICT
 Differing values can lead to conflicts.
 Making assumptions can lead to conflicts.
 Differences in the way you were brought up can lead to conflicts.
 Differing expectations can lead to conflicts.
 Knowledge and ability to deal with conflict can result in conflicts.

CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes
involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict. It is a way for
two or more parties to find a peaceful solution to a disagreement
among them. The disagreement may be personal, financial, political,
or emotional. The conflict cannot be easily resolved with facts
because the differences are belief-based and not fact-based.

CONFLICT RESOLUTION STAGES
 Define the conflict
 Examine possible solutions
 Test the solution
 Evaluate the solution
 Reject
 Accept
 Exit

WAYS TO RESOLVE A CONFLICT
 Be Calm
 Be beneficent
 Discuss or Debate
 Always show respect
 Acknowledge emotions
 Change the wording
 Compromise
 Seek mediation
 Accept the situation
 If all else fails, wait

Case Analysis
 A young married male who was diagnosed to have AIDS, request
the nurse not to tell his diagnosis to his wife.
 The young man of an aged 23 suffering from metastatic cancer
request the nurse not to tell their mother her diagnosis and instead
to proceed with the chemotherapy.

Analysis
 In the case cited above of the young , married man who has AIDS, Telling the
wife would be far more advantageous so that she can be examined, protected
and treated. Understand the husband’s illness, and participate in his care.
 In the case of young man metastatic state, telling her mother the truth will be
beneficial. She will participate in the treatment plan, as well as spiritual
preparation for young man.

Session 2 value generic

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Editor's Notes