Les03[1] Single-Row Functions

Copyright ‫س‬ Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
3
Single-Row Functions

3-2 Copyright ‫س‬ Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should
be able to do the following:
• Describe various types of functions
available in SQL
• Use character, number, and date
functions in SELECT statements
• Describe the use of conversion
functions

SQL Functions
Function
Input
arg 1
arg 2
arg n
Function
performs action
Output
Result
value

Two Types of SQL Functions
Functions
Single-row
functions
Multiple-row
functions

• Manipulate data items
• Accept arguments and return one value
• Act on each row returned
• Return one result per row
• May modify the datatype
• Can be nested
function_name (column|expression, [arg1, arg2,...])

Conversion
Character
Number
Date
General
Single-row
functions

Character Functions
Character
functions
LOWER
UPPER
INITCAP
CONCAT
SUBSTR
LENGTH
INSTR
LPAD
TRIM
Case conversion
functions
Character manipulation
functions

Function Result
Case Conversion Functions
Convert case for character strings
LOWER('SQL Course')
UPPER('SQL Course')
INITCAP('SQL Course')
sql course
SQL COURSE
Sql Course

Using Case Conversion Functions
Display the employee number, name, and
department number for employee Blake.
SQL> SELECT empno, ename, deptno
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE ename = 'blake';
no rows selected
EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO
--------- ---------- ---------
7698 BLAKE 30
SQL> SELECT empno, ename, deptno
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE ename = UPPER('blake');

CONCAT('Good', 'String')
SUBSTR('String',1,3)
LENGTH('String')
INSTR('String', 'r')
LPAD(sal,10,'*')
TRIM('S' FROM 'SSMITH')
GoodString
Str
6
3
******5000
MITH
Function Result
Character Manipulation Functions
Manipulate character strings

Using the Character
Manipulation Functions
SQL> SELECT ename, CONCAT (ename, job), LENGTH(ename),
2 INSTR(ename, 'A')
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE SUBSTR(job,1,5) = 'SALES';
ENAME CONCAT(ENAME,JOB) LENGTH(ENAME) INSTR(ENAME,'A')
---------- ------------------- ------------- ----------------
MARTIN MARTINSALESMAN 6 2
ALLEN ALLENSALESMAN 5 1
TURNER TURNERSALESMAN 6 0
WARD WARDSALESMAN 4 2

Number Functions
• ROUND: Rounds value to specified
decimal
ROUND(45.926, 2) 45.93
• TRUNC: Truncates value to specified
decimal
TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92
• MOD: Returns remainder of division
MOD(1600, 300) 100

Using the ROUND Function
SQL> SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0),
2 ROUND(45.923,-1)
3 FROM DUAL;
ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923,0) ROUND(45.923,-1)
--------------- -------------- -----------------
45.92 46 50

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923),
2 TRUNC(45.923,-1)
3 FROM DUAL;
TRUNC(45.923,2) TRUNC(45.923) TRUNC(45.923,-1)
--------------- ------------- ---------------
45.92 45 40
Using the TRUNC Function

Using the MOD Function
Calculate the remainder of the ratio of
salary to commission for all employees
whose job title is salesman.
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, MOD(sal, comm)
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job = 'SALESMAN';
ENAME SAL COMM MOD(SAL,COMM)
---------- --------- --------- -------------
MARTIN 1250 1400 1250
ALLEN 1600 300 100
TURNER 1500 0 1500
WARD 1250 500 250

Working with Dates
• Oracle stores dates in an internal
numeric format: century, year, month,
day, hours, minutes, seconds.
• The default date format is DD-MON-YY.
• SYSDATE is a function returning date
and time.
• DUAL is a dummy table used to view
SYSDATE.

Arithmetic with Dates
• Add or subtract a number to or from a
date for a resultant date value.
• Subtract two dates to find the number of
days between those dates.
• Add hours to a date by dividing the
number of hours by 24.

Using Arithmetic Operators
with Dates
SQL> SELECT ename, (SYSDATE-hiredate)/7 WEEKS
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 10;
ENAME WEEKS
---------- ---------
KING 830.93709
CLARK 853.93709
MILLER 821.36566

Date Functions
Number of months
between two dates
MONTHS_BETWEEN
ADD_MONTHS
NEXT_DAY
LAST_DAY
ROUND
TRUNC
Add calendar months to
date
Next day of the date
specified
Last day of the month
Round date
Truncate date
Function Description

• MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')
Using Date Functions
• ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6)
• NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY')
• LAST_DAY('01-SEP-95')
19.6774194
'11-JUL-94'
'08-SEP-95'
'30-SEP-95'

Using Date Functions
• ROUND('25-JUL-95','MONTH') 01-AUG-95
• ROUND('25-JUL-95','YEAR') 01-JAN-96
• TRUNC('25-JUL-95','MONTH') 01-JUL-95
• TRUNC('25-JUL-95','YEAR') 01-JAN-95

Conversion Functions
Implicit datatype
conversion
Explicit datatype
conversion
Datatype
conversion

Implicit Datatype Conversion
For assignments, the Oracle Server can
automatically convert the following:
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
From To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER
DATE
NUMBER
DATE
VARCHAR2
VARCHAR2

Implicit Datatype Conversion
For expression evaluation, the Oracle Server
can automatically convert the following:
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
From To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER
DATE

Explicit Datatype Conversion
NUMBER CHARACTER
TO_CHAR
TO_NUMBER
DATE
TO_CHAR
TO_DATE

TO_CHAR Function with Dates
The format model:
• Must be enclosed in single quotation marks
and is case sensitive
• Can include any valid date format element
• Has an fm element to remove padded
blanks or suppress leading zeros
• Is separated from the date value by a
comma
TO_CHAR(date, 'fmt')

YYYY
Elements of Date Format Model
YEAR
MM
MONTH
DY
DAY
Full year in numbers
Year spelled out
Two-digit value for month
Three-letter abbreviation of the
day of the week
Full name of the day
Full name of the month

Elements of Date Format Model
• Time elements format the time portion of
the date.
• Add character strings by enclosing them
in double quotation marks.
• Number suffixes spell out numbers.
HH24:MI:SS AM 15:45:32 PM
DD "of" MONTH 12 of OCTOBER
ddspth fourteenth

Using TO_CHAR Function
with Dates
SQL> SELECT ename,
2 TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'fmDD Month YYYY') HIREDATE
3 FROM emp;
ENAME HIREDATE
---------- -----------------
KING 17 November 1981
BLAKE 1 May 1981
CLARK 9 June 1981
JONES 2 April 1981
MARTIN 28 September 1981
ALLEN 20 February 1981
...
14 rows selected.

TO_CHAR Function with Numbers
Use these formats with the TO_CHAR
function to display a number value as a
character:
TO_CHAR(number, 'fmt')
9
0
$
L
.
,
Represents a number
Forces a zero to be displayed
Places a floating dollar sign
Uses the floating local currency symbol
Prints a decimal point
Prints a thousand indicator

Using TO_CHAR Function
with Numbers
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(sal,'$99,999') SALARY
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE ename = 'SCOTT';
SALARY
--------
$3,000

TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE
Functions
• Convert a character string to a number
format using the TO_NUMBER function
TO_NUMBER(char[, 'fmt'])
• Convert a character string to a date
format using the TO_DATE function
TO_DATE(char[, 'fmt'])

RR Date Format
Current Year
1995
1995
2001
2001
Specified Date
27-OCT-95
27-OCT-17
27-OCT-17
27-OCT-95
RR Format
1995
2017
2017
1995
YY Format
1995
1917
2017
2095
If two digits
of the
current
year are:
0–49
0–49 50–99
50–99
The return date is in
the current century
the century after
the current one
the century before
the current one
the current century
If the specified two-digit year is:

NVL Function
Converts null to an actual value
• Datatypes that can be used are date,
character, and number.
• Datatypes must match
– NVL(comm,0)
– NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97')
– NVL(job,'No Job Yet')

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, (sal*12)+NVL(comm,0)
2 FROM emp;
Using the NVL Function
ENAME SAL COMM (SAL*12)+NVL(COMM,0)
---------- --------- --------- --------------------
KING 5000 60000
BLAKE 2850 34200
CLARK 2450 29400
JONES 2975 35700
MARTIN 1250 1400 16400
ALLEN 1600 300 19500
...
14 rows selected.

DECODE Function
Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing
the work of a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE
statement
DECODE(col/expression, search1, result1
[, search2, result2,...,]
[, default])

Using the DECODE Function
SQL> SELECT job, sal,
2 DECODE(job, 'ANALYST', SAL*1.1,
3 'CLERK', SAL*1.15,
4 'MANAGER', SAL*1.20,
5 SAL)
6 REVISED_SALARY
7 FROM emp;
JOB SAL REVISED_SALARY
--------- --------- --------------
PRESIDENT 5000 5000
MANAGER 2850 3420
MANAGER 2450 2940
...
14 rows selected.

Using the DECODE Function
SQL> SELECT ename, sal,
2 DECODE(TRUNC(sal/1000, 0),
3 0, 0.00,
4 1, 0.09,
5 2, 0.20,
6 3, 0.30,
7 4, 0.40,
8 5, 0.42,
9 6, 0.44,
10 0.45) TAX_RATE
11 FROM emp
12 WHERE deptno = 30;
Display the applicable tax rate for each
employee in department 30.

Nesting Functions
• Single-row functions can be nested to
any level.
• Nested functions are evaluated from
deepest level to the least-deep level.
F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3)
Step 1 = Result 1
Step 2 = Result 2
Step 3 = Result 3

Nesting Functions
SQL> SELECT ename,
2 NVL(TO_CHAR(mgr),'No Manager')
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE mgr IS NULL;
ENAME NVL(TO_CHAR(MGR),'NOMANAGER')
---------- -----------------------------
KING No Manager

Summary
Use functions to do the following:
• Perform calculations on data
• Modify individual data items
• Manipulate output for groups of rows
• Alter date formats for display
• Convert column datatypes

Practice Overview
• Creating queries that require the use of
numeric, character, and date functions
• Using concatenation with functions
• Writing case-insensitive queries to test
the usefulness of character functions
• Performing calculations of years and
months of service for an employee
• Determining the review date for an
employee

Les03[1] Single-Row Functions

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Les03[1] Single-Row Functions