01. introduction to C++
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The document discusses the origins and features of the C++ programming language. It began as an expanded version of C created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979. Key features discussed include input/output using cout and cin operators, manipulators like endl and setw for formatting output, reference variables which provide an alias for another variable, and the different data types in C++ including built-in types like int and char, and derived types like arrays, functions, pointers, references, structures, unions, classes, and enumerations.
01. introduction to C++
- 1. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 1 Haresh Jaiswal Rising Technologies, Jalna.
- 2. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 2 Agenda Introduction Input/Output Manipulators Reference Variables C++ Data Types
- 3. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 3 Origin of C++ C++ began as an expanded version of C. The C++ extensions were first invented by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Laboratories. Initially called the new language "C with Classes” Later in 1983 the name was changed to “C++”
- 4. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 4 Origin of C++ Over the years, computer programs have become larger and more complex. Even though C is an excellent programming language, it has its limits. In C, once a program exceeds from 25,000 to 100,000 lines of code, it becomes so complex that it is difficult to grasp as a totality.
- 5. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 5 Origin of C++ Although C was one of the most liked and widely used professional programming languages in the world, the invention of C++ was necessitated by one major programming factor: increasing complexity. The essence of C++ is to allow the programmer to manage larger, more complex programs.
- 6. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 6 Input/Output in C++ The most common way in which a program communicates with the outside world is through simple, character oriented Input/Output (IO) operations. C++ provides two useful operators for this purpose: >> for input and << for output.
- 7. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 7 Input/Output in C++ Every C++ Program must include the header ‘iostream.h’ It contains declarations for the stream objects cout & cin stream insertion & stream extraction operators. << (Stream insertion) >> (Stream Extraction)
- 8. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 8 Input/Output in C++ An Example of console output using cout & << operator cout << “Hello”; Causes the string in quotation mark to be displayed on the screen/console.
- 9. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 9 Input/Output in C++ cout << “Hello…” VariableInsertion operator Object Hello…
- 10. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 10 Input/Output in C++ An Example of console input using cin & >> operator. cin >> myVariable; Will receive input from keyboard and store it in myVariable
- 11. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 11 Input/Output in C++ cin >> 45.6 Object Extraction Operator myVariable
- 12. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 12 Manipulators Manipulators are operators that are used to format the output data display. The most commonly used manipulators are… endl setw setprecision
- 13. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 13 Manipulators The endl manipulator, when used in an output statement, causes a line feed to be inserted. It has the same effect as using the newline ‘n’ in ‘C’. cout << “Rising Technologies” << endl;
- 14. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 14 Manipulators int a = 2314, b = 28, c = 327; cout << “A = ” << a << endl; cout << “B = “ << b << endl; cout << “C = “ << c << endl; Above code will print 3 lines of output as follows A = 2314 B = 28 C = 327
- 15. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 15 Manipulators A = 2314 B = 28 C = 327 But above form is not ideal, it should rather appear like this, A = 2314 B = 28 C = 327 Here output is right aligned.
- 16. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 16 Manipulators A = 2314 B = 28 C = 327 Above form of output is possible only if we specify a common field width for all the numbers and force them to print right aligned. setw manipulator can do this job.
- 17. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 17 Manipulators int myVariable = 372; cout << setw(5) << myVariable; The manipulator setw(5) specifies a field width 5 for printing the value of myVariable, this value is right justified within the field. 3 7 2
- 18. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 18 Manipulators setprecision(argument); The setprecision manipulator sets the floating-point precision to the specified argument. float myVariable = 1.123456; cout << setprecision(2) << myVariable; Will print following output 1.12
- 19. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 19 Reference Variable. A ‘Reference Variable’ provides an Alias (Alternate Name) for a previously defined variable. int a = 10; int &r = a; // in above statement „r‟ is declared as reference to „a‟, hence r++; Will increase both ‘a’ & ‘r’ by 1
- 20. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 20 Reference Variable. int &r = a; After this declaration ‘a’ and ‘r’ both refer to the same memory location, as if they were the same variable. int a = 10; 10 Variable in memory int &r = a; One location two names
- 21. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 21 Reference Variable. Notice that a reference does not create a copy of an object/variable, it simply provides an alias/alternate name for it, Hence after following declaration… int &r = a; Both ‘a’ and ‘r’ will refer to same memory location.
- 22. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 22 Reference Variable. A Reference must be initialized when it is declared, it must be an alias for something upon declaration. It would be illegal to declare a reference variable and then initialize it later. int a; int &r; // illegal : reference without initializer r = a; int a; int &r = a; // legal
- 23. Rising Technologies, Jalna (MH). + 91 9423156065, http://www.RisingTechnologies.in 23 C++ Data Types Derived Types Array Function Pointer Reference User defined Types Structure Union Class Enumeration Built In Types Empty Type Floating TypesIntegral Types Int char float double C++ Data Types void