01 Problems That Information Architecture Solves.pdf
- 1. Pertemuan 1 Mata Kuliah Arsitektur & Taksonomi Informasi Program Studi Manajemen Informasi & Komunikasi Sekolah Tinggi Multi Media Yogyakarta Tri Anggraeni, S.Kom., M.Sc. 1 Slide background source: www.mkk.com.tr
- 2. Materi 1. Problems That Information Architecture Solves 2. Defining Information Architecture 3. Design for Finding 4. Design for Understanding 5. Anatomy of an Information Architecture 6. Organization Systems 7. Labeling Systems 8. Enterprise Architecture 2 • Materi minggu I & II: information architecture di banyak sistem/gadget. • Materi minggu III - X: cenderung ke situs web/ sistem informasi. • Materi minggu XI - XV: cenderung ke sistem organizational yang lingkupnya besar.
- 3. Referensi 1. Information Architecture: For the Web and Beyond By Louis Rosenfeld, Peter Morville, Jorge Arango (2015). Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, Inc. 2. Stackowiak, R., Licht, A., Mantha, V., Nagode, L. (2015). Big Data and The Intenet of Things – Enterprise Information Architecture for A New Age. California: Apress Media. 3
- 4. Persentase penilaian Nilai akhir = Rata-rata (Skor PR + Skor UTS + Skor UAS). 4 Nilai Angka Nilai Huruf Bobot Nilai Predikat 80 – 100 A 4 Sangat baik 66 – 79 B 3 Baik 56 – 65 C 2 Cukup 40 – 55 D 1 Kurang 0 – 39 E 0 Sangat kurang • Nilai A: minimal 80: Rata-rata nilai PR, nilai UTS, nilai UAS minimal 80 / benar 80%. • Tidak menerima permintaan perbaikan nilai. • Jika setelah kelas ada pertanyaan tentang materi, silakan WA ke 0895-3910-323-53, Senin – Jumat antara jam 8-15 WIB.
- 5. Pertemuan 1 : The Problems That Information Architecture Solves iTunes The Problems Information Architecture Addresses Information Overload More Ways to Access Information Coherence Across Channels 5
- 6. The Problems That Information Architecture Solves: Vinyl Disc 6 • Di vinyl disc: informasi terdapat pada suatu benda fisik yang sulit dibawa kemana-mana. Harus ditata dengan tepat agar mudah dicari. Urut abjad first name penyanyi, last name penyanyi, first name pencipta, last name pencipta? Bagaimana kalau di 1 album ada banyak penyanyi?
- 7. Vinyl Disc The particular container (disc) & information (music) were tied together after being manufactured. Informasi has tightly coupled relationship dengan barang yang menyimpannya. 7
- 8. Compact disc The music in the discs was stored digitally. The order in which the songs are played can be randomize. The music sound better. The discs would last longer than the vinyl disc. However ::: Dari segi keberadaan informasi & cara penataan agar mudah dicari, masih sama dengan vinyl disc. Informasi (musik) Container (disc) 1 musik ada di 1 disc One-to-one relationship between information & the container. 8
- 9. 2001: iMac: “Rip, Mix, Burn” the music “Membebaskan“ musik dari plastic disc yang menyimpannya. Musik bisa dipindah ke komputer Suaranya sama bagusnya dengan yang di CD. People can: Browse the collection by artist, genre, album title, song title, year produced, and more. Search the music, save backup copies. Make playlists that combined the music from various albums (“Mix”) and record it onto blank discs (“Burn”). 9
- 10. 2001 : iMac : “Rip, Mix, Burn” the music One-to-one relationship 10
- 11. 2001: iMac: “Rip, Mix, Burn” the music Tidak lagi perlu memilih salah satu: menata urut abjad nama penyanyi/album. Bisa melakukan keduanya secara bersamaan. Bisa meng-copy ke laptop yang lebih mudah dibawa ke manapun. The music was not tied to its container anymore. The music dematerialized (could be free of physical substance; does not have material character or qualities; berkurang wujudnya). 11
- 12. iTunes Aplikasi yang dipakai di iMac untuk “Rip, Mix, Burn” the music. The 1st version: there was a “ripping” mode that showed progress when the user was extracting music from CD to computer. Focused to allow people finding and playing music from the collections, reduced feature set to very simple user interface and information structures, but then started to become more complex over time. Each new release of the app introduced amazing new features: smart playlists, podcast subscriptions, Internet radio station streaming, support for audiobooks, streamed music sharing, etc. 12
- 13. When Apple released iPod iTunes can be used to : Manage music on Mac. Manage the library on portable music player. 2003 : Apple introduced iTunes Music Store. People could enter a separate mode in iTunes that allowed them to purchase music, using a categorization scheme that was different from the one that was used to organize the library. 2005 : iTunes Music Store had > 2 million songs available. 13
- 14. Apple then sells TV shows and movies through iTunes Store. TV shows, movies, and music were presented as distinct categories within the store. Each “department” had its own categorization scheme: for music: rock, alternative, pop, hip-hop/rap, etc. for movies: kids & family, comedy, action & adventure, etc. and so on. 14
- 15. iTunes was not just where people listened to & organized their music anymore iTunes can be used to: • Buy, rent, and watch movies & TV shows. • Preview and buy music. • Browse and listen to music shared by others. • Buy applications for iPod. • Search for and listen to podcasts. • Browse and subscribe to “iTunes U” university courses. • Listen to streaming radio stations. • Listen to audiobooks. 15
- 16. iPhone The functionality in iTunes on Mac (music, movies, TV shows, podcasts, etc.) was “unbundled” into various apps. 16 Later : Apple introduced a service called iTunes Match, which allowed people to upload his music collection to Apple’s “cloud”.
- 17. The Problems Information Architecture Addresses 1. Information Overload 1990an & 2000an : electronic media (e.g: telegraph, telephone, radio, and television) memungkinkan banyak informasi mencapai lebih banyak orang di jarak yang lebih jauh. Semakin meningkat karena munculnya komputer & internet. Informasi yang besar bisa di-share ke seluruh dunia. 17
- 18. The Problems Information Architecture Addresses (2) 2. More Ways to Access Information Miniaturization of electronics + wireless communications technologies menghasilkan small & inexpensive Internet-connected devices transforming how people interact with information and with one another. Example: Handwritten book copies: The only reproduction technique available before the invention of printing. Difficult & expensive to make copies. Reading book was activity for particular classes of people (scholars, monks, aristocrats, etc.) in specific times and places (e.g. library during daylight hours) (because rarity and cost of the books). 18
- 19. Another example: ebook on Kindle: Not tied at all to their containing devices. 1 Kindle ereader can contain hundreds of ebooks. 1 Kindle ebook can be downloaded, read, & opened in many devices at a time. Highlights and annotations is synchronized instantaneously between devices. 1 Kindle ebook can be read anywhere. The information (e.g., the text of the book) is not just decoupled from the artifact that contains it (e.g., the paper book) but also from the contexts in which we access it (e.g., the quiet library). Context: suasana, keadaan. 19
- 20. ebook on Kindle Can gather information about the usage (highlights, annotations, and reading patterns), provide additional functionality based on those metadata. Example: Kindle apps include feature called “popular highlights” which allows reader to identify the passages (bagian) of a book that have been most highlighted by other Kindle readers. Decoupling information from its physical containers has made the information cheaper to reproduce, distribute, and made it more available to more people. 20
- 21. Digital information layer Internet of Things: small Internet-connected devices into everyday contexts and activities. “Wearable” computers: constant proximity to the bodies allows to: Record health and activity data Provide people small pieces of information in the form of just-in-time notifications. Activate or enable functions in the environment. 21
- 22. Digital information layer (2) Car’s Bluetooth audio system that can be used while driving. Fitbit activity monitors & Nest thermostat: Serve as two-way information conduits (saluran) between the physical environments & cyberspace. Learning people behavior patterns. Adjusting to suit people needs. 22
- 23. Digital information layer (3) Marketing campaign of Home Plus in 2011 (South Korean supermarket chain): Menarik komuter pengguna smartphone dengan menutup dinding-dinding stasiun subway dengan foto-foto rak makanan. 23 Komuter dapat menyusuri rak-rak virtual & memesan produk-produk di dalamnya dengan memindai QR codes produk. Delivery would happen within minutes or hours, saving commuters time. Home Plus’ market share: sales increased 130% in 3 months, registered users increased 76%.
- 24. Organizations have to consider how users will access their information in many different contexts. 24
- 25. iTunes Awalnya: 25 Media platform to rip & play music, organize functionalities & other media types (movies, podcasts, audiobooks, university courses, other software applications) Buying, renting, streaming, subscribing, sharing Various device/ interaction paradigms (Microsoft Windows computers, iPods, iPads, Apple Watches, Apple TVs) Ecosystem Tool Then:
- 26. Need systematic, comprehensive, & holistic (menyeluruh) approach to structure information so it is easy to find and understand — whatever context, channel, or medium the user employs to access it. Can use information architecture. 26
- 27. Design challenge of digital experiences How to make the design be coherent across multiple contexts. 27 Information architecture can be used to deal with these challenges. How? Define semantic structures yang dapat dimunculkan in multiple ways depending on the needs of different channels. (Semantic: berkaitan dengan arti kata).
- 28. Coherence Across Channels Navigation structure that works well in a web page must function differently when presented on a five-inch touchscreen, but the user’s experience in both should be coherent, consistent, and familiar. Contoh: web CNN: 28
- 29. Pervasive information architecture pervasive: dapat menembus/merembes/meresap. Pervasive information architecture: Information architecture which is experienced across multiple channels and contexts. Critical component: consistency. Capability of a pervasive information architecture to serve the internal consistency & to preserve (mempertahankan) external consistency. Internal consistency: the contexts in which information architecture is designed for. External consistency: the logic/contexts across different media, environments, & uses. 29
- 30. When an organization serves its users via multiple channels, the users’ experiences between those channels must be consistent & familiar Example: a person using bank’s mobile app must experience consistent semantic structures when using the bank’s website or calling the bank’s phone-based service. semantic structures: struktur kata/informasi. Although the capabilities and limitations of each channel are different, the semantic structures used in each of them should be consistent and familiar. 30
- 31. PR (dikumpulkan sebelum Pertemuan 3, boleh individu atau kelompok maksimal 2 mahasiswa) • Slide 23: Organizations have to consider how users will access their information in many different contexts. Sebutkan & jelaskan 1 inovasi/hal baru/perkembangan yang memungkinkan informasi bisa diakses dengan hal- hal yang baru seperti di slide 5 - 15 (dari vinyl disc sampai iTunes Match), slide 17 - 19 (Handwritten book copies sampai ebook on Kindle), slide 21 atau 22. Boleh tentang hal yang belum ada di dunia nyata tapi ada kemungkinan direalisasikan. Di setengah atau ¾ halaman A4 saja. Kalau kelompok, yang meng-upload salah satu mahasiswa saja, di LMS STMM, tempat pengumpulannya diumumkan minggu depan. 31