02 atls initial assessment and management
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This document outlines the initial assessment and management of multiply injured patients according to ATLS guidelines. It describes conducting a primary survey to address life threats and establish stability, including airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Adjuncts aid the primary survey. Next is a full secondary survey with patient history and head-to-toe examination. Special diagnostic tests, reevaluation, and definitive care such as transfer to a higher level of care follow. Key steps include rapid assessment and treatment of vital functions, prevention of missed injuries, and thorough documentation.
02 atls initial assessment and management
- 1. ATLS: Initial Assessment and Management SAUSHEC Medical Student Lecture Series
- 3. Objectives Identify sequence of priorities in assessing the multiply injured patient Apply principles outlined in primary and secondary evaluation surveys Apply guidelines and techniques in the initial resuscitative and definitive-care phases of treatment Identify how patient’s medical history and mechanism of injury contribute to identification of injuries
- 4. Objectives Identify pitfalls associated with initial assessment and management and apply steps to minimize their impact Be able to conduct an initial assessment survey, using the correct sequence of priorities and management techniques for primary treatment and stabilization
- 5. Concepts of Initial Assessment Rapid primary survey Resuscitation Adjuncts to primary survey/resuscitation Detailed secondary survey Adjuncts to secondary survey Reevaluation Definitive care
- 6. Initial Assessment Primary survey and resuscitation of vital functions are done simultaneously-a team approach.
- 7. Preparation Pre-Hospital System Transport guidelines/protocols On-line medical direction Mobilization of resources Periodic review of care Closest appropriate facility
- 8. Preparation In-Hospital Preplanning Equipment, personnel, services Standard precautions Transfer agreement
- 9. Standard Precautions Cap Gown Gloves Mask Shoe covers Goggles/face shields
- 10. Triage Sorting of patients according to: ABCDE’s available resources Multiple casualties Mass casualties
- 11. Primary Survey adult/pediatric/pregnant women= priorities are the same A airway with C-spine protection B breathing C circulation with hemorrhage control D disability E exposure/environment
- 12. Special Considerations trauma in the elderly 5th leading cause of death decreased physiologic reserve comorbidities: diseases/medications Outcome depends on early, aggressive care
- 13. Primary Survey A Establish patent airway assume C-spine trauma Pitfalls equipment failure inability to intubate occult airway injury progressive loss of airway
- 14. Primary Survey Suspect C-spine injury spinal protection C-spine X-ray when appropriate
- 16. Primary Survey B Assess Oxygenate Ventilate Pitfalls : Airway vs ventilation problem iatrogenic pneumothorax/tension pneumothorax
- 17. Primary Survey C Assessment of organ perfusion Level of Consciousness Skin color and temperature Pulse rate and character
- 18. Primary Surevey C Circulatory Management Control Hemorrhage Restore Volume Reassess Pitfalls : elderly, athletes, children medications
- 19. Primary Survey D Disability Baseline neurologic evaluation GCS Scoring Pupillary response Continuously reassess for deterioration/changes
- 20. Primary Survey E Exposure Completely undress the patient Environment core temperature prevent hypothermia
- 21. Resuscitation Protect and secure the airway Ventilate and oxygenate Stop the bleeding Protect from hypothermia
- 22. Adjuncts to Primary Survey Vital Signs/ECG monitoring ABGs POX/CO 2 Urinary/gastric catheters Urinary output ECG
- 23. Adjuncts to Primary Survey Diagnostic tools CXR, C-spine, Pelvis DPL Ultrasound
- 27. Adjuncts to Primary Survey Consider Early Transfer do not delay transfer for diagnostic tests time to transfer=resuscitation
- 28. Reevaluate Proceed to secondary survey after: Primary survey completed ABCDE’s reassessed initial resuscitation of vital functions
- 29. Secondary Survey Key Components History Complete head-to-toe examination “ Tubes and Fingers in every orifice” Complete Neuro exam Special diagnostic tests Reevaluation
- 30. Secondary Survey History A Allergies M Medications P Past Medical/Surgical History/Pregnancy L Last meal E Events/Environment related to injury
- 31. Secondary Survey Head Complete Neuro exam GCS Score Comprehensive eye/ear exams Pitfalls : unconscious patient periorbital edema occluded auditory canal
- 32. Secondary Survey Maxillofacial Bony crepitus/stability Palpable deformity Pitfalls : potential airway obstruction cribriform plate fracture frequently missed injuries
- 33. Secondary Survey Cervical Spine Palpate for tenderness/stepoffs/crepitus Complete motor/sensory exams Reflexes C-spine imaging Pitfalls : altered LOC for any reason distracting injury
- 34. Secondary Survey Neck (soft tissues) Mechanism: blunt vs penetrating Symptoms: airway obstruction, hoarseness Findings: crepitus, hematoma, stridor, bruit Pitfalls : may have delayed symptoms/signs progressive airway obstruction occult injuries
- 35. Secondary Survey Chest Inspect Palpate Percuss Auscultate X-rays Pitfalls : elderly, children
- 37. Secondary Survey Abdomen Inspect, auscultate, palpate, percuss Reevaluate frequently Special studies Pitfalls : hollow viscus and retroperitoneal injuries excessive pelvic manipulation
- 39. Secondary Survey Perineum -contusions, hematomas, lacerations, urethral blood Rectum -sphincter tone, prostate, pelvic fracture, rectal wall integrity, blood Vagina -blood, lacerations Pitfalls : urethral injury, pregnancy
- 40. Secondary Survey Musculoskeletal:Extremities contusion, deformity pain perfusion peripheral NV status X-rays as indicated
- 42. Secondary Survey Musculoskeletal:Pelvis Pain on palpation increased symphysis width uneven leg length instability special X-rays as indicated
- 43. Secondary Survey Musculoskeletal Pitfalls : potential blood loss missed fractures soft-tissue or ligamentous injuries compartment syndrome
- 44. Secondary Survey Neurologic Spine/Cord : complete motor and sensory exams reflexes imaging as indicated CNS : frequent reevaluation prevent secondary brain injury Early neurosurgical consultation
- 45. Secondary Survey Neurologic Pitfalls : incomplete immobilization subtle increases in ICP with manipulation rapid deterioration
- 46. Adjuncts to Secondary Survey Special diagnostic tests as indicated Pitfalls : patient deterioration delay of transfer
- 47. Reevaluation Minimizing missed injuries high index of suspicion frequent reevaluation and continuous monitoring
- 48. Reevaluation Pain Management relief of pain/anxiety IV titration monitor carefully
- 49. Definitive Care ? Transfer Patient injuries physiologic status concurrent diseases factors that may alter prognisis Hospital overall capabilities specialized care
- 50. Records, Legal Considerations concise, complete, chronologic documentation consent for treatment forensic evidence
- 51. Summary Primary Survey Resuscitation Adjuncts Secondary Survey Adjuncts Definitive Care
- 52. ?