06 NERVOUS SYSTEM NMS (2).pptx of Human .
- 3. SYNOPSIS NEUROLOGY NEUROLOGIST PSYCHIATRY PSYCHIATRIST ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM PATHOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS MEDICAL TERMS & ABBREVIATIONS ICD AND CPT PROCEDURES
- 4. INTRODUCTION • The Nervous System Is The Part Of The Body That Allows For Thought And Interaction With The Outside World And Is Comprised Of The Brain, Spinal Cord, And Other Nerves Which Send And Receive Information Throughout The Body. • Neurology Is The Medical Study Of The Structure Of The Nervous System, Along With Related Diseases And Conditions And Their Treatment • A Physician Who Specializes In This Area Is A Neurologist • Physicians Who Specialize In Neurologic Surgery Are Called Neurosurgeons • Psychiatry Encompasses The Diagnosis, Treatment, And Prevention Of Mental Illness. • A Physician Who Specializes In Diagnosing, Treating, And Preventing Mental Illness Is A Psychiatrist.
- 5. BRAIN , SPINAL CORD , NERVES • The Brain Is Responsible For Intelligence And Thinking Response To Sensation Control Of All Voluntary Movement And Many Involuntary Bodily Functions. • Center For Memory And Emotion. • The Spinal Cord Is A Conduit For Transmitting Signals Between The Brain And Peripheral Nerves. • Nerves Are Responsible For Detecting And Sending Signals For Sensation, Movement, And Involuntary Control Of Bodily Functions. • The Nervous System Is Vital For The Proper Function And Safety Of The Individual. • Problems With Any Part Of The Nervous System Can Lead To Serious Consequences And Decreased Quality Of Life.
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
- 7. NEURON • All nerve tissue, regardless of where it occurs in the body, is comprised of nerve cells called neurons (STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT) • Each neuron consists of: A cell body , dendrites , an axon • Axons are typically covered by an insulating layer of fatty tissue called a myelin sheath. • A synapse is a communication between two neurons.
- 8. • Effector tissue is tissue that receives nerve impulses and reacts by secreting or contracting. • Chemicals called neurotransmitters help transmit impulses across synaptic junctions. • The neurotransmitter is released by the axon and travels across the junction to a receiving cell. • Unlike neurons, neuroglia do not transmit impulses. • FOUR TYPES OF SUPPORTING OR GLIAL CELLS • Astrocytes - blood-brain barrier (BBB) • Microglial cells • Oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes) • ependymal cells
- 9. FOUR TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS
- 10. BRAIN • The brain is the most complex organ in the human body.it consists of four major components: • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Diencephalon • Brainstem
- 11. PARTS OF HUMAN BRAIN
- 12. CEREBRUM • Superior part of the brain and is the largest structure. • It is divided into two halves called the right and left hemispheres. • These two hemispheres are partially divided by a longitudinal fissure and joined by the corpus callosum. • Each hemisphere is divided into the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes • The entire cerebrum is covered by the cerebral cortex, a thin layer of gray matter containing the cell bodies of the brain cells in the cerebrum.
- 13. CEREBRUM
- 14. CEREBRAL CORTEX • The Cerebral Cortex Contains Deep Folds Called Gyri. • Which Are Separated By Furrows Called Sulci. • Gyri Greatly Increase The Surface Area Of The Cerebral Cortex. • The Brain Tissue Underneath The Cerebral Cortex Is Called White Matter. • White Because The Numerous Axons Are Covered With Myelin Sheaths.
- 15. CSF-CERBRO SPINAL FLUID • CSF-CERBRO SPINAL FLUID • Within the cerebrum are open spaces called ventricles that contain a clear watery fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). • CSF flows throughout the brain and spinal cord and cushions these structures from shock. • CSF is produced by the choroid plexus (tufts of small capillary vessels) located in the various ventricles in the brain.
- 16. CEREBELLEUM • CEREBELLEUM • The next largest portion of the brain is the cerebellum. • It Looks Like A Small Ball Of Yarn,about The Size Of A Golf Ball. • It Is In The Posterior Portion Of The Brain And Is Responsible For Controlling Movement And Maintain Equilibrium.
- 17. DIENCEPHALON • DIENCEPHALON: • Deep Within The Brain Is The Structure Known As The Diencephalon. • It Has Components Like Thalamus And Hypothalamus. • THALAMUS • Thalamus processes sensory impulses and then relay on these impulses to the cebral cortex. • HYPOTHALAMUS • Hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and controlling pituitary gland • Hypothalamus governs emotions and needs such as anger, pleasure,hunger,thirst and sex drive
- 18. BRAIN STEM AND RAS • BRAIN STEM • The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum. • It is composed of three sections in descending order: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. • RECTICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM • In the diencephalon and the upper part of the brainstem is a structure called RAS • This system interacts with the cerebrum to maintain consciousness. • If this system is not working properly, an individual can go into a coma.
- 19. FUNCTIONS AND PARTS OF THE BRAIN
- 21. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The peripheral nervous system – 12 pairs of cranial nerves that exit the base of the skull – 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord. Most cranial nerves transmit impulses between the brain and the head and neck. Cranial nerves are identified by the roman numerals I through XII. Spinal nerves are categorized by the region of the spinal column from which they emerge and are numbered accordingly.
- 22. SPINAL CORD • The spinal cord is cylindrical mass of nerve tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata to the upper lumbar vertebrae • It is encased in the vertebral column. • Motor and sensory nerve pathways emerge from the spine via nerve roots that split and recognize to become peripheral nerves. • There are 31 pair of spinal nerve that emerge from the spinal cord. • Most of the spinal nerves exists the vertebral column between adjacent vertebrae.
- 23. SPINAL CORD
- 24. SPINAL NERVES Cervical spinal nerves C1 through C8 Thoracic spinal nerves T1 through T12 Lumbar spinal nerves L1 through L5 Sacral spinal nerves S1 through S5 Coccygeal Cx
- 25. CRANIAL NERVES S.NO NAME OF THE CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTION OF THE NERVE 1. Olfactory Nerve: Sense of smell. 2. Optic Nerve: Ability to see. 3. Oculomotor Nerve: Ability to move and blink your eyes. 4. Trochlear Nerve: Ability to move your eyes up and down or back and forth. 5. Trigeminal Nerve: Sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movements. 6. Abducens Nerve: Ability to move your eyes. S.NO NAME OF THE CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTION OF THE NERVE 7. Facial Nerve: Facial expressions and sense of taste. 8. Auditory/Vestibular Nerve: Sense of hearing and balance. 9. Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Ability to taste and swallow. 10. Vagus Nerve: Digestion and heart rate. 11. Accessory Nerve / Spinal Accessory Nerve: Shoulder and neck muscle movement. 12. Hypoglossal Nerve: Ability to move your tongue.
- 26. CRANIAL NERVES
- 27. AFFERENT VS EFFERENT NERVE • Nerve fibers can be divided into two catogeries. • Those fibers that transmit impulses towards the CNS are afferent(sensory) nerve fibers. • Eg. fibers conduct information from the sense organ such as eyes ears and tongue, skin, etc. • Those fibers that transmit impulses away from the CNS are efferent(motor) nerve fibers. • Eg. outward to muscles and glands • Some nerves are referred to as mixed nerves, because they contain both afferent and efferent fibers. • Peripheral nervous system is divided into somatic (SNS)and autonomic nervous system(ANS)
- 29. SNS VS ANS • SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • Controls the skeletal system muscles • Voluntary motion • Responsible for parietal sensation • Two types of motor nerve pathway: Upper and lower motor neurons. • Upper motor neurons-cerebral cortex and brain stem. • Lower motor neurons-spinal cord • AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • ANS is and the stimulation of gland secretion. • Involuntary movement • Responsible for visceral sensation • Sympathetic and para sympathetic system • Sympathateic system: prepares body for fight or flight response that require quick energy. • Para sympathetic system: typically produce an opposite effect
- 30. PATHOLOGY 1. Alzheimer’s diseases - A progressive loss of cognitive function, memory, ability to calculate 2. Bell palsy - sudden onset of facial paralysis that is typically unilateral and without any known cause.it is caused by immune disorder. 3. Epilepsy - It is a result of abnormal electrical brain activity, also known as a seizure, kind of like an electrical storm inside your head. 4. Carpel Tunnel - 5. Brain Tumor -
- 31. PATHOLOGY 6. CVA - Cerebrovascular accident – Disruption in blood supply to the brain due to either hemorrhage or occlusion. 7. Hydrocephalus - The presence of excess cerebrospinal fluid resulting in abnormally high intracranial pressure. 8. Meningitis- Inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord. 9. Multiple Scelrosis - A slowly progressive disease of the central nervous system characterized by areas of demyelinated nerves in the brain and/or spinal cord. 10. Myasthenia Gravis - A neuromuscular disorder in which receptors for acetylcholine are destroyed or become dysfunctional due to autoimmune attacks. 11. Parakinson’s Diseases – A slowly progressive neurologic disorder affecting the brain’s ability to control movement.
- 32. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS • CT scan. This imaging test uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of any part of the body, including bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays. They are used to diagnose disorders of the brain, spine, or other parts of the nervous system. • Electroencephalogram (EEG). This test records the brain's continuous electrical activity through electrodes attached to the scalp. • MRI. This test uses a combination of large magnets, radio waves, and a computer to make detailed images of organs and structures within the body. MRI creates images with much more detail than CT scan without radiation.
- 33. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS • Electrodiagnostic tests, such as electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV). These tests evaluate and diagnose disorders of the muscles and motor neurons. Electrodes are inserted into the muscle or placed on the skin overlying a muscle or muscle group. Electrical activity and muscle response are recorded. • Positron emission tomography (PET). This test uses a small amount of radioactive material, a camera, and a computer to see how well organs and tissues are working. This test may see the early onset of disease before imaging tests can. • Arteriogram (angiogram). This X-ray of the arteries and veins detects blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels.
- 34. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS • Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). During this test, a special needle is placed into the lower back, into the spinal canal. This is the area around the spinal cord and nerves. The pressure in the spinal canal and brain can then be measured. A small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be removed and sent for testing to find out if there is an infection or other problems. CSF is the fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord.
- 35. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Cerebr/o-cerebrum Crani/o-cranium Encephal/o-brain Gangli/o-nervous Mening/o-membrane;meninges Myel/o-spinal cord Lept/o - thin, slender Pont/o - pons Neur/o - nerve Radicul/o - nerve root (of spinal nerves) Thec/o - sheath (refersto the meninges) Vag/o - vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
- 36. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY • Alges/o, -algesia - excessive sensitivity to pain • Caus/o - burning • Comat/o - deep sleep (coma) • Esthesi/o, -esthesia - feeling, nervous sensation • Kines/o, kinesi/o • -Kinesia, -kinesis,- kinetic movement • -lepsy - seizure • lex/o - word, phrase • -paresis- weakness • -phasia -speech • -plegia - paralysis(loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body) • -praxia - action • -sthenia - strength • tax/o - order,coordination
- 37. ABBREVIATION
- 38. ICD AND CPT CODES • ICD CODES • Alzimer’s disease-G30.9 • Cerebral palsy-G80.9 • Migraine-G43.909 • Multiple sclerosis-G35.9 • Epilepsy-G40.909 • CPT CODES • Meningocele-63700 • Evacuation of hematoma-61314