SlideShare a Scribd company logo

08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Download as PPT, PDF
G
guest2b59ac0

The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It discusses the four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The preparatory reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and transports it into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA and generates NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

TechnologyBusiness
1 of 49
Downloaded 1,407 times
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Cellular Respiration Chapter 8: pp. 133-149 Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net gain 2 ADP NADH NADH and F ADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate Cytoplasm e – e – e – e – e – e – e – 2 ADP 4 ADP ATP 2 ADP ATP ATP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Outline Cellular Respiration NAD+ and FAD Phases of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Fermentation Preparatory Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Metabolic Pool Catabolism Anabolism
Cellular Respiration A cellular process that breaks down carbohydrates and other metabolites with the concomitant buildup of ATP Consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Cellular respiration is aerobic process . Usually involves breakdown of glucose to CO 2 and water Energy extracted from glucose molecule: Released step-wise Allows ATP to be produced efficiently Oxidation-reduction enzymes include NAD + and FAD as coenzymes
Glucose Breakdown: Summary Reaction Electrons are removed from substrates and received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to become water. Glucose is oxidized and O 2 is reduced + + energy Reduction Oxidation glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6HO 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. +
NAD + and FAD NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Called a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction. It can: Oxidize a metabolite by accepting electrons Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons Each NAD + molecule used over and over again FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) Also a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction Sometimes used instead of NAD + (Reduced form:NADH) Accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H + ) to become FADH 2
Cellular Respiration ADP + P ATP intermembrane space cristae CO 2 H 2 O g l u c o s e f r o m O 2 f r o m a i r O 2 and glucose enter cells, which release H 2 O and CO 2 . Mitochondria use energy from glucose to form ATP from ADP + P . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © E. & P. Bauer/zefa/Corbis; (Bread, wine, cheese, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer; (Yogurt, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
Phases of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration includes four phases: Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( 3 carbon compound) Occurs in cytoplasm ATP is formed Does not utilize oxygen Transition (preparatory) reaction Both pyruvates are oxidized and enter mitochondria Electron energy is stored in NADH Two carbons are released as CO 2 (one from each pyruvate)
Phases of Cellular Respiration Citric acid cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion and produces NADH and FADH 2 In series of reaction releases 4 carbons as CO 2 Turns twice (once for each pyruvate) Produces two immediate ATP molecules per glucose molecule Electron transport chain Extracts energy from NADH & FADH 2 Passes electrons from higher to lower energy states Produces 32 or 34 molecules of ATP
Glucose Breakdown: Overview of 4 Phases Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 AD P 2 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net gain 2 ATP NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate Cytoplasm e – e – e – e – e – e – e – 2 ATP 4 ADP ATP ATP ATP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Glucose Breakdown: Glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm outside mitochondria Energy Investment Steps: Two ATP are used to activate glucose Glucose splits into two G3P molecules Energy Harvesting Steps: Oxidation of G3P occurs by removal of electrons and hydrogen ions Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by NAD + resulting two NADH Four ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation Net gain of two ATP Both G3Ps converted to pyruvates
Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs Glycolysis inputs outputs 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ADP 4 ATP total net gain glucose 2 NAD + 4 ADP + 4 P ATP ATP 2 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Substrate-level ATP Synthesis P P P ATP enzyme ADP BPG 3PG Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis Matrix Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 ADP 2 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate e – e – e – e – e – e – e – ATP 2 ATP 32 ADP or 34 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to NADH. 2. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD + is reduced to NADH, and CO 2 is released. 3. ATP is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP. 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH 2 . Citric acid cycle CO 2 NAD + NAD + NAD + FAD Co A acetyl CoA NADH NADH NADH FADH 2 oxaloacetate C 4 citrate C 6 ketoglutarate C5 fumarate C4 succinate C4 2 ATP 4 ADP ATP ATP ATP CO 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis P P P ATP enzyme ADP BPG 3PG Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Pyruvate Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration If O 2 is not available to the cell, fermentation , an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm. During fermentation, glucose is incompletely metabolized to lactate, or to CO 2 and alcohol (depending on the organism). If O 2 is available to the cell, pyruvate enters mitochondria by aerobic process.
Fermentation An anaerobic process that reduces pyruvate to either lactate or alcohol and CO 2 NADH passes its electrons to pyruvate Alcoholic fermentation , carried out by yeasts, produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol Used in the production of alcoholic spirits and breads. Lactic acid fermentation , carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces lactic acid (lactate) Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt, and sauerkraut. Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically, including isopropanol, butyric acid, proprionic acid, and acetic acid.
Fermentation 2 NAD + 2 NADH ATP 2 ATP 4 ADP 2 ADP P 2 P 2 P 2 2 P glucose G3P BPG pyruvate or 2 lactate 2 alcohol 2 CO 2 (net gain) A T P ATP ATP +4 4 2 or 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Fermentation Advantages Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity. Disadvantages Lactate is toxic to cells. Lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue. Oxygen debt and cramping Efficiency of Fermentation Two ATP produced per glucose of molecule during fermentation is equivalent to 14.6 kcal.
Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
Efficiency of Fermentation Fermentation inputs outputs 2 lactate or 2 alcohol and 2 CO 2 glucose 2 ADP + 2 P net gain ATP 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Preparatory (Prep) Reaction Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the mitochondrial matrix Pyruvate converted to 2-carbon acetyl group Attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA Electron picked up (as hydrogen atom) by NAD + CO 2 released, and transported out of mitochondria into the cytoplasm
Preparatory Reaction 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 2 + 2 CoA + 2 CO 2 2 pyruvate O OH C CH 3 + 2 CoA CoA CH 3 pyruvate carbon dioxide acetyl CoA C O C O 2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbon dioxide Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Mitochondrion: Structure & Function Matrix: location of the prep reaction and the citric acid cycle Cristae: location of the electron transport chain (ETC) cristae intermembrane space inner membrane matrix outer membrane 45,000 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited
Glucose Breakdown: The Citric Acid Cycle A.K.A. Krebs cycle Occurs in matrix of mitochondria Begins by the addition of a two-carbon acetyl group to a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate), forming a six-carbon molecule (citric acid) NADH, FADH 2 capture energy rich electrons ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation Turns twice for one glucose molecule. Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 (per glucose molecule)
The Citric Acid Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to NADH. 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH 2 . 3. ATP is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP. 2. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD + is reduced to NADH, and CO 2 is released. acetyl CoA NADH oxaloacetate C 4 NAD + fumarate C 4 FADH 2 ATP CO 2 FAD succinate C 4 NAD + NADH Citric acid cycle ketoglutarate C 5 CO 2 NADH NAD + citrate C 6 CoA 4 ADP 2 4 ATP total net ATP 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ADP 2 32 or 34 ATP ATP 32 ADP or 34 Preparatory reaction Glycolysis glucose pyruvate Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH and FADH2 NADH NADH
Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Citric Acid Cycle: Balance Sheet inputs outputs 4 CO 2 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 2 acetyl groups 6 NAD + 2 FAD 2 ADP + 2 P ATP 2 Citric acid cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Electron Transport Chain Location: Eukaryotes: cristae of the mitochondria Aerobic Prokaryotes: plasma membrane Series of carrier molecules: Pass energy rich electrons successively from one to another Complex arrays of protein and cytochromes Cytochromes are respiratory molecules Complex carbon rings with metal atoms in center Receives electrons from NADH & FADH 2 Produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation Oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor Oxygen ion combines with hydrogen ions to form water
Electron Transport Chain The fate of the hydrogens: Hydrogens from NADH deliver enough energy to make 3 ATPs Those from FADH 2 have only enough for 2 ATPs “ Spent” hydrogens combine with oxygen Recycling of coenzymes increases efficiency Once NADH delivers hydrogens, it returns (as NAD + ) to pick up more hydrogens However, hydrogens must be combined with oxygen to make water If O 2 not present, NADH cannot release H No longer recycled back to NAD +
Electron Transport Chain Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 32 or ADP 34 32 or 34 4 ADP 2 4 ADP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate ADP e – e– e – 2e - e - 2 ATP H 2 O cytochrome oxidase cytochrome c coenzyme Q NAD + + 2H + NADH +H + 2 H + ATP P FAD + 2H + FADH 2 cytochrome reductase NADH-Q reductase ADP + P ADP + P made by chemiosmosis made by chemiosmosis made by chemiosmosis e– e– e– e– 2 ATP 2 ADP ADP ADP e - 2e - 2e - ATP 2e - ATP 2e - 1 / 2 O 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organization of Cristae 2 ADP + ATP channel protein ATP synthase complex Chemiosmosis Intermembrane space Matrix 2 FADH 2 H 2 O FAD + NAD + P H + NADH NADH-Q reductase cytochrome reductase cytochrome oxidase cytochrome c coenzyme Q Electron transport chain Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 ADP 2 32 or ADP 34 32 or34 2 4 ATP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate ATP e – e – e – e – – 2 ATP 2 ADP e – e – 4 ADP ATP ATP H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + 1 / 2 O 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Glucose Catabolism: Overall Energy Yield Net yield per glucose: From glycolysis – 2 ATP From citric acid cycle – 2 ATP From electron transport chain – 32 ATP Energy content: Reactant (glucose) 686 kcal Energy yield (36 ATP) 263 kcal Efficiency 39%; balance is waste heat
Overall Energy Yielded per Glucose Molecule Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Electron transport chain 2 net 2 glucose 2 pyruvate 2 acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle subtotal subtotal glycolysis 2 CO 2 4 CO 2 NADH NADH NADH FADH 2 2 2 6 2 4 or 6 6 18 4 32 4 36 or 38 total 6 O 2 6 H 2 O ATPP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP A T P ATP ATP or 34 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Metabolic Pool: Catabolism Foods: Sources of energy rich molecules Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Degradative reactions (Catabolism) break down molecules Tend to be exergonic (release energy) Synthetic reactions ( anabolism ) build molecules Tend to be endergonic (consume energy)
The Metabolic Pool Concept ATP ATP Electron transport chain proteins carbohydrates fats amino acids glucose fatty acids glycerol acetyl CoA Glycolysis pyruvate ATP Citric acid cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © C Squared Studios/Getty Images.
Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Metabolic Pool: Catabolism Glucose is broken down in cellular respiration. Fat breaks down into glycerol and three fatty acids. Amino acids break down into carbon chains and amino groups Deaminated (NH 2 removed) in liver Results in poisonous ammonia (NH 3 ) Quickly converted to urea Different R-groups from AAs processed differently Fragments enter respiratory pathways at many different points
Metabolic Pool: Anabolism All metabolic reactions part of metabolic pool Intermediates from respiratory pathways can be used for anabolism Anabolism (build-up side of metabolism): Carbs: Start with acetyl-CoA Basically reverses glycolysis (but different pathway) Fats G3P converted to glycerol Acetyls connected in pairs to form fatty acids Note – dietary carbohydrate RARELY converted to fat in humans!
Metabolic Pool: Anabolism Anabolism (cont.): Proteins: Made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids Some amino acids (11) can be synthesized from respiratory intermediates Organic acids in citric acid cycle can make amino acids Add NH 2 – transamination However, other amino acids (9) cannot be synthesized by humans Essential amino acids Must be present in diet or die
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration membranes enzymes grana cristae Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration H 2 O O 2 H 2 O O 2 ADP ATP NAD + NADH CO 2 CH 2 O NADPH NADP + CO 2 CH 2 O Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Review Glycolysis Transition Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Fermentation Metabolic Pool Catabolism Anabolism
Cellular Respiration Chapter 8: pp. 133 - 149 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net gain 2 ADP NADH NADH and F ADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate Cytoplasm e – e – e – e – e – e – e – 2 ADP 4 ADP ATP 2 ADP ATP ATP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

More Related Content

PPT
Ch 3: Water and Life
veneethmathew
 
PPT
Cellular Respiration
ihmcbiology1213
 
PPT
Ch 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
veneethmathew
 
PPT
Kreb's cycle (1)
Biochemistry Mcu
 
PPTX
IB Biology Core 2.5: Cell Division
Jason de Nys
 
PPT
Dsb 106. intergration of metabolism.2014
Dr. Geoffrey K. K. Maiyoh
 
PPT
Ch 10: Photosynthesis
veneethmathew
 
PDF
7 glycogen metabolism
dream10f
 
Ch 3: Water and Life
veneethmathew
 
Cellular Respiration
ihmcbiology1213
 
Ch 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
veneethmathew
 
Kreb's cycle (1)
Biochemistry Mcu
 
IB Biology Core 2.5: Cell Division
Jason de Nys
 
Dsb 106. intergration of metabolism.2014
Dr. Geoffrey K. K. Maiyoh
 
Ch 10: Photosynthesis
veneethmathew
 
7 glycogen metabolism
dream10f
 

What's hot (20)

PPT
Macromolecule powerpoint
Leeanna Cota
 
PPT
Cell respiration and metabolism
Chy Yong
 
PPT
Ch 8: Introduction to Metabolism
veneethmathew
 
PPT
Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism
sgossett5757
 
PPTX
Glycolysis
Tanushree Chatterjee
 
PPT
Ch 12: Cell Cycle
veneethmathew
 
PPTX
Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Sana Parveen
 
PPTX
8.2 Cellular Respiration 2014
Pickerington High School Central
 
PPT
cellular respiration
Yang Durana
 
PPT
24 lectures ppt
kindarspirit
 
PPTX
glycolysis
Sohil Takodara
 
PPTX
IB Biology 4.1-4.2 Slides: Ecosystems & Energy Flow
Jacob Cedarbaum
 
PPT
'The kreb's cycle' - class 11 cbse
Kush Sehgal
 
PPT
Bioenergetics
subject specialist biology
 
PPT
Ch 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
veneethmathew
 
PPT
3. link and krebs cycle
circle4biology
 
PPTX
IB Biology 5.1-5.2 Slides: Evolution & Natural Selection
Jacob Cedarbaum
 
PPTX
Cellular respiration
HARINATHA REDDY ASWARTHAGARI
 
PPT
9 cellular respiration
basel magdy
 
PPTX
Chemistry of nucleic acids
Ramesh Gupta
 
Macromolecule powerpoint
Leeanna Cota
 
Cell respiration and metabolism
Chy Yong
 
Ch 8: Introduction to Metabolism
veneethmathew
 
Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism
sgossett5757
 
Glycolysis
Tanushree Chatterjee
 
Ch 12: Cell Cycle
veneethmathew
 
Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Sana Parveen
 
8.2 Cellular Respiration 2014
Pickerington High School Central
 
cellular respiration
Yang Durana
 
24 lectures ppt
kindarspirit
 
glycolysis
Sohil Takodara
 
IB Biology 4.1-4.2 Slides: Ecosystems & Energy Flow
Jacob Cedarbaum
 
'The kreb's cycle' - class 11 cbse
Kush Sehgal
 
Bioenergetics
subject specialist biology
 
Ch 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
veneethmathew
 
3. link and krebs cycle
circle4biology
 
IB Biology 5.1-5.2 Slides: Evolution & Natural Selection
Jacob Cedarbaum
 
Cellular respiration
HARINATHA REDDY ASWARTHAGARI
 
9 cellular respiration
basel magdy
 
Chemistry of nucleic acids
Ramesh Gupta
 
Ad

Viewers also liked (14)

PPT
Gluconeogenesis
Sathish Rajamani
 
PPTX
Pyruvate Reactions
PeggyGeiger
 
PPT
Krebs Cycle
raj kumar
 
PPTX
Kr ebs cycle and anaerobic respiration
Maria Donohue
 
PPTX
Krebs cycle
Cedrick Alguzar
 
PPTX
Krebs cycle
Sathish Rajamani
 
PPTX
Krebs Cycle
Lauren5289
 
PPTX
Krebs cycle and fate of Acetyl CoA carbon, Cellular Respiration, Metabolism, ...
Pranjal Gupta
 
PPT
Pertemuan 11 (Respirasi, Glikolisis, Siklus Krebs)
Galdz
 
PPTX
TCA Cycle
Ansil P N
 
PPT
Cellresp.
Townview
 
PPT
Citric acid cycle
Dr Muhammad Mustansar
 
PPT
Krebs Cycle
scuffruff
 
PPTX
Glycolysis- An over view
Namrata Chhabra
 
Gluconeogenesis
Sathish Rajamani
 
Pyruvate Reactions
PeggyGeiger
 
Krebs Cycle
raj kumar
 
Kr ebs cycle and anaerobic respiration
Maria Donohue
 
Krebs cycle
Cedrick Alguzar
 
Krebs cycle
Sathish Rajamani
 
Krebs Cycle
Lauren5289
 
Krebs cycle and fate of Acetyl CoA carbon, Cellular Respiration, Metabolism, ...
Pranjal Gupta
 
Pertemuan 11 (Respirasi, Glikolisis, Siklus Krebs)
Galdz
 
TCA Cycle
Ansil P N
 
Cellresp.
Townview
 
Citric acid cycle
Dr Muhammad Mustansar
 
Krebs Cycle
scuffruff
 
Glycolysis- An over view
Namrata Chhabra
 
Ad

Similar to 08 Lecture Animation Ppt (20)

PPT
Photosynthesis/Cell Resp. 2
coreylellison
 
PPT
Chapter 9 complete
Xavier Rey
 
PPT
Chapter 8 Powerpoint Le
guest121530
 
PDF
Cellularrespiration2012 130110052718-phpapp02
makunutu petje
 
PPT
Celluar Respiration
M, Michelle Jeannite
 
PPT
Cell Respiration APBio
Anthony DePhillips
 
PPT
Bio 100 Chapter 7
wmk423
 
PPT
Chapter7 120912005755-phpapp02
Cleophas Rwemera
 
PPT
Cellular Metabolism.ppt
ShubhanshGaurav
 
PPT
Cellular respiration
Karl Pointer
 
PPT
Chapter 9
caraemz
 
PPT
Cellular Energy pt.2
Jolie Yu
 
PPT
Cellular Respiration
Sofia Paz
 
PPT
Chapter 9
ktanaka2
 
PPT
chapt04_Part_2_holes_lecture_animation_jwt.ppt
BatMan752678
 
PPT
09 cellrespiration text
Andrew McCaskill
 
PPT
Cellular Respiration for 10th grade
Sofia Paz
 
PPT
AP Bio Ch. 9 part 2
Stephanie Beck
 
PPT
Cell respiration-apbio-1204285933555932-5
nahomyitbarek
 
PPTX
comparison of aerobiac and anaerobic respiration ppt.pptx
yusufzako14
 
Photosynthesis/Cell Resp. 2
coreylellison
 
Chapter 9 complete
Xavier Rey
 
Chapter 8 Powerpoint Le
guest121530
 
Cellularrespiration2012 130110052718-phpapp02
makunutu petje
 
Celluar Respiration
M, Michelle Jeannite
 
Cell Respiration APBio
Anthony DePhillips
 
Bio 100 Chapter 7
wmk423
 
Chapter7 120912005755-phpapp02
Cleophas Rwemera
 
Cellular Metabolism.ppt
ShubhanshGaurav
 
Cellular respiration
Karl Pointer
 
Chapter 9
caraemz
 
Cellular Energy pt.2
Jolie Yu
 
Cellular Respiration
Sofia Paz
 
Chapter 9
ktanaka2
 
chapt04_Part_2_holes_lecture_animation_jwt.ppt
BatMan752678
 
09 cellrespiration text
Andrew McCaskill
 
Cellular Respiration for 10th grade
Sofia Paz
 
AP Bio Ch. 9 part 2
Stephanie Beck
 
Cell respiration-apbio-1204285933555932-5
nahomyitbarek
 
comparison of aerobiac and anaerobic respiration ppt.pptx
yusufzako14
 

More from guest2b59ac0 (8)

PPT
14 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
PPT
13 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
PPT
12 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
PPT
11 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
PPT
10 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
PPT
09 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
PPT
07 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
PPT
06 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
14 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
13 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
12 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
11 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
10 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
09 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
07 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 
06 Lecture Animation Ppt
guest2b59ac0
 

Recently uploaded (20)

PPTX
ACSFv1EN-58255 AWS Academy Cloud Security Foundations.pptx
23bcla24
 
PDF
Blue Purple Modern Animated Computer Science Presentation.pdf.pdf
Akar16
 
PDF
KodekX | Application Modernization Development
KodekX
 
PDF
Mobile App Security Testing_ A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
flufftailshop
 
PDF
Encapsulation theory and applications.pdf
gurumoop
 
PDF
Machine learning based COVID-19 study performance prediction
IAESIJAI
 
PPTX
Understanding_Digital_Forensics_Presentation.pptx
ImranKhan423233
 
PDF
How UI/UX Design Impacts User Retention in Mobile Apps.pdf
SynapseIndia
 
PDF
Unlocking AI with Model Context Protocol (MCP)
Brian McKeiver
 
PDF
Peak of Data & AI Encore- AI for Metadata and Smarter Workflows
Safe Software
 
DOCX
The AUB Centre for AI in Media Proposal.docx
GAONE9
 
PDF
Network Security Unit 5.pdf for BCA BBA.
Serpent6
 
PDF
Diabetes mellitus diagnosis method based random forest with bat algorithm
IAESIJAI
 
PDF
Agricultural_Statistics_at_a_Glance_2022_0.pdf
SandeepSingh286037
 
PPTX
VMware vSphere Foundation How to Sell Presentation-Ver1.4-2-14-2024.pptx
blackmambaettijean
 
PPTX
KOM of Painting work and Equipment Insulation REV00 update 25-dec.pptx
muhammadmuneebnaeem7
 
PDF
Chapter 3 Spatial Domain Image Processing.pdf
Getnet Tigabie Askale -(GM)
 
PDF
cuic standard and advanced reporting.pdf
SimoneTitaniumTomase
 
PDF
Building Integrated photovoltaic BIPV_UPV.pdf
SandeepSingh286037
 
PPTX
20250228 LYD VKU AI Blended-Learning.pptx
DatVoNgoc
 
ACSFv1EN-58255 AWS Academy Cloud Security Foundations.pptx
23bcla24
 
Blue Purple Modern Animated Computer Science Presentation.pdf.pdf
Akar16
 
KodekX | Application Modernization Development
KodekX
 
Mobile App Security Testing_ A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
flufftailshop
 
Encapsulation theory and applications.pdf
gurumoop
 
Machine learning based COVID-19 study performance prediction
IAESIJAI
 
Understanding_Digital_Forensics_Presentation.pptx
ImranKhan423233
 
How UI/UX Design Impacts User Retention in Mobile Apps.pdf
SynapseIndia
 
Unlocking AI with Model Context Protocol (MCP)
Brian McKeiver
 
Peak of Data & AI Encore- AI for Metadata and Smarter Workflows
Safe Software
 
The AUB Centre for AI in Media Proposal.docx
GAONE9
 
Network Security Unit 5.pdf for BCA BBA.
Serpent6
 
Diabetes mellitus diagnosis method based random forest with bat algorithm
IAESIJAI
 
Agricultural_Statistics_at_a_Glance_2022_0.pdf
SandeepSingh286037
 
VMware vSphere Foundation How to Sell Presentation-Ver1.4-2-14-2024.pptx
blackmambaettijean
 
KOM of Painting work and Equipment Insulation REV00 update 25-dec.pptx
muhammadmuneebnaeem7
 
Chapter 3 Spatial Domain Image Processing.pdf
Getnet Tigabie Askale -(GM)
 
cuic standard and advanced reporting.pdf
SimoneTitaniumTomase
 
Building Integrated photovoltaic BIPV_UPV.pdf
SandeepSingh286037
 
20250228 LYD VKU AI Blended-Learning.pptx
DatVoNgoc
 

08 Lecture Animation Ppt

  • 1. Cellular Respiration Chapter 8: pp. 133-149 Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net gain 2 ADP NADH NADH and F ADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate Cytoplasm e – e – e – e – e – e – e – 2 ADP 4 ADP ATP 2 ADP ATP ATP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 2. Outline Cellular Respiration NAD+ and FAD Phases of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Fermentation Preparatory Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Metabolic Pool Catabolism Anabolism
  • 3. Cellular Respiration A cellular process that breaks down carbohydrates and other metabolites with the concomitant buildup of ATP Consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Cellular respiration is aerobic process . Usually involves breakdown of glucose to CO 2 and water Energy extracted from glucose molecule: Released step-wise Allows ATP to be produced efficiently Oxidation-reduction enzymes include NAD + and FAD as coenzymes
  • 4. Glucose Breakdown: Summary Reaction Electrons are removed from substrates and received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to become water. Glucose is oxidized and O 2 is reduced + + energy Reduction Oxidation glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6HO 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. +
  • 5. NAD + and FAD NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Called a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction. It can: Oxidize a metabolite by accepting electrons Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons Each NAD + molecule used over and over again FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) Also a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction Sometimes used instead of NAD + (Reduced form:NADH) Accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H + ) to become FADH 2
  • 6. Cellular Respiration ADP + P ATP intermembrane space cristae CO 2 H 2 O g l u c o s e f r o m O 2 f r o m a i r O 2 and glucose enter cells, which release H 2 O and CO 2 . Mitochondria use energy from glucose to form ATP from ADP + P . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © E. & P. Bauer/zefa/Corbis; (Bread, wine, cheese, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer; (Yogurt, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
  • 7. Phases of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration includes four phases: Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( 3 carbon compound) Occurs in cytoplasm ATP is formed Does not utilize oxygen Transition (preparatory) reaction Both pyruvates are oxidized and enter mitochondria Electron energy is stored in NADH Two carbons are released as CO 2 (one from each pyruvate)
  • 8. Phases of Cellular Respiration Citric acid cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion and produces NADH and FADH 2 In series of reaction releases 4 carbons as CO 2 Turns twice (once for each pyruvate) Produces two immediate ATP molecules per glucose molecule Electron transport chain Extracts energy from NADH & FADH 2 Passes electrons from higher to lower energy states Produces 32 or 34 molecules of ATP
  • 9. Glucose Breakdown: Overview of 4 Phases Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 AD P 2 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net gain 2 ATP NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate Cytoplasm e – e – e – e – e – e – e – 2 ATP 4 ADP ATP ATP ATP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
  • 10. Glucose Breakdown: Glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm outside mitochondria Energy Investment Steps: Two ATP are used to activate glucose Glucose splits into two G3P molecules Energy Harvesting Steps: Oxidation of G3P occurs by removal of electrons and hydrogen ions Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by NAD + resulting two NADH Four ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation Net gain of two ATP Both G3Ps converted to pyruvates
  • 11. Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs Glycolysis inputs outputs 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ADP 4 ATP total net gain glucose 2 NAD + 4 ADP + 4 P ATP ATP 2 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
  • 12. Substrate-level ATP Synthesis P P P ATP enzyme ADP BPG 3PG Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 13. Glycolysis Matrix Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 ADP 2 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate e – e – e – e – e – e – e – ATP 2 ATP 32 ADP or 34 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to NADH. 2. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD + is reduced to NADH, and CO 2 is released. 3. ATP is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP. 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH 2 . Citric acid cycle CO 2 NAD + NAD + NAD + FAD Co A acetyl CoA NADH NADH NADH FADH 2 oxaloacetate C 4 citrate C 6 ketoglutarate C5 fumarate C4 succinate C4 2 ATP 4 ADP ATP ATP ATP CO 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 14. Glycolysis P P P ATP enzyme ADP BPG 3PG Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 15. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 16. Pyruvate Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration If O 2 is not available to the cell, fermentation , an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm. During fermentation, glucose is incompletely metabolized to lactate, or to CO 2 and alcohol (depending on the organism). If O 2 is available to the cell, pyruvate enters mitochondria by aerobic process.
  • 17. Fermentation An anaerobic process that reduces pyruvate to either lactate or alcohol and CO 2 NADH passes its electrons to pyruvate Alcoholic fermentation , carried out by yeasts, produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol Used in the production of alcoholic spirits and breads. Lactic acid fermentation , carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces lactic acid (lactate) Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt, and sauerkraut. Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically, including isopropanol, butyric acid, proprionic acid, and acetic acid.
  • 18. Fermentation 2 NAD + 2 NADH ATP 2 ATP 4 ADP 2 ADP P 2 P 2 P 2 2 P glucose G3P BPG pyruvate or 2 lactate 2 alcohol 2 CO 2 (net gain) A T P ATP ATP +4 4 2 or 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 19. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 20. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 21. Fermentation Advantages Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity. Disadvantages Lactate is toxic to cells. Lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue. Oxygen debt and cramping Efficiency of Fermentation Two ATP produced per glucose of molecule during fermentation is equivalent to 14.6 kcal.
  • 22. Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
  • 23. Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
  • 24. Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
  • 25. Efficiency of Fermentation Fermentation inputs outputs 2 lactate or 2 alcohol and 2 CO 2 glucose 2 ADP + 2 P net gain ATP 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 26. The Preparatory (Prep) Reaction Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the mitochondrial matrix Pyruvate converted to 2-carbon acetyl group Attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA Electron picked up (as hydrogen atom) by NAD + CO 2 released, and transported out of mitochondria into the cytoplasm
  • 27. Preparatory Reaction 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 2 + 2 CoA + 2 CO 2 2 pyruvate O OH C CH 3 + 2 CoA CoA CH 3 pyruvate carbon dioxide acetyl CoA C O C O 2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbon dioxide Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 28. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 29. Mitochondrion: Structure & Function Matrix: location of the prep reaction and the citric acid cycle Cristae: location of the electron transport chain (ETC) cristae intermembrane space inner membrane matrix outer membrane 45,000 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited
  • 30. Glucose Breakdown: The Citric Acid Cycle A.K.A. Krebs cycle Occurs in matrix of mitochondria Begins by the addition of a two-carbon acetyl group to a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate), forming a six-carbon molecule (citric acid) NADH, FADH 2 capture energy rich electrons ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation Turns twice for one glucose molecule. Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 (per glucose molecule)
  • 31. The Citric Acid Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to NADH. 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH 2 . 3. ATP is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP. 2. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD + is reduced to NADH, and CO 2 is released. acetyl CoA NADH oxaloacetate C 4 NAD + fumarate C 4 FADH 2 ATP CO 2 FAD succinate C 4 NAD + NADH Citric acid cycle ketoglutarate C 5 CO 2 NADH NAD + citrate C 6 CoA 4 ADP 2 4 ATP total net ATP 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ADP 2 32 or 34 ATP ATP 32 ADP or 34 Preparatory reaction Glycolysis glucose pyruvate Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH and FADH2 NADH NADH
  • 32. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 33. Citric Acid Cycle: Balance Sheet inputs outputs 4 CO 2 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 2 acetyl groups 6 NAD + 2 FAD 2 ADP + 2 P ATP 2 Citric acid cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 34. Electron Transport Chain Location: Eukaryotes: cristae of the mitochondria Aerobic Prokaryotes: plasma membrane Series of carrier molecules: Pass energy rich electrons successively from one to another Complex arrays of protein and cytochromes Cytochromes are respiratory molecules Complex carbon rings with metal atoms in center Receives electrons from NADH & FADH 2 Produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation Oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor Oxygen ion combines with hydrogen ions to form water
  • 35. Electron Transport Chain The fate of the hydrogens: Hydrogens from NADH deliver enough energy to make 3 ATPs Those from FADH 2 have only enough for 2 ATPs “ Spent” hydrogens combine with oxygen Recycling of coenzymes increases efficiency Once NADH delivers hydrogens, it returns (as NAD + ) to pick up more hydrogens However, hydrogens must be combined with oxygen to make water If O 2 not present, NADH cannot release H No longer recycled back to NAD +
  • 36. Electron Transport Chain Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 32 or ADP 34 32 or 34 4 ADP 2 4 ADP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate ADP e – e– e – 2e - e - 2 ATP H 2 O cytochrome oxidase cytochrome c coenzyme Q NAD + + 2H + NADH +H + 2 H + ATP P FAD + 2H + FADH 2 cytochrome reductase NADH-Q reductase ADP + P ADP + P made by chemiosmosis made by chemiosmosis made by chemiosmosis e– e– e– e– 2 ATP 2 ADP ADP ADP e - 2e - 2e - ATP 2e - ATP 2e - 1 / 2 O 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 37. Organization of Cristae 2 ADP + ATP channel protein ATP synthase complex Chemiosmosis Intermembrane space Matrix 2 FADH 2 H 2 O FAD + NAD + P H + NADH NADH-Q reductase cytochrome reductase cytochrome oxidase cytochrome c coenzyme Q Electron transport chain Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 ADP 2 32 or ADP 34 32 or34 2 4 ATP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate ATP e – e – e – e – – 2 ATP 2 ADP e – e – 4 ADP ATP ATP H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + 1 / 2 O 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 38. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 39. Glucose Catabolism: Overall Energy Yield Net yield per glucose: From glycolysis – 2 ATP From citric acid cycle – 2 ATP From electron transport chain – 32 ATP Energy content: Reactant (glucose) 686 kcal Energy yield (36 ATP) 263 kcal Efficiency 39%; balance is waste heat
  • 40. Overall Energy Yielded per Glucose Molecule Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Electron transport chain 2 net 2 glucose 2 pyruvate 2 acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle subtotal subtotal glycolysis 2 CO 2 4 CO 2 NADH NADH NADH FADH 2 2 2 6 2 4 or 6 6 18 4 32 4 36 or 38 total 6 O 2 6 H 2 O ATPP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP A T P ATP ATP or 34 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 41. Metabolic Pool: Catabolism Foods: Sources of energy rich molecules Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Degradative reactions (Catabolism) break down molecules Tend to be exergonic (release energy) Synthetic reactions ( anabolism ) build molecules Tend to be endergonic (consume energy)
  • 42. The Metabolic Pool Concept ATP ATP Electron transport chain proteins carbohydrates fats amino acids glucose fatty acids glycerol acetyl CoA Glycolysis pyruvate ATP Citric acid cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © C Squared Studios/Getty Images.
  • 43. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 44. Metabolic Pool: Catabolism Glucose is broken down in cellular respiration. Fat breaks down into glycerol and three fatty acids. Amino acids break down into carbon chains and amino groups Deaminated (NH 2 removed) in liver Results in poisonous ammonia (NH 3 ) Quickly converted to urea Different R-groups from AAs processed differently Fragments enter respiratory pathways at many different points
  • 45. Metabolic Pool: Anabolism All metabolic reactions part of metabolic pool Intermediates from respiratory pathways can be used for anabolism Anabolism (build-up side of metabolism): Carbs: Start with acetyl-CoA Basically reverses glycolysis (but different pathway) Fats G3P converted to glycerol Acetyls connected in pairs to form fatty acids Note – dietary carbohydrate RARELY converted to fat in humans!
  • 46. Metabolic Pool: Anabolism Anabolism (cont.): Proteins: Made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids Some amino acids (11) can be synthesized from respiratory intermediates Organic acids in citric acid cycle can make amino acids Add NH 2 – transamination However, other amino acids (9) cannot be synthesized by humans Essential amino acids Must be present in diet or die
  • 47. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration membranes enzymes grana cristae Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration H 2 O O 2 H 2 O O 2 ADP ATP NAD + NADH CO 2 CH 2 O NADPH NADP + CO 2 CH 2 O Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 48. Review Glycolysis Transition Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Fermentation Metabolic Pool Catabolism Anabolism
  • 49. Cellular Respiration Chapter 8: pp. 133 - 149 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net gain 2 ADP NADH NADH and F ADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate Cytoplasm e – e – e – e – e – e – e – 2 ADP 4 ADP ATP 2 ADP ATP ATP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Editor's Notes

  • #2: Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Cellular Respiration Slide # Chapter 08
  • #50: Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Cellular Respiration Slide # Chapter 08