09 Tait
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Computers work using binary language of zeros and ones. Inside the computer, switches can be either on or off to represent these binary digits. Different types of switches are used such as vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Bytes of data are represented using binary numbers, with each place value corresponding to a power of two. The CPU processes data using an arithmetic logic unit and control unit to perform calculations and operations. Memory caches and RAM are used for temporary storage of data and instructions during processing. Buses move data between the CPU and other computer components like memory and expansion cards. Computer performance is increased by using multiple CPUs, faster bus speeds, and parallel processing.
09 Tait
- 1. Technology In Action Chapter 9: System Hardware www.offthemark.com c Mark Parisi
- 2. Binary Language Computers work in binary language Consists of two numbers: 0 and 1 Everything a computer does is broken down into a series of 0s and 1s Switches: Devices inside the computer that can be flipped between these two states: 1 or 0, on or off
- 3. Switches Nonmechanical devices in computers that open and close circuits Types of electrical switches: Vacuum tubes Transistors: Semiconductors Integrated circuits Vacuum Tube Transistors Integrated Circuits
- 4. The on/off state of a switch represents one bit of data Bit (binary digit) On = 1 Off = 0 Switches Representing Data 0 1 OR = 1 bit OFF 0 ON 1
- 5. The Binary Number System Describes a number as powers of 2 -- because each switch can be in one of two positions: on or off Also referred to as base 2 numbering system Used to represent every piece of data stored in a computer: all of the numbers, letters, and instructions
- 6. The Binary Number System Number systems are organized ways to represent numbers Each number in one system has a corresponding number in another. See pages 409 to 412. Know how a binary number system represents a whole number. 01011001 = 89 Binary Base 10 89 1 = 0 + 0 + 8 + 16 + 0 + 64 + 0 + Base 10 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 Binary 1 2 2x1 4 2x2 8 2x4 16 2x8 32 2x16 64 2x32 128 2x64
- 7. Representing Letters and Symbols American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 8 bits = 1 byte = alphanumeric character or symbol 256 different combinations 2 8 Unicode is poised to replace ASCII 16 bits equal 1 byte 65,000 different combinations (unique character symbols), used for all languages 01100001 = a 01000001 = A 00100011 = # 01101101 = m ASCII See Notes … & Page 412
- 8. The CPU: Processing Digital Information The CPU is the brains of the computer Different types of CPUs Intel and AMD chips: Used in most Windows-based PCs Apple systems use different CPU design Differentiating CPUs Processing power Clock speed and cache
- 9. The System Clock Located on the motherboard Controls the CPU’s processing cycles Clock cycle Pulse or tick Clock speed Number of pulses per second Measured in hertz (Hz)
- 10. The Control Unit Manages the switches inside the CPU Is programmed by CPU designers to remember the sequence of processing stages for that CPU Moves each switch to its correct setting (on or off) Then performs the work of that stage
- 11. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Part of the CPU designed to perform mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.) Also performs logical OR, AND, and NOT operations Is fed data from the CPU registers Word size: Number of bits a computer can work with at a time
- 12. Cache Memory Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it Stores recent or frequently used instructions and data Used for quick access by the CPU Different levels of cache
- 13. RAM: The Next Level of Temporary Storage Volatile: When you turn off your computer, the data is erased Several kinds of RAM exist Each type of RAM has a different design Some types work at much faster speeds Some transfer data more quickly
- 14. Bus Electrical pathway used to move data between components Local bus: Connects the CPU with the memory Expansion bus: Connects the CPU with peripheral devices Buses: The CPU’s Data Highway 01100010 01110011 01001000 00100111
- 15. Bus Performance Bus clock speed Rate of speed data moves from one location to another Measured in MHz (millions of clock cycles per second) Bus width The number of bits of data moved on a bus at any one time Measured in bits 16 bits 32 bits
- 16. Making Computers Faster Dual processing Two CPUs on the same system Each processor shares the workload Parallel processing Network of computers Each computer works on a portion of the problem simultaneously Dual processors