1. Theme 1: Hardware, Software
and Communication
1.1 Types of Hardware
1.1.1 Input, Output, and Storage
Devices
2. Objectives
General Objective:
• Understand the purpose, use, and internal
operation of input, output, and storage
devices.
Specific Objective:
• Describe the data flow of various hardware
devices.
3. Two-Dimensional (2D) and Three-
Dimensional (3D) Scanners
• Input: The scanner captures data (e.g., images
or object dimensions) using sensors like
cameras or lasers.
• Processing: The raw data is digitized and
processed into a digital image (2D) or a 3D
model.
• Output: The data is sent to a computer for
storage, display, or further manipulation.
4. Code Readers
• Input: Optical or electronic sensors scan codes
(e.g., barcodes or QR codes).
• Processing: The scanned data is decoded into
alphanumeric information.
• Output: The decoded data is transmitted to a
connected system (e.g., POS or inventory
management).
5. Keyboards
• Input: Physical key presses generate electrical
signals.
• Processing: A microcontroller converts these
signals into key codes.
• Output: The codes are sent to the connected
device for interpretation and display.
6. Mice and Other Pointing Devices
• Input: Movements, clicks, and gestures are
captured by sensors.
• Processing: The device translates actions into
positional or functional data.
• Output: The data is sent to the system to
move the cursor or execute commands.
7. Digital Cameras
• Input: Light is captured through a lens onto an
image sensor (e.g., CMOS or CCD).
• Processing: The sensor converts light into
electrical signals, processed into image or
video files.
• Output: Files are stored in memory or
transmitted to another device.
8. Display Devices
• Input: Digital or analog signals (e.g., video
data) are received from a system.
• Processing: The signals are converted into
visual data (pixels) by the display controller.
• Output: The display renders images or videos
on the screen.
9. Inkjet, Laser and 3D Printers
• Input: Data from a computer (e.g., text,
images, or 3D models).
• Processing: The printer converts digital data
into control instructions for printing.
• Output: The data materialized as printed text,
images, or 3D objects.
10. 2D and 3D Cutters
• Input: CAD or vector designs are sent to the
cutter.
• Processing: The cutter interprets the design to
determine cutting paths.
• Output: The cutter performs precise cuts on
materials like paper, metal, or plastic.
11. Microphones, Speakers And Headphones
Microphones:
• Input: Sound waves are captured by the diaphragm.
• Processing: The sound is converted into electrical
signals.
• Output: Signals are transmitted to a connected device.
Speakers and headphones:
• Input: Electrical audio signals are received.
• Processing: The signals are converted into sound
waves.
• Output: Sound is emitted for human hearing.
12. Sensors And Actuators
Sensors:
• Input: Physical changes in the environment (e.g.,
temperature, pressure) are detected.
• Processing: The sensor converts these changes into
electrical signals.
• Output: Signals are sent to a system for analysis or action.
Actuators:
• Input: Signals from a controller.
• Processing: The actuator interprets the signal and generates
mechanical motion or output.
• Output: Physical movement or action.
13. Projectors [Liquid-Crystal Display (Lcd), Light-
Emitting Diodes (Led) And Digital Light
Processing (Dlp)]
• Input: Video signals from a source device.
• Processing: Signals are processed into light
patterns using LCD panels, LEDs, or DLP
mirrors.
• Output: The processed light is projected onto
a surface.
14. Interactive Screens And Whiteboards
• Input: Touch, gestures, or stylus interactions.
• Processing: The input is mapped to positional
or command data.
• Output: The data is processed to display
updates or execute actions.
15. Optical Storage Devices
• Input: Data is read from or written to an
optical disc using a laser.
• Processing: The laser converts data into digital
signals (reading) or engraves data onto the
disc (writing).
• Output: Data is stored or transmitted to the
system.
16. Magnetic Storage Devices
• Input: Data is written to or read from
magnetic disks using a read/write head.
• Processing: The head converts magnetic
patterns into electrical signals or vice versa.
• Output: Data is retrieved or stored.
17. Solid State Storage Devices
• Input: Data is written electronically to flash
memory cells.
• Processing: The data is stored as binary
information in memory.
• Output: Data is retrieved or transferred to a
connected device.
18. Refreshable Braille Display (RBD)
• Input: Digital text is sent to the device.
• Processing: The device converts text into
Braille patterns using pins.
• Output: The raised pins form tactile Braille
characters.
19. Virtual Reality (VR) Devices
• Input: User movements, gestures, or
controller inputs are captured by sensors.
• Processing: The system processes the input
and updates the virtual environment.
• Output: Visual, auditory, and haptic feedback
immerse the user in the VR experience.
21. Sensors in security devices, household
appliances and control systems
Security Devices:
• Motion Sensors: Detect movement to trigger alarms or activate
cameras in security systems.
• Smoke/Carbon Monoxide Detectors: Monitor air quality to alert
occupants to potential hazards.
Household Appliances:
• Thermostats: Temperature sensors adjust heating or cooling systems
for energy efficiency.
• Washing Machines: Water level and load sensors optimize water and
detergent usage.
Control Systems:
• Traffic Lights: Sensors detect vehicle presence to manage traffic flow.
• Smart Irrigation Systems: Soil moisture sensors regulate water
delivery to plants.
22. Quick Response (QR) code readers for
expanded information in a variety of formats
Retail and Shopping:
• QR codes provide product information, promotional offers, or
payment options.
Education:
• Used on textbooks or assignments to link to additional
resources like videos or quizzes.
Tourism:
• QR codes on landmarks link to historical or cultural details in
various languages.
Event Management:
• Scanning QR codes allows for quick ticket verification and entry.
23. Appropriate choices of storage devices
Optical Storage Devices (e.g., CDs, DVDs):
• Used for archival purposes, such as storing movies, music, or
important documents.
Magnetic Storage Devices (e.g., Hard Drives):
• Suitable for everyday use in computers to store large amounts of
data cost-effectively.
Solid-State Storage Devices (e.g., SSDs, USB Drives):
• Ideal for portable storage or devices requiring fast access speeds,
such as gaming systems or external drives.
Cloud Storage:
• Convenient for collaborative work, backups, and accessing data
remotely from multiple devices.
![Projectors [Liquid-Crystal Display (Lcd), Light-
Emitting Diodes (Led) And Digital Light
Processing (Dlp)]
• Input: Video signals from a source device.
• Processing: Signals are processed into light
patterns using LCD panels, LEDs, or DLP
mirrors.
• Output: The processed light is projected onto
a surface.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-250329055531-7c3dd6e4/85/1-1-1-Input-output-and-storage-devices-pptx-13-320.jpg)
