Lecture 2.5 hardware

2.0 Computer System

2.5 Hardware

2.5.1 Motherboard
2.5.2 Processor
2.5.3 Memory
2.5.4 Input and Output Device
2.5.5 Storage
2.5.6 Adapter Card

2.5.1 Motherboard
Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

• Identify basic components of a motherboard.

Computer Hardware
 Motherboard
 Processor
 Memory
 Input Device
 Output Device
 Storage
 Adapter Cards

System Unit
 Case that contains electronic components of the
computer used to process data.

Components of System Unit
 Motherboard
power supply drive bays
 Drive Bays
 Power Supply
processor
 Casing
memory
ports

sound card

modem card video card
network card

2.5.1 Motherboard
 Main circuit board of the system unit.
 The functions of the motherboard are:
 Holds many components of the system.
 Provides connectors for other peripherals.

Basic Components of Motherboard
 Processor Slot
 Memory Slots
 Adapter Card Slots

Processor Slot
 Slot on the motherboard that houses a CPU and
forms the electrical interface with the CPU.

Memory Slots
 Slots on the motherboard that hold memory
modules.
 To connect RAM and get faster of the performance
of computer.

Adapter Cards Slots
 Slots on the motherboard that can hold adapter
cards.
 For adding more memory, graphics capabilities and
support for special devices.
AGP slot

PCI slot

Cont…
 Types of adapter card slots:
 PCI - to connect devices such as
network cards, sound cards, modems,
extra ports such as USB or serial TV
tuner cards and disk controllers.
 AGP - specifically designed for
graphics adapters.

2.5.2 Processor
Learning Outcomes


• Describe the functions of processor.
• List the steps in a machine cycle.

2.5.2 Processor / CPU
 An electronic component on a computer’s
motherboard.
 Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer.
 CPU speeds is measured gigahertz (GHz).

CPU Components
 Control Unit (CU)
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit
 Directs and coordinates most of the operations in
the computer.
 For each instruction, the control unit repeats a set
of 4 basic operations known as machine cycle.

Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Performs arithmetic, and logical operations.
 Arithmetic operation - +, -, X and /.
 Logical operation - ==, >=, <= and others.

Machine Cycle
 The operations performed by the CPU to execute
any instruction.
 It consist of 4 operations:
 Fetch – fetches the instructions from memory.
 Decode – decodes the instructions and sends
the instructions to the ALU.
 Execute – ALU performs the actual operations.
 Store – the result are stored in memory.

2.5.3 Memory
Learning Outcomes


• Explain the function of memory.
• Identify different types of memory.
• Differentiate between RAM and ROM.

2.5.3 Memory
 Consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor.

Types of Memory
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM
 Can be read from and written to by processor.
 Volatile - will lost its contents when the power is
turned off.
 Holds data or programs that are currently being
used by the processor.
 RAM chips are assembled on a small circuit board
called memory module which is plugged onto the
memory slots.

Types of RAM
 DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
 SRAM (Static RAM)
 MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM)

ROM
 Data is prerecorded for read only and cannot be
removed.
 Non volatile - will keep its contents even when the
power is turned off.
 Contain a small startup program (BIOS) which is
used to boot the computer.
 Exists as a chip on the motherboard.

Types of ROM
 PROM (Programmable ROM)
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable
ROM)

2.5.4 Input and Output Devices
Learning Outcomes


• Explain types of input and output devices.
• Describe the functions of input and output devices.

2.5.4 Input and Output Devices
 Input - any data and instructions entered into a
memory of a computer.
 Output - data that has been processed into a
useful form.

Cont…
 Input device - any hardware component that
allows users to enter data and
instructions into a computer.
 Output device - any hardware component that
conveys information to
people.

Types of Input Device
 Keyboard
 Pointing devices
 Touch screens
 Pen input
 Audio input
 Video input
 Scanners
 Biometric input

Keyboard
 Input device that contains keys users press to enter
data and instructions into a computer.
 Types of keyboard:
 Keyboard ergonomics
 Wireless

function keys
typing area
status light

arrow keys
numeric keypad

Wireless or Cordless Keyboard
 Transmits data using wireless technology.
 Communicate with a receiver attached to a port on
the system unit.

Ergonomic Keyboard
 Design that reduces the chance of wrist and hands
injuries.
 The goal of ergonomics is to incorporate comfort,
efficiency and safety in the design of the
workspace.

Pointing Devices
 Input device that allows a user to control a pointer
on the screen.
 A pointing device can be used to:
 Move the insertion point;
 Select text, graphics and other objects;
 Click buttons, icons, links and menu commands.

Cont…
 Examples of pointing devices:
 Mouse
 Trackball
 Touchpad
 Pointing stick

Mouse
 Pointing device that fits under the palm of your
hand.
 Types of mouse:
 Mechanical mouse
 Optical mouse
 Laser mouse
 Air mouse mouse buttons
wheel button
 Wireless mouse
ball

mouse pad

Optical Mouse
 Device that emits and sense light to detect the
mouse‘s movement.
 Does not require cleaning but it is more expensive.

Wireless Mouse
 Is a battery-powered device that transmits data
using wireless technology such as radio waves
(Bluetooth) or infrared light waves (IrDA).

Trackball
 Is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top
or side.
 A trackball requires frequent cleaning because it
picks up oils from fingers and dust from the
environment.

Touchpad
 Is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is
sensitive to pressure and motion.
 Are found most often on notebook computers.

Touch Screen
 Is a touch-sensitive display device.
 Users can interact with touch screens by touching
area of the screens.

Pen Input
 Users write, draw and tap on the flat surface to
enter data.
 Examples of pen input:
 Stylus
 Digital pen
 Signature capture pad
Stylus

Digital
pen

Audio Input
 Is the process of entering any sound into the
computer such as speech, music and sound
effects.

Video Input
 Is the process of capturing full-motion images and
storing them on a computer’s storage medium.
 Use digital signals.

Scanners
 Capture data from a source document, which is the
original form of the data.
 Types of scanners:
 Flatbed
 Pen or handheld
 Sheet-Fed
 Drum

Optical Readers
 Is a device that uses a light source to read
characters, marks and codes and then converts
them into digital data that a computer can process.
 Technologies used by optical readers are:
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

Bar Code Readers
 Is an optical reader that uses laser beams to read
bar codes by using lights patterns that pass
through the bar code lines.

RFID Readers
 Radio Frequency Identification Reader is a
technology that uses radio signals to communicate
with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an
animal or a person.

Magnetic Stripe Card Readers
 Reads the magnetic stripe on the back of credit
cards, entertainment cards, bank cards and other
similar cards.

MICR Readers
 Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition Reader reads
text printed with magnetized ink.
 Converts MICR characters into a form the computer
can process.
 Used by the banking industry – cheque processing.

Biometric Input
 Technology of authenticating a person’s identity by
verifying a personal characteristic.
 Examples of biometric technology are:
 Fingerprints
 Hand geometry
 Facial features
 Voice
 Signatures
 Eye patterns

Types of Output Device
 Display devices
 Printers
 Audio output device
 Data projector

Display Devices
 An output device that visually conveys text,
graphics and video information.
 Types of display devices are:
 CRT monitor
 LCD monitor
 Plasma monitor

CRT Monitors
 A desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube
(CRT).
 It is less expensive.

LCD Monitors
 A desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display
to produce images.
 Produce sharp and flicker free images.

Plasma Monitors
 A display device that uses gas plasma technology.
 Offer larger screen sizes and high-quality display.

Printers
 An output device that produces text and graphics
on a physical medium such as paper.
 Types of printer are:
 Impact printers
 Nonimpact printers

Impact Printers
 Forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper
by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon
that physically contacts the paper.
 Widely used for business.

Nonimpact Printers
 Forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper
without actually striking the paper.
 Commonly used nonimpact printers are:
 Ink-jet printers
 Photo printers
 Laser printers
 Thermal printers
 Mobile printers
 Label and postage printers
 Plotters
 Large-format printers

Ink-Jet Printers
 Spray tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper.
 Can print – black / white and several different
colors.
 Resolution – measured by dpi (dots per inch).
 Dot – a drop of ink (the higher dpi, the
smaller drops of ink).
 Speed - measured by ppm (pages per
minute).

Laser Printers
 Used a laser beam and powdered ink to transfer
images onto paper.
 Is a high-speed and high quality nonimpact printer.

Plotters
 Are sophisticated printers used to produce high-
quality drawings such as blue-prints, maps and
circuit diagrams.
 Are used in specialized fields such as engineering
and drafting and usually are very costly.

Audio Output Device
 A component of a computer that produce music,
speech or other sound.
 Three commonly used audio output devices are:
 Speakers
 Headphones
 Earbuds

Data Projectors
 A device that takes the text and images displaying
on a computer screen and projects them on a
larger screen.

2.5.5 Storage
Learning Outcomes


• Explain the types of storage.
• Describe the functions of storage.
• Differentiate between primary and secondary storage.

2.5.4 Storage
 Holds data, instructions and information for future
use.
 Types of storage are:
 Primary storage
 Secondary storage

Primary Storage
 Often referred to as memory.
 Stores instructions and data that are directly
accessible by CPU.

Types of Primary Storage
 RAM
 ROM

Secondary Storage
 To store data and programs when they are not
being processed.
 Stores files permanently.
 Available in the form of hard disk, CD, USB drive,
etc.

Types of Secondary Storage
 Magnetic storage
 Optical disc
 Solid State Drive (SSD)

Magnetic Storage
 Uses different patterns of magnetization on a
magnetically coated surface to store information.
 Examples of magnetic storage are:
o Hard Disk
o Floppy disk
o Tape

Hard Disk
 High-capacity storage.
 Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that
store items electronically.
 Components enclosed in airtight, sealed case for
protection.

Magnetic Tape
 One of the first storage used with mainframe
computer.
 It's a thin plastic tape that has been coated with
substance that can be magnetized.
 Mainly used for backup.

Optical Disc
 Stores information in deformities on the surface of
a circular disc and reads this information by
illuminating the surface with a laser diode and
observing the reflection.
 Types of optical disk are:
o Compact Disc (CD)
o Digital Video Disc (DVD)
o Blu-ray Disc (BD)

Compact Disc
 Used to store digital data.
 A common storage format used for audio.
 Types of CD:
o CD-ROM
o CD-R
o CD-RW

Digital Video Disc
 Used mainly as video and data storage.
 Holds over 7 times a CD’s capacity.
 Types of DVD are:
o DVD-ROM
o DVD-R
o DVD-RW

Blu-Ray Disc
 Refers to the "blue laser" used to read the disc.
 Allows for six times more storage than a DVD.

Solid State Drive (SSD)
 Data is retained in non-volatile memory chips and
contain no moving parts.
 Small, lightweight and highly reliable.
 Examples of SSD are:
o SmartMedia
o MicroSD
o Compact Flash
o Pen Drive

Differences Between Primary and
Secondary Storage
PRIMARY STORAGE SECONDARY STORAGE
•Limited capacity. •Extendible capacity.
•Store data temporarily. •Store data permanently.
•Expensive. •Cheaper.
•Fast data access. •Slower data access.
•Directly accessible to •Contents copied to main
the CPU. memory before being
accessed by CPU.

2.5.6 Adapter Card
Learning Outcomes


• Explain the types of adapter cards.
• Describe the functions of adapters.

2.5.6 Adapter Card
 A circuit board that enhances functions of the
component of a system unit and/or provides
connections to peripherals (external devices).

Types of Adapter Cards
ADAPTER CARD PURPOSE
CableCARD Allows viewing of digital cable
television channels.
Disc controller Connects disk drives.
FireWire Connects to FireWire devices.
HDTV tuner Allows viewing of HDTV
broadcasts on the monitor.
MIDI Connects musical instruments.

Cont…
Modem Connects other computers
through telephone lines, cable
television lines, or other
transmission media.
Network Connects other computers and
peripherals.
PC-to-TV converter Connects a television.
Sound Connects speakers or a
microphone.

Cont…
TV tuner Allows viewing of television
channels on the monitor.
USB Connects to USB devices.
Video Connects a monitor.
Video capture Connects an analog video
camera or VCR.

Summary
 Motherboard
 Processor
 Memory
 Input and Output Device
 Storage
 Adapter Card

Lecture 2.5 hardware

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Lecture 2.5 hardware