1.1 introduction to it and development of it

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be
able to:

(a) Define Information Technology.
(b) Describe the development of Information
Technology.

Introduction to
Information Technology
 The information technology definition can be
described with the technological improvement and
innovation in the filed of information technology.

 The field of Information technology is a very wide
field in which you use the technology together with
the computers.

1.1 Definition of
 Information technology or IT can be defined briefly as
the use of computer hardware and software to store,
retrieve, and manipulate information.

manage

computer hardware information
and software

1.1 Definition of
 ITAA (Information Technology Association of
America) has defined information technology
as being the study, design, development,
implementation, support and/or management
of any computer based information system

1.1 Definition of Information
Communication and Technology
 is the technology required for information processing,
in particular, the use of electronic computers,
communication devices and software applications to
convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve
information from anywhere, anytime.

1.1 Definition of Information
Communication and Technology
 a. Information
- Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading,
investigation, study or research.

b. Communication
- Act of transmitting messages .
- Process whereby information is exchanged between individuals
using symbols, signs or verbal interactions .

c. Technology
- Use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create
processes and product that fulfill human needs

1.1 Definition of
Computer Science

Computer science or computing science
designates the scientific and mathematical
approach in computing. (wikipedia)

Curriculum that focuses on the theory of
programming and operating system
( Shelly Cashman Series)

Definition of Information
Technology
 When covering the aspects of information technology
as a whole, the use of computer and information are
typically associated.
 Everything from data management, networking, the
Internet, engineering, computer hardware, software
design, database design and management and
administration of system is included in the term of
information technology.

Technology
 Information technology is also concerned with
improvement of human and organizational problem-
solving through the design, development and use of
technology to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness
of using information.

Technology
 IT jobs include computer
programming, network
administration, computer
engineering, Web
development, technical
support, and many other
related occupations. Since we
live in the "information age,"
information technology has
become a part of our
everyday lives. That means
the term "IT," already highly
overused, is here to stay.

1.1 When the Information
Technology was started?
 In the 1960s and 1970s,
information technology
was limited to people
working in the banking
sector, mathematical
engineers and computer
scientists.

 In 1980s, the arrival of personal computers made it
possible to be used in many more sectors and gave
rise to a surge in the field of information technology.
 Computer has been used in the home and workplace,
the world move into the information age.

 By the early 21st century, nearly every child in
the world, knew how to use a personal
computer and people have started
communicating, using e-mails.
 It is an industry which deals with the usage of
computer hardware , software and networking.

1.1 When the Information
Technology was started?
YEARS HISTORY
•Information technology was limited to people working in the
1960 & banking sector, mathematical engineers and computer scientists.
1970

•The arrival of personal computers made it possible to be used in
many more sectors and gave rise to a surge in the field of information
1980 technology.
•Computer has been used in the home and workplace, the world
move into the information age

•Nearly every child in the world, knew how to use a personal
computer and people have started communicating, using e-mails.
early 21st •It is an industry which deals with the usage of computer hardware ,
century software and networking

Why is information technology important?

1. Speed and accuracy in information processing.

 With the help of IT, more work can be done by
individuals, business, services and government
organizations.
 Function enhancement programs such as word
processor, database programs also graphic can get
work done in less time with increased accuracy and
efficiency.

2. Global social interaction.

 IT has made global social and culture interaction
very simple.
 This is evident with the emergence and success of
social networking such as Facebook and Twitter.
 More so, the use of information technology has
eliminated language barriers with technologies
such as language traslators.

3. Entertainment
 The introduction and use of high tech applications and
gadgets such as iTunes, iPod and iPone has been
revolutionary.
 Downloading, buying, playing and organizing, music,
videos, movies and TV shows has been made super easy
and accessible.

4. Communication

 the advancement of the Internet
and technologies such as VoIP
(Voice over IP), organizations,
businesses and individuals can
communicate any time from
different parts of the world
through video and voice calls, web
conferencing, seminars and virtual
meetings.

5. Economic Advancement

 A major step to global economic
advancement is the removal of
distance and time barriers
brought about by the
application of information
technology to buying and selling
of goods and services (e-
commerce).
 E-commerce gave room for tiny,
small and big business players
to emerge. Interconnection of
businesses is made painless.

6. Education
 Education has gone far beyond the
use of bricks and mortal classrooms
or traditional blackboard.
 The world is now in the era of e-
learning, using technologies such as
VLEs (Virtual Learning
Environments).
 Students can have access to all
teaching materials and resources
online; engage in virtual classrooms
real time or asynchronously.

7. Health

 The health care sector is positively impacted by the
use of electronic health records, virtual healthcare
team technologies, telemedicine, e-health grids and
various specialist health care information systems.

1.1 Development of IT
Great technological advances have been made since
the days when computers were huge pieces of
equipment that were stored in big, air conditioned
rooms, getting their information from punch cards.

1.1 Development of IT
In this chapter, we will see some of the development
of IT from stand-alone computer and operating
system, mainframe, client-server network, distributed
computing and up to the latest trend which is the cloud
computing.

1. Stand-Alone Computer
What is a stand-alone computer?

 A desktop or laptop computer that is used on its
own without requiring a connection to a local area
network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN).

 Although it may be connected to a network, it is
still a stand-alone computer as long as the network
connection is not mandatory for its general use.

1. Stand-Alone Computer
What is a stand-alone operating system?

A complete operating system that works on a desktop
computer, notebook, or mobile computing device.
Some are known as client operating system that can
operate with/without a network.
• Examples of currently used stand-alone operating
systems are:
Windows 7
Mac OS X
UNIX
Linux

2. Mainframe
What is a mainframe?
 A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful
computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of
connected users simultaneously.
 Stores tremendous amounts of data, instructions,
and information.
 Mostly used by major corporations for business
activities.

2. Mainframe

IBM System z10 mainframe Example of mainframe system

2. Mainframe

 Mainframes can also act as servers in a network
environment.
 Servers and other mainframes can access data and
information from a mainframe.
 People can also access programs on the mainframe
using terminals or personal computers.

2. Mainframe
Advantages of mainframe:

1.Lots of processes, memory and channels
 Mainframes support symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) with
several dozen central processors (CPU chips) in one system.
 They are highly scalable. CPUs can be added to a system, and
systems can be added in clusters.
 Built with multiple ports into high-speed caches and main
memory, a mainframe can address thousands of gigabytes of
RAM. They connect to high-speed disk subsystems that can
hold petabytes of data.

2. Mainframe

2. Enormous throughput
 A mainframe provides exceptional throughput by
offloading its input/output processing to a peripheral
channel, which is a computer itself.

 Mainframes can support hundreds of channels, and
additional processors may act as I/O traffic cops that
handle exceptions (channel busy, channel failure, etc.).

2. Mainframe
3. Super reliable
 Mainframe operating systems are generally rock
solid because a lot of circuitry is designed to detect
and correct errors.

 Every subsystem may be continuously monitored for
potential failure, in some cases even triggering a list
of parts to be replaced at the next scheduled
maintenance.

 As a result, mainframes are incredibly reliable with mean
time between failure (MTBF) up to 20 years!

3. Client-Server Network
What is a client-server network?
 An architecture in which the user's PC (the client) is the
requesting machine and the server is the supplying
machine, both of which are connected via a local area
network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) such as
the Internet.

 One or more computers act as a server, and the other
computers on the network request services from the
server.

The Clients The Server (aka host computer)

Other computers and Controls access to the
mobile devices on the hardware, software, and
network that rely on the other resources on the
server for its resources network and provides a
centralized storage area for
programs, data, and
information.
E.g.: Access customer E.g.: Store a database of
database on the server customers.


Example of client-server network

Advantages of client-server network:

3.Computer can easily be added or replaced without
purchasing any additional hardware or software.
 It is because a client server is centralized, server
can easily move files and applications from an old
computer to a new one
5.Flexible to adapt and to change new technologies
because it has a centralized management.

Advantages of client-server network:

3. Secure because servers ensure that everything that
goes in and out of the network passes through
stringent security measures.
 Servers can allow certain users to access the
network from the internet or externally without
compromising the network from hackers and
unauthorized users.

4.Distributed Computing
What is distributed computing?

 Refers to the means by which a single computer program
runs in more than one computer at the same time. In
particular, the different elements and objects of a program
are being run or processed using different computer
processors.

 A type of computing in which different components and
objects comprising an application can be located on different
computers connected to a network.

 For example, a word processing application might consist of
an editor component on one computer, a spell-checker object
on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer.
In some distributed computing systems, each of the three
computers could even be running a different operating system

 One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set of
standards that specify how objects communicate with one
another. There are currently two chief distributed computing
standards: CORBA and DCOM.

Distinct characteristics of distributed computing:

 In a distributed computing setup, the program runs like it
would in a single computer even when it is, in fact, using
different computer processors.
This means that no single computer carries the
entire burden on system resources that running a
computer program usually implies.

Distinct characteristics of distributed computing:

 However, distributed computing is not actually used to
lighten the load of an individual computer’s processor. It
is in fact done to be able to process or run complex and
resource-draining programs with greater speed and
efficiency.
Distributed computing, in effect, can be deemed as an
attempt to produce a virtual supercomputer out of
hundreds or thousands of individual computers.

5. Cloud Computing
What is cloud computing?

 An internet service that provides computing needs
to computer users.

 Using the Web server facilities
of a third party provider on the
Internet (the "cloud") to store,
deploy and run applications.

5. Cloud Computing
 For example, an employee working during the day
in Malaysia could use computing power in a Dubai
network system located in an office that is closed for
the evening.

 When the company uses the computing resources,
they pay a fee based on the amount of computing
time and other resources that they consume, much
in the way that consumers pay electric company
based on how much electricity they used.

5. Cloud Computing
Types of cloud provider (service provider):
• Software as a Service(SaaS)
 is the service based on the concept of renting software from a
service provider rather than buying it yourself.
 The software is hosted on centralized network servers to make
functionality available over the web or intranet.
 Also known as “software on demand” it is currently the most
popular type of cloud computing because of its high flexibility,
great services, enhanced scalability and less maintenance and
very effective in lowering the costs of business.
 E.g.: Google Apps., Yahoo Mail

5. Cloud Computing
2. Platform as a Service(PaaS)

 offers a development platform to clients for
different purposes.
 based on a subscription model so users only pay for
what they use without worrying about the complexity
behind the scenes.

5. Cloud Computing
2. Platform as a Service(PaaS)

5. Cloud Computing
3. Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
 Provides rental services for hardware, operating systems, storage and network
capacity over the Internet.
 Some services included in IaaS are managed hosting and development
environments.
 IaaS is based on “Pay as you go” model ensuring that the users pay for only
what they are using.
 Some of the benefits of IaaS are dynamic scaling, usage based pricing,
reduced costs and access to superior IT resources.

 E.g.: Office 365

5. Cloud Computing

Cloud (Service) Provider

5. Cloud Computing
Advantages of cloud computing:
 Easy Expansion – you can quickly access more resources if you
need to expand your business without the need to buy extra
infrastructure.

 Security - offer real-time backup which results in less data loss. In
case of outage, customers can use the backup servers that sync
with the main ones as soon as they are up, clouds are less prone to
hacks as people don’t know the whereabouts of your data.
 Environmentally Friendly - Usage of ready-made resources tailored
to your needs helps you reduce the electricity expenses. While you
save on electricity, you also save on resources required to cool off
computers and other components. This reduces the emissions
dangerous to environment

5. Cloud Computing
Advantages of cloud computing:

 Reduced cost - users pay only for what they are using
 Easy maintenance - users don’t have to worry about the
complexity behind the scenes.
 Easy reallocation of resources
 Remote Accessibility - business is not restricted to a
particular location. You can access the services from
anywhere.

1.1 introduction to it and development of it

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