1.2 E1 Slides Data Essentials introduction
- 1. DATA CENTER ESSENTIALS Introduction to the components that support a data center and how they work together Part E1: Electrical > Introduction
- 2. Data Center Electrical Intro: Agenda Electrical Concepts • Fundamentals of electricity • AC / DC • Single and Three phase AC • Units Power Path • Grid to building • Building to server • Server internal power supply Electrical Diagrams • Building layout • Redundant electrical paths
- 3. Terms to Understand Term Definition UPS Uninterruptable Power Supply AC Alternating Current DC Direct Current Amp rate of flow of electrons; amount of current flow through one ohm resistance under pressure of one volt Volt standard unit of electric potential, pressure or electromotive force Ohm unit of electric resistance; amount of resistance that will allow one ampere to flow under pressure of one volt XFMR Transformer; converts one voltage to another PDU Power Distribution Unit; equipment to distribute power to the servers
- 5. Basic electrical circuit • An incomplete loop will not have flowing electricity • Current is the flow of electrons in the same direction and is measured in Amperes (amps or A) • Voltage is the force that is applied to electrons, which causes current to flow and is measured in Volts (V) Electricity operates in loops
- 6. Electrical diagrams & symbols • Resistors • Inductors • Capacitors Basic components • Schematic • Wiring • One-line Diagram types Capacitor • Used to temporarily store electrical energy in an electric field Inductor • Resists changes in electric current • When current flows, energy is stored in a magnetic field Resistor • Reduces current flow • Lowers voltage levels
- 7. AC & DC Direct Current (DC) Circuits • Voltage source moves electrons in one direction • Circuit components react to the force so the electron completes the circuit with no energy, to be ‘pushed’ again by the voltage source • Typical end-user voltages: 12, 24, 48, 380, 575 Alternating Current (AC) Circuits • Voltage source moves electrons back and forth • Components react in the same way as with a DC circuit • Typical end-user voltages: • Low: 120, 208, 240, 277, 480 • Med/high: 4160, 13.8kV AC DC
- 8. Single-phase Power (1ɸ) • A single branch provides power and is coupled with a neutral line to complete the electrical loop Three-phase Power (3ɸ) • All three phases of power are used to support heavier loads. A neutral can be provided but may not be necessary. AC: 1 phase & 3 phase power Generator
- 9. Power Units Kilowatts (kW) are units of power while kilowatt-hours are units of energy. Data Centers are often described in megawatts (1,000 kW; 1 million watts); this gives an approximate capacity of the power systems, which the space and cooling are typically designed to match.
- 11. Power distribution Electricity is generated and distributed in a number of ways
- 12. Utility Data center power path Generators • Voltage is transformed down as power goes downstream • Each step has controls and safeguards Data center electrical path Utility Switchgear & distribution Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Power Distribution Unit (PDU) Remote Power Panel (RPP) Rack PDU
- 13. Building Power Path Typical path of power to a data center (AC) • AC Power • DC Power XFMR Utility UPS XFMR PDU Servers Batteries Building White space
- 14. Electrical Codes The National Electrical Code (NEC) • published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) • concerned with safe electrical practices only • not a guide to efficiency, convenience, or appropriateness • complying and proper maintenance will result in an installation that is free from hazard National Electric Safety Code (NESC) • general purpose is to protect utility personnel and the general public
- 15. Server power supply Servers 120V Rear of rack Rack power distribution unit (PDU)
- 16. Server internal power distribution 1.1V-1.85V Internal Drive External Drive I/O Memory Controller Microprocessor SDRAM Graphics Controller DC/DC AC/DC DC/DC AC/DC Multi output power supply DC/DC Voltage Regulator Modules 5V 12V 3.3V 12V 1.5/2.5V 3.3V 3.3V 12V Multi-output DC/DC Switcher Servers and other IT equipment have internal transformers and regulators 120V Components
- 17. Activity Connect the label to the equipment along the utility power path Utility UPS XFMR Rack PDU Servers Batteries
- 18. Data center power optimization
- 20. Building electrical diagram Multiple feeds can be distributed from mains
- 21. Data hall 1 Data hall 2 Electrical diagram with redundancy Back-up Generators Utility 2 2 2 PDU1 PDU 2 PDU1 PDU 2 Utility 1 1 1
- 22. Redundant electrical paths Redundant electrical paths can be continued down to the dual-corded server Dual corded IT equipment is installed to provide redundancy and balance the load
- 23. Redundant electrical paths Redundant electrical paths can continue to the PDU level Row or rack-mounted PDUs provide an A and B service Row Power Distribution Racks Rack Mounted Power Distribution
- 24. Activity Given the two diagrams below, list the single points of failure
- 25. DATA CENTER ESSENTIALS Part E1: Electrical > Introduction End of presentation