1. Gender and society introduction mod 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT I : Gender Concepts/ Terms
UNIT II: Sociology Of Gender
UNIT III: LGBT And Intersexuality
UNIT IV: Biomedical Perspective In Gender And Sexuality

UNIT 1: GENDER CONCEPTS/TERMS
I. Sex vs. Gender
II. Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity
III.Gender Equality vs. Women's Rights
IV.Transgender vs. Transsexual

SEX
Refers to biological and physiological characteristics.
• The good, the bad, and the complicated.
• According to popular culture, sex is something done
for pleasure.
• In a more Freudian sense, it is what drives people to
do certain things.
• defines sex through its biological and not cultural
definition.
• Sex in the biological sense is a category for living
beings specifically related to their reproductive
function.
“Male and Female are used in birth certificates to denote
the sex of children”

TWO SEXES
Male Sex produces sperm cells to fertilize
the egg cells.
The female Sex produces egg cells to
produce.

• Refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls, and
boys that are socially constructed.
• A social construct that determines one’s roles, expected
values, behavior, and interaction in relationships
involving men and women.
• It is short for gender relation between the sexes, or how
the male and female relate to one another.
• It affects what access men and women have to decision-
making, knowledge, and resources.
• Different things to sex, but one’s gender is usually
associated with one’s sex.
‘Man’,’ masculine’, ’woman’, and ‘feminine’ denote
gender.

CHROMOSOMES?
Structures found in the center (nucleus) of cells that carry
long pieces of DNA.
ChromosomeXX
equates to female
ChromosomeXY
equates to male

HORMONES
• Estrogen – a group of hormones that promote the
development and maintenance of female characteristics of
the body such as breasts and pubic hair.
• Testosterone – stimulates the development of male
secondary sexual characteristics produced mainly in the
testes.
• Progesterone – stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.

GENITALIA
The organ used for reproduction and secondary sex
characteristics are largely influenced by one’s X and Y
chromosomes. These chromosomes determine whether
someone’s body will express itself as a “female” or a
“male”.
MALE FEMALE

Masculinity vs. Femininity
Masculinity – if all
males presented are in powerful
and dominant roles, one can
presume that power and
dominance are associated with
maleness.
Femininity – if all
associates
these rules,
people,
females
thus to
females are seen to take
care of one
with
be
female is to care.

SEX GENDER
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(generally define humans as female or male)
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTED
(set of roles and responsibilities associated with being
girl and boy or women and men, and in some cultures
a third or other gender.)
UNIVERSAL, A-HISTORICAL
(No variation from culture to culture or time to
time.)
Gender roles vary greatly in different societies,
cultures and historical periods as well as they
depend also on socio-economic factors, age,
education, ethnicity and religion.
Cannot be changed, except with the medical
treatment.
Although deeply rooted, gender roles can be
changed over time, since social values and norms are
not static.
Born with. Not born with.
Example: Only women can give birth. Only women
can breastfeed.
Example: The expectation of men to be economic
providers of the family and for women to be
caregivers is a gender norm in many cultural contexts

SEX GENDER
Physiological Social
Related to reproduction Cultural
Congenital Learned behaviour
Unchanging Changes overtime
Varies within a culture

Does sex correspond to gender?
Scientists, psychologists, and sociologists believe
that sex does not determine one’s gender.
Femininity or the behavior that
one associates with females may not
actually be tied to a woman’s sex.
Masculinity is not tied to one’s
gonads. The whole idea of being a woman,
therefore, is based on gender and society’s
belief in how a woman should act, instead
of biological functions that are
inescapable.

Sex Stereotypes
a generalized view of traits that should be
possessed by men and women, specifically
physical and emotional roles. They are unrelated
to the roles women and men actually perform.

Sexual stereotypes
involve assumptions regarding a person’s sexuality
that reinforce dominant views. Like the
assumption that all persons are only attracted to
the sex opposite theirs.

Sex-role stereotypes
• the roles that men and women are assigned
based on their sex and what behaviors they
must possess to fulfill these roles.
• They prescribe certain traits, behaviors, and
responsibilities to individuals based on their
assigned sex at birth

Compounded stereotypes
• Assumptions about a specific group belonging to a
gender. Examples are young women, old men, single men,
women factory workers, and the like.
• Compounded stereotypes can also be influenced by other
factors such as age, sexual orientation, religion,
socioeconomic status, disability, or any other aspect of
one's identity.

SOGIE
Stands for Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity Expression.
 Sexual Orientation
• Homosexuality
• Heterosexuality
• bisexuality
 Gender Identity
Gender Identity refers to a
person's deeply felt sense of
their own gender, which may
or may not correspond with
the sex they were assigned at
birth.
 Expression.
• refers to how individuals
express their gender
through
identity
their
behavior, and
outwardly
appearance,
mannerisms.
• It includes factors such as
hairstyles, speech
clothing,
patterns, body language, and
other forms of self-expression.

Sexual orientation
 Involves the person to whom one is
attracted.
 One identifies himself or herself in relation
to this attraction.
 Includes both romantic and sexual feelings.
Terms Standing for
SOGIE
Gender Expression
 expresses his or her sexuality through the
actions or manner of presenting oneself.
Gender Identity
 Personal experience of gender or social
relation identifies himself or herself in
relation to this attraction.
 Identify himself or herself as masculine or
feminine.

LESBIAN
Pertains to women who are
attracted to other women.

GAY
Men who are attracted to other men.

BISEXUAL
Denotes people who are attracted to both
genders.

Transgender
Refers to someone whose
assigned sex at birth does not
represent his or her gender
identity.

Queer Denoting or relating to a sexual or gender identity that
does not correspond to established ideas of sexuality and
gender, especially heterosexual norms.

Interse
x
A term to describe individuals who are
born with variations of sex
characteristics that do not fit with
binary definitions of male or female
bodies.1Intersex

Asexual
Describe someone who does not experience
sexual attraction toward individuals of any gender.

Plus
The 'plus' is used to signify all of the gender
identities and sexual orientations that are not
specifically covered by the other five initials. An
example is Two-Spirit, a pan-Indigenous American
identity..

Gender Equality
and
Gender Equity

EQUALITY EQUITY
 The state or condition that affords women and
men equal enjoyment of human rights, socially
valued goods, opportunities, and resources,
 Allowing both sexes the same opportunities and
potential to contribute to, and benefit from, all
spheres of society (economic, political, social, and
cultural).
 Justice and fairness in the treatment of women
and men in order to eventually achieve gender
equality,
 often requesting differential treatment of
women and men (or specific measures) in order
to compensate for the historical and social
disadvantages.
 prevent women and men from sharing a level
playing field.
Example: A family has limited funds, and both
daughter and son need new pair of shoes for the
new school year, but only one can get new shoes
this year. If the family decides (and who in the family
decides?) which child will get the new shoes based
on the child’s NEED, and not on the child’s sex, this is
an example of gender equality.
Example: Provision of leadership training for
women or establishing quotas for women in
decision-making positions to achieve gender
equality.

Gender Equality
vs.
Women’s Rights

WOMEN’S RIGHT GENDER EQUALITY
 Entitlements that women have on the basis that
they are human.
 Normatively based on several international human
rights documents (e.g. The Convention on the
Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW)).
 Arranged around the concept of duty bearer &
rights holder.
 Gender equality and non-discrimination
on the basis of sex are fundamental
human rights. It implies equal enjoyment
of rights by men and women.

TRANSGENDER TRANSEXUAL
 Refers to those trans people who live
permanently in their preferred gender,
without necessarily needing to undergo
any medical intervention/s.
 Refers to people who identify entirely with
the gender role opposite to the sex
assigned at birth and seek to live
permanently in the preferred gender role.
 Transsexual people might intend to
undergo, are undergoing, or have
undergone gender reassignment
treatment (which may or may not involve
hormone therapy or surgery).

Gender GAP
and
Patterns of Gender
Inequalities

Gender Gap
 Difference in any area between women and
men in terms of their levels of participation.
 Access to resources, rights, power, and
influence, Remuneration, and benefits.

Patterns of Gender
Inequalities

Inequalities in political power
and Representation:
Women are often underrepresented in formal decision-
making structures, including governments, community
councils, and policy-making institutions.

Inequalities in economic
participation and opportunities:
 Women are receiving lower wages for similar work.
 Have less access than men to productive assets such
as education, skills, property, and credit.

Educational attainment:
 Women have lower literacy rates,
 The lower level of enrolment in primary, secondary, and
tertiary education.

Sexual and domestic
violence:
 Women tend to be more often victims in the form of
domestic violence by a woman‟s intimate partner.
 sexual exploitation through trafficking and the sex
trade.
 in wars by an enemy army as a weapon of attempted
„ethnic cleansing‟.

Differences in legal status and
entitlements:
There are many instances in which equal rights to personal
status, security, land, inheritance, and employment
opportunities are denied to women by law or practice.

1. Gender and society introduction mod 1

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