1. nanotechnology applications

Applications of Nanotechnology in
various areas
by,
Deepika B
M.Pharm., (Ph. D)
Associate Professor,
Department of Pharmaceutics,
School of Pharmacy,
4/17/2020 1

Nanotechnology:
Its an important field of research dealing with
synthesis, strategy and manipulation of particle structures
ranging approx. from 1- 100nm.
Application of nanotechnology in medicine, including
to cure diseases and repair damaged tissues such as bone,
muscle, and nerve.
Key Goals:
• To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g.
cancer).
• To provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems.
4/17/2020 2

Applications:
Nanotechnology can be used in many fields of
1. Medicine
2. Computers
3. Other electronics
4. Fabrics
5. Energy
6. Military
4/17/2020 3

1. Medicine:
• It can help in increasing the bioavailability of the drug
and bio distributions .
• So it will reduce side effects .
• It can increase the solubility of the drug .
• Drug Delivery Systems:
– Targeted drug delivery
– Co-delivery of two or more drugs
– Improved delivery of poorly water soluble drugs
– Imaging of drug delivery sites using imaging modalities.
4/17/2020 4

Ex.Tumor targeting using nanoparticulate delivery systems:
The rationale of using nanoparticles for tumor targeting is
based on
1) nanoparticles will be able to deliver a concentrate dose of
drug in the vicinity of the tumor targets via the enhanced
permeability and retention effect or active targeting by ligands
on the surface of nanoparticles;
2) nanoparticles will reduce the drug exposure of health tissues
by limiting drug distribution to target organ.
4/17/2020 5

3) bio distribution of nanoparticles is rapid, within ½ hour to
3 hours, and it likely involves endocytosis/ phagocytosis
process.
4)This bio distribution can be of benefit for the
chemotherapeutic treatment of MPS (mucopolysaccharidosis)
- rich organs/tissues localized tumors like hepatocarcinoma,
hepatic metastasis arising from digestive tract or
gynecological cancers, brochopulmonary tumors, primitive
tumors and metastasis , small cell tumors, myeloma and
leukemia .
4/17/2020 6

• Bibby et al reported the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics
(PK) of a cyclic doxorubicin-nanoparticle formulation in
tumor bearing mice.
• Their biodistribution studies revealed decreasing drug
concentrations over time in the heart, lung, kidney and plasma
and accumulating drug concentrations in the liver, spleen and
tumor.
4/17/2020 7

Long circulating nanoparticles :
• Long circulating nanoparticles “stealth” particles or
PEGylated nanoparticles , which are invisible to
macrophages or phagocytes.
• A major breakthrough in the field came when the use of
hydrophilic polymers (such as polyethylene glycol,
poloxamines , poloxamers , and polysaccharides) to
efficiently coat conventional nanoparticle surface
produced an opposing effect to the uptake by the MPS.
4/17/2020 8

• These coatings provide a dynamic “cloud” of hydrophilic
and neutral chains at the particle surface which repel plasma
proteins.
• As a result, coated nanoparticles become invisible to MPS,
therefore,
– remained in the circulation for a longer period of time.
• Hydrophilic polymers can be introduced at the surface in
two ways,
– either by adsorption of surfactants or
– by block or branched copolymers for production of
nanoparticles.
4/17/2020 9

• Folate may be used to target ovarian carcinoma while
specific peptides or carbohydrates may be used to target
integrins and selectins.
• Oyewumi et al demonstrated benefits of folate ligand
coating were to facilitate tumor cell internalization and
retention of Gd -nanoparticles in the tumor tissue.
4/17/2020 10

Nanoparticles for drug delivery into the brain :
• Nanoparticles for drug delivery into the brain: The BBB
is characterized by relatively impermeable endothelial
cells with tight junctions, enzymatic activity and active
efflux transport systems.
• It effectively prevents the passage of water-soluble
molecules from the blood circulation into the CNS and
can also reduce the brain concentration of lipid-soluble
molecules by the function of enzymes or efflux pumps.
• Consequently, the BBB only permits selective transport of
molecules that are essential for brain function.
4/17/2020 11

• Strategies for nanoparticle targeting to the brain rely on the
presence of and nanoparticle interaction with specific
receptor-mediated transport systems in the BBB.
• For example polysorbate 80/LDL, transferrin receptor
binding antibody (such as OX26), lactoferrin , cell
penetrating peptides and melanotransferrin have been shown
capable of delivery of a self non transportable drug into the
brain via the chimeric construct that can undergo receptor-
mediated transcytosis.
• It has been reported poly( butylcyanoacrylate )
nanoparticles was able to deliver hexapeptide dalargin ,
doxorubicin and other agents into the brain which is
significant because of the great difficulty for drugs to cross
the BBB.
4/17/2020 12

Targeting of nanoparticles to epithelial cells in the GI tract
using ligands:
• Targeting of nanoparticles to epithelial cells in the GI tract
using ligands Targeting strategies to improve the interaction
of nanoparticles with adsorptive enterocytes and M-cells of
Peyer’s patches in the GI tract can be classified into those
utilizing specific binding to
– ligands or receptors and
– those based on nonspecific adsorptive mechanism .
4/17/2020 13

• The surface of enterocytes and M cells display cell-
specific carbohydrates, which may serve as binding sites
to colloidal drug carriers containing appropriate ligands .
• Certain glycoproteins and lectins bind selectively to this
type of surface structure by specific receptor-mediated
mechanism.
• Different lectins , such as bean lectin and tomato lectin ,
have been studied to enhance oral peptide adsorption.
4/17/2020 14

• Gold Nanoparticles used to detect early stage of
Alzheimers disease.
• Blindness can be prevented by treating glaucoma using
nanoparticle drops.
• Used for bone regeneration in treatment of osteoporosis.
• Used in early diagnosis of atherosclerosis.
• Nanotechnology can clear the blockage of arteries.
4/17/2020 15

2. Computers:
• The silicon transistors used in computers are replaced by
transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
• By using nanotechnology 1000GB of memory can fit on the
head of chip.
• Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) enabled by
non- scale magnetic tunnel junctions, that can quickly and
effectively save even encrypted data during a system
shutdown or crash and enables resume play feature.
4/17/2020 16

3. Other electronics:
• Used in fabrication of chips.
• Electrodes made of nanowires are flexible as well as thinner
than current electrodes.
• Nanoscale transistors are faster, more powerful and energy
efficient.
• Applied in e- paper, for displays on sunglasses.
• Nanostructured polymer films known as organic light
emitting diodes (OLED) used in displays for many new
TVs, laptops, cell phones, digital cameras and other devices.
4/17/2020 17

• Nanotechnology is used in other electronic products include
flash memory chips for iPods, ultra responsive hearing aids,
antimicrobial/ antibacterial coatings on mouse/ keyboard/ cell
phone cases, conductive inks for printed electronics for RFID/
smart cards/ smart packagings, video games and flexible
displays for e- book readers.
• With nanotechnology concept Nokia Research Center and the
University of Cambridge developed a nanoscale mesh of
fibres, to bent the mobile devices into conceivable shapes.
4/17/2020 18

• Questionnaire
1. Define Nanotechnology?
2. What do you understand by Nanomedicine?
3. Explain the tumour targeted drug delivery
system using nanoparticles.
4. List out the applications in Electronic devices.
5. Discuss the nanoparticle drug delivery into
brain?
4/17/2020 19

To be continued……
4/17/2020 20

1. nanotechnology applications

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